Iraqi Journal For Economic Sciences

During the past decades, the world has witnessed large and rapid transformations, and these changes coincided with a change in economic systems from central planning to an economy directed by market forces, in order to reformulate international relations within a legal framework appropriate to the conditions of globalization. Oil to support development and raise the level of economic growth helped build a strong economic structure and vital and promising economic sectors, as a result of the state’s activation of the policy of diversifying sources of income and focusing on economic sectors promising development. As for the Iraqi economy, we find it, like other developing economies, from inherited problems that deepened its connection with global markets being a unilateral economy, the oil sector represents the important factor in revitalizing the economy and the source of economic growth and the survival of oil revenues, the main source of financing the government’s general budget, which led to a distortion in the structure of the economy and the weakness of its productive structure. The research was divided into three sections, as the first topic deals with the definition of the reality of the UAE economy and its development according to economic indicators, while the second topic deals with the reality of the state of the UAE economic structure and the sectors’ contribution to it and its development, while the third topic deals with the possibility of simulating the UAE experience in economic diversification with the Iraqi economy.

There is no doubt that investment is important in the development and development of infrastructure, represented by various service facilities, power stations, water and sewage networks, and roads. Also, investment in the development of the industrial sector and the increase of sectoral interactions contribute to achieving human development and developing the skills of workers in the various economic sectors. Accordingly, the Kuwaiti economy is one of the most important economies in the regional region in the Middle East, as Kuwait is one of the oil-exporting countries. As the Kuwaiti economy enjoys many prominent components and factors that have contributed to attracting foreign direct investment. The reader should know that most of the natural and mineral resources that exist in Kuwait are exploited through investments, which are characterized by containing huge amounts of these resources, but most of these investments are focused on the oil sector. Therefore, investment contributes to the transfer and localization of advanced technology to Kuwait by attracting foreign investments, especially direct, which the Kuwaiti government seeks to encourage investors to invest through privileges and guarantees offered to investors, as well as the security and political stability that Kuwait enjoys. In addition to providing stimulating policies and procedures to advance the Kuwaiti economic reality. This is what makes the importance of investment in the development of the Kuwaiti economy, which depends in the characteristic of its economy on the export of crude oil.

The importance of the research and its distinction from the previous research lies not in dealing with the ability of fiscal policy tools, i.e., government spending and taxes, to bridge the output gap, but also in it calculating the required amount of spending and taxes to close the output gap, as long as there is some amount of spending and taxes more or less than that. The required limit may cause damage to the economy, i.e., the outbreak of inflation or recession. Consequently, this research is considered as a guide for policy makers to know the required change in government spending and taxes accurately to avoid economic problems and achieve economic stability.
The output gap, whether positive or negative, is a non-positive case, as long as it generates damage to the economy, represented by inflation or recession. Fiscal policy, with its various tools, may be unable to close the output gap due to the deficiency in the performance of these tools, which requires monetary policy assistance. The research problem is also indicated that when there is a recession, an expansionary fiscal policy (increasing government spending and reducing taxes) is necessary. But when there is inflation, a contractionary policy should be followed (reducing spending and raising taxes). However, the problem

Education plays an important role in the progress of societies and the awareness and upbringing of generations to be able to build a prosperous future for a society in which security, stability, progress and advancement are achieved in all fields. Investing in human capital through quality education and knowledge is one of the most important requirements for achieving sustainable human development in its broad sense in the countries of the world. Knowledge represents the clear and sure basic characteristic of society, through which profound transformations are achieved in all aspects of life. Through investing in human capital, it has become the main engine of economic competition, increasing productivity, and the demand for new technologies and ideas, as well as adding great values to economic products and goods. Therefore, the means of knowledge should be invested correctly, efficiently and effectively by integrating skills, technical knowledge tools, innovative and advanced technology. It constitutes a real addition to the national economy and an important base for the transition to a knowledge-based economy in order to achieve sustainable human development.

In a country such as Iraq, excessive issuance of bonds and treasury transfers by the monetary administration has become a common solution for some monetary channels seeking to cover the public budget deficit, especially for the period between (2013-2017) erroneously. Therefore, the hypothesis of the study lies in the indisputable fact that there is an inevitable necessity of a synchronization between the debt monetization process and the expansion of the use of monetary policy channels to cover the public budget deficit with the deterioration of oil revenues and the depletion of international reserves. The study aims at analyzing the negative repercussions of expanding the use of monetary policy channels in treating the public budget deficit in Iraq on the efficiency of monetary policy management. The researcher has concluded that the growing deficit rates in Iraq after 2013 made th

