Kirkuk Journal of Science

This research includes the findings of a workable study investigation for topic of
externally strengthening by polymer fiber strips (FRP) of shear span and its impact on
the behavior of reinforced concrete beams. The study was carried out by casting (18)
concrete beams (1000mm) in length, (150mm) in width and (200mm) in height
reinforced by longitudinal steel bars to avoid flexure failure. Two of these beams were
considered as controlling beams where its shear span was left without external
wrapping by fiber strips. The remaining beams were divided into tow groups where its
shear span was wrapped from the bottom and the sides by glass fiber (GFRP) or carbon
fiber (CFRP) at (90˚) angle for the first group and (45˚) angle for the second. After
these beams were tested the result showed that externally strengthening by polymer
fiber strips increases shear strength of the wrapped beams compared to the controlling
beams (unwrapped) at ratios based on type of fibers strips, strips thickness and
declination. The increase has reached (10% - 28%) for wrapped beams at an angle of
(90˚) and (20% - 44%) for wrapped beams at an angle of (45˚). Externally
strengthening also increases the absorption energy as well as reducing wrapped beams,
ductility compared to controlling beams (unwrapped) with (12% - 23%) for the
wrapped beams at an angle of (90˚) and (14% - 37%) for the wrapped beams at an
angle of (45˚).

This is a retrospective study reviewed all neonates who were proved to have sepsis
by positive blood culture and admitted to the neonatal unit of Kirkuk pediatric hospital
from June 1, 2005 to May 31, 2006. Data regarding gestational age, gender, causative
microorganisms, drug sensitivity, time of presentation and outcome were collected and
analyzed. The result of the study showed higher frequency of neonatal sepsis in
premature neonates 12.41% in premature newborns VS. 4.41 % in fullterm neonates).
No significant statistical differences were found in outcome between early and late
neonatal sepsis. Also it was found that gender had no significant effect in the frequency
of neonatal sepsis. Most common causative microorganism for both early and late
neonatal sepsis found to be Klebsiella followed by E Coli. Mortality rate was (50.64 %)
Most dead infants had early neonatal sepsis (34.18%), while only (16.46%) died from
late neonatal sepsis.

This is a Cross-Sectional study done in Kirkuk city among teaching staff of Kirkuk
University for the prevalence of hypertension among them. About 136 subjects selected
randomly within all colleges (6 Colleges) during the period 1 January to 31 March
2009. The results of the study found that 22(16,2%) subject were hypertensive that
discovered accidentally, about 22,5% of sample study were systolic hypertensive and
18,9% of them were diastolic hypertensive , Among the male subject . The prevalence
of hypertension was increased as age and body mass index of the subject increased.
About 20,7% male subjects were smoker. The study recommended that there is great
need for the teaching staff to reduce their weight, prohibited smoking and to check their
blood pressure routinely and periodically.

Concrete members like brackets, corbels and ledger beams may fail in direct shear.
Such failure can be brittle and sudden (without warning). Steel fibers restrain cracking,
increase tensile strength and enhance the ductility and energy absorption characteristics.
This study presents an experimental investigation into the behavior of connections
subjected to direct shear by testing push-off specimens. The main variables to be studied
were fiber percentage, and the shear reinforcement ratio crossing the shear plane at right
angles. Measurements such as slip, lateral separation, strains in both the parallel and the
shear reinforcements and strain in the concrete were recorded throughout the test.The
experimental results show that the fiber reinforcement increases shear strength and this
fiber and stirrup reinforcements have an effective role within limited ratios.

In this research, the rotary regenerator is analyzed by solving government differential
equations of heat transfer in the regenerator analytically and comparing the results with
the designed data in order to study the performance of the rotary regenerator. In solving
these equations, several assumptions have been considered; the most important are the
constant temperature for both fluids at the inlet and the unchangeability of mass flow
for each with the negligible of longitudinal heat transfer in flow direction. The results
have shown good approach to the designed data. The percentage of error of the
temperature of air combustion is (3%) and for flue gas temperature (4%). So, it can be
said that this model can be used for studying the effective parameters on the work of the
regenerator in order to reach the best performance of the regenerator.

The seismicity of Iraqi western desert was analyzed. During the period from 1900 to
2004, there occurred about 40 events with magnitude Mw ≥ 3.0.The area was inactive
before 1970.This may be attributed to quietness of the area and / or to missing of data
and the poor coverage for the local and regional seismic stations. The relation between
earthquake magnitude Mw and cumulative frequency Nc for the studied area is
Log Nc = 3.51 – 0.54 Mw .The spatial epicentral distribution in western desert shows
that there are two seismic zone , Zone (I) and Zone (II). Most events were located in and
around the Rutbah uplift ( Zone II). The focal depth of most events in the area belongs
to the crust. In order to understand the cause of intraplate earthquakes in the western
desert, the idea of intraplate seismicity occurs in vicinity of '' stress concentrators"
within preexisting zones of weakness is considered. These concentrators are buried
intrusions and intersecting faults. It is found that there is a causal association between
the seismicity of western desert and the buried intrusions and fault intersections. A
better understanding of the seismicity of western desert requires detailed information
about stress and strain within the area, crustal structure, continuous geodetic
measurements, heat flow data and detailed microearthquakes monitoring.

Palynological investigations of Ora Formation and the upper part of Kaista
Formation (Late Devonian – Early Carboniferous) in the Northern Thrust Zone were
conducted in Kiasta exposures about 2km away to the north west of Kaista village
Zakho District, Northern Iraq. The upper part of Kaista Formation is mainly composed
of dolomitic limestone interbedded in the lower part with black shale, fine sandstone,
and sometimes with lime mudstone, but in the upper part the facies is dominantly
fossiliferous limestone. Ora Formation is composed of black shale and silty shales
interbedded with siltstones and thin fossiliferous limestone. Based on available organic
matter, ( phytoclasts, amorphous organic matters, and palynomorphs). Kaista section
divided into five different palynofacies (PF1, PF2, PF3, PF4 and PF5). The detailed
palynological study in Kaista section, having both Ora and Kaista Formations, enabled
their division into five palynozones (P.Z1, P.Z2, P.Z3, P.Z4 and P.Z5). The basic index
for this division is the miospores studied in the sum of 15 samples. The palynological
analysis has confirmed the previously determined age of the studied formations, as
(Late Devonian – Early Carboniferous) for the Kaista Formation and Early (StrunianLate Tournaisian) for Ora Formation. The palynomorphs and the organic matters
indicate that the depositional environment of Ora Formation is shallow marine to near
shore. However, the depositional environment of the Kaista Formation was not
established owing to scarcity of diagnostic palynomorphs.

Khishni fish Liza abu were collected from Tigris river to study oocyte development
in this fish .Present study showed that the oogenesis process include seven stages
divided according to cell size,chromatin matter and vitellogenesis .The first stage
represent as Oogonia,the second is Early oocyte,the third is Multinucleated stage,then
Yolk nucleus stage (indicator to beginning of vitillogenesis),followed by primary and
secondary stages and lastly Maturation stage.

In this research the effect of irradiation on the optical properties of the pure films
CdO was studied prepared of the subjected to Gamma –Ray with energy (0.662MeV )
for (5,10)min and (24)hours .Optical properties results , irradiation Gamma–Ray leads
to decrease in energy gap value. It turns out that Gamma–Ray had apronoced effect on
the optical proportion of CdO films.

In this research it has been studied the influence of X-Ray on the BJT (bipolar
junction transistor ) NPN type NO 2N3035 for (5,10,15,20,25,30,35,40) min intervals .
the (ICE ,VCE) and (IB-VBE ) characteristics have been studied for every irradiation time
to in addition to study the change in (VB – β ) values according to the irradiation times .
Also the transistor used as an amplifier which has the reverse feedback to study the
irradiation effect on the amplification factor (Aƒ) . it is found that the values of (VCE,IC)
and (VB, β) have been decreased as the irradiation times decreased . the transistor
showed a littlie changes of (Aƒ) when the reverse feedback used and the output signal
suffering no any distortion .

The goal of this paper is to clarify type, intensity and rate of movements, of
topographically expressed features, by evaluation of surface and subsurface data
through three cross sections in central part of Iraq. This was attained conveniently by
comparing the selected contacts, within neotectonic time, with their original heights
represented by global sea level heights and with contemporary topography. The chosen
sea levels are assumed to be the original position of the undisturbed contacts. The
present study assumed that any departure from the unique sea level could be caused by
vertical movement (uplift or subsidence).
Four topographically expressed features are included within three cross sections,
each of them has specific stratigraphic boundary and unique sea level. These are:
topographically expressed fetures of Samarra and Salahaldeen structures beside Shari
and Tharthar Lakes. In addition, the sections includes: contemporary topography and
the contacts of ; Middle/Late Miocene, Late Miocene/ Pliocene and
Pliocene/Pleistocene, derived from geophysical depth maps with their associated global
sea level. The first contact represents phase of tectonic stability but the other two are
not , they are involved in this study to clarify and to be more close to the neotectoic
events.