The importance of the research emerges from the fact that it discusses the most prominent problems that Iraqi society suffers from, which is unemployment, especially among university graduates, given the danger of its continuation and the difficulties it may bring in light of the imbalance between education outputs and the requirements of the labor market, as the rapid expansion of university education, especially after the year 2003 and the drop in investment rates as a result of poor planning, unstable security and political conditions, as well as financial and administrative corruption, are the compound reasons for the increase in graduate unemployment rates and the inability of the labor market to absorb their increasing numbers. We proceeded in our research from the hypothesis that: “The failure of the higher education system to be guided by market data and to adapt to its needs led to a severe dissonance between its outputs and the inputs required for the continuation and development of economic activity, which led to the expansion of the phenomenon of unemployment and the intertwining of its threads, turning from a problem into a dilemma. The development vision, increasing the intensity of work and starting to buil

The new trends in Iraq’s economic policy by adopting the market mechanism in the economy after 2003, which necessitated the integration between the role of the state represented by the public sector and the role of the private sector in the process of economic and social development that depends on mobilizing the community’s potential for various economic sectors and civil society institutions in institutional organizations that undertake, establishing and operating projects after the separate economic sectors faced challenges and difficulties in achieving development goals at the targeted levels. Therefore, many developed and developing countries sought to create institutions that adopt participatory organizations in which the public and private sectors contribute to directing, managing and operating projects, developing and developing them in order to serve Its objectives are based on a participatory basis, good governance, transparent accountability and mutual benefit, as the relationship between the partnership parties is characterized by an integrative and substitutionary nature at the same time, with a dynamic nature that depends on the size, nature and importance of the role that each sector plays in the development process, according to the prevailing economic system, and its stages of development up to faster rates of economic and social development, and the pharmaceutical industry is one of the Industries that require increased spending on research and development programs to produce patents within the pharmaceutical preparation processes for a new product, as well as flexibility in dealing with these expenses and their impact on the level of pricing and marketing of the pharmaceutical product.

This study focused on analyzing the impact of the characteristics of the pioneering behavior of senior management on the performance of the banking organization represented by (creativity, proactivity, investing opportunities, strategic vision, adopting risk) and clarifying the role of investing opportunities and adopting risk in banking performance, according to four indicators of banking performance (adequacy indicator Capital, profitability indicator, liquidity indicator, and activity indicator) in achieving entrepreneurship in banks. The SPSS statistician for the purpose of analysis, the research was chosen for a sample of Iraqi banks listed in the Iraqi Stock Exchange for a period of time. (2015-2019)

The research aims to measure and analyze the impact of inflation on the profitability of the shares of the Iraqi stock market sectors for the period (2004-2018) using the NARDL model, as well as knowing the extent of the impact of an inflation shock on the rates of profitability of the Iraqi stock market sectors for the period (2004-2018). The research concluded that there is an inverse, non-linear, long-term equilibrium relationship between inflation and the profitability of the shares of the Iraqi stock market sectors, in addition to the fact that the investment sector in the Iraqi stock market is one of the sectors most affected (resilient) by fluctuations in the inflation rate in Iraq, as the inflation rate changes by certain profits will be affected by more than ninety percent of this change.

The trade conflict between the United States of America and China has affected the global economy in general and the economy of a large number of countries in particular. The economic war is a real test of the theoretical frameworks that talk about the economic approach to hegemony, as well as the assumptions of the balance of global forces and the data of the multipolar world, the nature of international interactions and the position of China in them, and the extent of a transformation in the global system based on American supremacy. This research deals with analyzing the impact of the ongoing trade conflict between them on the Arab economies and on Iraq in particular, identifying the repercussions and their causes, and setting possible ways to avoid or mitigate the harm of this conflict on the Iraqi economy. The Arab countries, especially the oil ones, have been affected by the trade conflict between the United States of America and China in many directions due to the fact that these countries are exposed to the global economy and have economic relations with the two parties to the conflict, and this is what calls the Arab countries to change their economic and trade policies to reduce the impact of this conflict. In addition to the importance of Iraq following a policy of economic and commercial diversification in a way that enhances the country's political independence, and the need to seize the useful and available opportunities from its relations with both the United States of America and China.

The customs tariff represents a very important financial tool after oil in financing the general budget and expanding the scope of public revenues and providing them with financial resources. However, the legislative authority legislated the tariff law and applied it late, and that corruption was one of the most important reasons that made this resource weak contributing to public revenues, and the problem of research lies in the financing role of the customs tariff is very weak, even after the application of the customs tariff law of 2010, and the tariff did not contribute as required to financing the state with customs revenues. The research is on two axes, as the first axis deals with the theoretical framework of the customs tariff and the second axis is the customs revenues in Iraq and their role in financing the public budget after 2003, and that one of the most prominent conclusions reached by the research is the percentage of the contribution of customs revenues to public revenues is still weak, as the average contribution rate reached The customs revenue in the general revenue is (0.71%), which is less than the correct one until After the application of the customs tariff law, the indicator of customs evasion has increased for some selected years, which were chosen since the law was applied, to find that the rates are still high and that this indicates the weakness of the state to curb these practices, and the most prominent recommendations came that the economic authority must activate its control tools in order to preventing customs evasion or using other practices to avoid wasting resources from customs to expand the scope of its contribution to the structure of tax revenues and raise its contribution to the public budget.