In this study, a sample of galaxies has been adopted. It consists of 112 elliptical
galaxies, among them were 56 dwarf elliptical galaxies, which belong to virgo cluster,
37 normal galaxies and 19 bright galaxies. Also, surface brightness profiles fitted for
these galaxies with sersic model (r1/n
-model). The linear relation between effective
surface brightness
e
and logarithm effective radius log re(kpc) have been calculated,
and found, the slope for dwarf elliptical galaxies is 1.89, 2.8 for normal elliptical
galaxies and 2.8 for bright galaxies. Also, The linear relation between slope for these
type from galaxies and average absolute magntude have been calculated, and found
 MB
 5.3 0.2 slope  4.8  0.6
. It is found that rms scatter of this relation is 0.2
mag

Nine inbred lines of maize (DK, SH, R153, ZP, OH40, W13R, IK58, Agr183 and
IK8) were concluded in this study. Factorial mating design that suggested by Comstock
&Robinson (1948 &1952) was used to perform single crosses among male lines (IK58,
Agr183 and IK8) and female lines (DK, SH, R153, ZP, OH40 and W13R).
The genotypes ( 9 inbred lines and 18 hybrids) were planted at The fields of College
of Agriculture at Tikrit University by using randomized complete block design with
three replications to estimate some genetic parameters: Phenotypic Variance
components (Additive, Dominance and Environmental) also broad and narrow sense
heritability, degree of dominance and expected genetic advance.
The results showed that the dominance variance was more than additive one for most
studied characters, where as the narrow sense heritability values were ranged from
(3.12%) for plant height (as male) and (75.56%) for the same trait (as female). Average
degree of dominance was exceeded one for most studied characters while values of
expected genetic advance low to mederate and high for all characters.
Key words: Zea mays, inbred lines, Factorial design mating.

Radioactive materials, containing high-count rate, are found in some areas in the
world which have worldwide use as construction and facing material. The radiation
doses, in the Garmik area, are about 268.6 nGy h-1
, which are density population by
residents of ten of villages and two towns.
The outdoor terrestrial gamma-ray background in some region of Garmik area was
studied in order to determine the absorbed gamma dose rates of the soils and rocks.
Gamma ray spectra have been recorded using the advance nuclear measurement system
(digital spectroscopy analyzer DSA with NaI (TI) detector). This method is very
suitable for measuring outdoor gamma radiation dose because the gamma count and
human -radiation exposure will not be lost by the method by which the whole radiation
exposure has been determined. A new equation has been formulated for this method.
The total dose rates inside Sulaimani city was (42.873) nGy h-1
considered as a normal
local outdoor dose rate (background).
The average values of outdoor dose rates of the studied samples, in Tatan, Hangazhal
and Garmik areas have been found to be (226.1005, 257.477,322.541) nGy h-1
respectively. These values are nearly 6 times grater than the normal local outdoor dose
rate of the background of Northeastern Iraq. The dose rate of each radioactive elements
or isotopes have been determined for each spectrum of each mentioned area which are
equal to 8.4554, 67.0995, 66.9057, 50.6143 nGy h-1
for Sulaimani city, Tatan,
Hangazhal and Garmik respectively. The total rate of radionuclide is about 77.22% of
total outdoor dose rate.

The results of the toxic effect study of phenols, terpens, alkaloides, oils and water
extracts for both sapwood and heartwood of Platanus orientalis L. , Populus nigra L.,
Cupressus sempervirens L , Pinus brutia Ten., Salix acomphylla Boiss. and Eucalyptus
camaldulensis Dehn. On termite workers showed a significant toxicity variation
according to the type of compound, wood kind and tree species. The extractions of
phenols, terpens oils and water of both sap and heartwood of Pinus brutia were more
toxic to termite than the other compounds. The results of the fractional extractions for
both sapwood and heartwood for pine wood were a high mortality on termite workers
with the general averages 57.1, 70.8 % respectively. Whereas, the toxicity indicator
values were 100 % for extractions of phenols, terpens and aqueous fraction for both
sapwood and heartwood of pine wood, respectively. The alkaloids extract of heartwood
of Pinus brutia and Platanus orientalis and sapwood of Eucalyptus camaldulensis
showed high toxicity to termite workers and their LC50 values reached 0.040, 0.045, and
0.045 respectively

The problem of scheduling n jobs on a single machine is considered, where the jobs
are divided into two classes and a machine set up is necessary between jobs of different
classes. Jobs i (i= 1,…, n) becomes available for processing at time zero, requires a
positive processing time
Pi
. Disjoint subsets N1 and N2 define the partition of jobs into
two classes. If two jobs in the same class are sequenced in adjacent positions, then no
set up time between these jobs in necessary. We address the bicriterion (multi objective)
scheduling problem, the two criteria are the minimization of flow time (

iN
i
c
) and the
minimization maximum Tardiness (
Tmax
). We characterized the set of all efficient
points and the optimal solution. A modified algorithm presented to find efficient
solutions for the problem with set up times. A relation found between number of
efficient solutions and range of ‘tardiness of shortest processing time (
TSPT
), tardiness
of early due date (
TEDD
)’. This algorithm treats with a case that the set up time in
SPT rule is in increasing order. A counter example presented to show that the
algorithm will fail if the set up time in
SPT rule is in decreasing order. Our task is to
present the decision makers with all possible solutions and let them make the final
selection. The decision maker has two objectives in mind (

iN
i
c
) , (
Tmax
) and some
solutions (efficient), we will choose the best one from the efficient solutions depending
on his experiences.

Screening of 15 wheat cultivars against wheat gall nematode Anguina tirtici con
firmed that sabebage cultivar immune to this pest ,while different levels of
Susceptibility was recorded on the other 14 cultivates .F1 crosses were showed
significantly positive ,heterosis for its Nematodes sensitivity and no any one negative .
Combining ability analysis showed that saberbeg variety gave the superiority of new
recombination by the breeding programs like that of cross (Saberbeg X Abu-graib3)
showed less sensitivity for wheat nematodes the additive gene action was more effective
from dominance because the average degree of dominance was less from one .That
broad and narrow sense heritability was high and equal (0.98)and (0.63) respectively;
which can be a successful selective for plant breeding in early generation .

The Transportation problem is a classic Operations Research problem where the
objective is to determine the schedule for transporting goods from source to destination
in a way that minimizes the shipping cost while satisfying supply and demand
constraints. Although it can be solving as a linear programming problem. Linear
programming makes use of the simplex method, an algorithm invented to solve a linear
program by progressing from one extreme point of the feasible polyhedron to an
adjacent one. The algorithm contains tactics like pricing and pivoting. For a
transportation problem, a simplified version of the regular simplex method can be used,
known as the transportation simplex method.
In this paper will discuss the functionality of both of these algorithms, and
compared their optimized values with non-linear method called the Lagrange Multiplier
Method. Lagrange Multiplier is an algorithm that uses different mechanisms to choose
the best optimal solutions. This method based on transforming the linear structure
transportation problem into the nonlinear structure and solved it directly, by the
techniques. The objective of the study was to find out how these algorithms behave in
terms of accuracy and speed when a large-scale problem is being solved.

Half diallel crosses (excluded reciprocal) carried out among the pure lines of maize
Agr183, DK, W13R, W17, OH40, IK58, IK8, ZP and SH. Genotypes were planted
using RCBDesign with 3 replications, and data collected for plant height, upper ear
height, number of rows per ear, number of grains per row, 300 grain weight and grain
yield per plant, and statistical analysis conducted to study general and specific
combining abilities, gene action and some genetic parameters. The results showed
significant mean square for genotypes, general and specific combining ability for all
characters. The pure lines W13R, W17, IK58, IK8 and ZP and hybrids W17 x OH40,
W17 x IK58 and IK58 x SH shown as a good general and specific combinors for a
larger number of characters respectively. The dominance gene action appeared more
important than additive one in controlling the inheritance of all studied characters, and
the average degree of dominance exceeded one for all characters indicated the presence
of over dominance. Broad sense heritability estimates ranged from 72.13% for number
of rows per ear to 99.67% for grain yield per plant, and narrow sense heritability shown
moderate for 300 grain weight (22.88%) and low for remainder characters, while
expected genetic advance as percent of character mean appeared low for all characters
(from 0.199% for number of rows per ear to 8.603% for number of grains per row.

In this paper, three types of weighted residual methods (Collocation,
Subdomain, and Galerkin methods) are presented for finding an approximate
(sometimes exact) solution of the system of non-linear Volterra integral equations of the
second kind (VIEK2). We showed the efficiency of the prescribed methods by solving
some numerical examples.