There are a number of mechanisms that have contributed to providing an integrated system of services, and have proven their effectiveness in promoting small projects. Therefore, countries seeking to provide support and develop small projects must be guided by those ideas, programs and mechanisms, in light of the presence of a large number of factors that intertwine and overlap in the operations of preparation for the establishment of these projects, and by returning to the experiences of the leading countries, we find that these projects have been able to play a leading role in economic and social life, as an appropriate entry point for achieving craftsmanship, as well as being a means of earning a living and entering the business world. Small projects represent more than 98% of the total Institutions operating in most countries of the world, and became responsible for up to half of the national product of these countries, and these projects provided between 40-80% of the total job opportunities, and in light of the importance of small projects faced many challenges resulting from the liberalization of markets due to globalization. Accordingly, there was a need to create a work system that develops and modernizes the concept of supporting and nurturing small projects. Therefore, development ideas (business incubators, industrial clusters) are prepared. The study included four axes, the first axis dealt with the conceptual framework of mechanisms and programs to support small projects, the second axis dealt with experiences of promoting and developing small projects, and the third axis dealt with the reality of small projects In Iraq, the fourth axis dealt with establishing business incubators to develop small projects in Iraq.

The internal control system is an indispensable necessity for all economic units, including the public sector units that are established by society and allocate the necessary material and human resources to achieve the goals and provide the public benefits for which it was established. The internal control system is effective if it is able to reduce the risks expected from internal sources. and external factors that may prevent the achievement of the objectives of economic units and the attainment of the required levels of performance, by placing those risks within the acceptable levels specified for them, which provides reasonable assurance on the achievement of the general objectives of those units.
This research deals with the study and analysis of the extent to which the internal control standards for the component of risk assessment are applied in one of the most important economic units in the public sector that have an impact in the economic, financial and behavioral fields of society, which is the General Tax Authority, because the outputs of this component are of great importance as they constitute the input to other components in its work towards reducing the expected risks, the research also deals with the concept and conditions for the effectiveness of the internal control system from the perspective of the integrated framework (COSO 2013).

The internal control system is an indispensable necessity for all economic units, including the public sector units that are established by society and allocate the necessary material and human resources to achieve the goals and provide the public benefits for which it was established. The internal control system is effective if it is able to reduce the risks expected from internal sources. and external factors that may prevent the achievement of the objectives of economic units and the attainment of the required levels of performance, by placing those risks within the acceptable levels specified for them, which provides reasonable assurance on the achievement of the general objectives of those units.
This research deals with the study and analysis of the extent to which the internal control standards for the component of risk assessment are applied in one of the most important economic units in the public sector that have an impact in the economic, financial and behavioral fields of society, which is the General Tax Authority, because the outputs of this component are of great importance as they constitute the input to other components in its work towards reducing the expected risks, the research also deals with the concept and conditions for the effectiveness of the internal control system from the perspective of the integrated framework (COSO 2013).

Education in general and university education in particular, is one of the basic production factors and the labor force that plays an influential role in economic development.
The importance of the research is to know the reality of private university education, in preparation for supporting and enhancing the positive aspects, and knowing the negatives and addressing them.
The problem of the research lies in the fact that public and private university education in Iraq has faced a great quantitative development in recent times. It is necessary to note the extent of the contribution of private university education to economic development, and through this, questions began about the role of private university education, is the expansion of the role of this sector in the activity The economy will lead to more growth, or vice versa? Noting that the graduates of this sector will cause additional pressure on the labor market, The research aims to identify the efficiency of the outputs of universities and colleges (governmental and private) qualitative and quantitative, according to the needs of the Iraqi labor market.
Among the most important conclusions reached by the researcher, the private university education absorbed the surplus of students who did not enroll in public universities and not the distinguished among them, as the acceptance rates in the scientific, engineering and even humanitarian departments in the colleges investigated were low compared to their counterparts in government colleges.
Also, one of the most important recommendations that I reached is the necessity of the commitment of the Central Admission Department in the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research to accept the planned numbers sent by private universities and not to add additional numbers; This leads to a defect in the application of quality standards, and this negatively affects the efficiency of the graduate.