Journal of Kufa - physics

In the present study, the influence of the direction of ester linkage groups on the
structural and electronic properties of the three-ring bent-core, bis(4-subst.-phenyl) 2-methyliso-phthalates molecules with a central 1,3-phenylene unit including 4-n-alkanoyl, 4-nalkaoxyl and 4-n-alkayl terminal chains have been studied by density functional theory (DFT)
calculations. The BP86/SVP level of theory has been adopted for all the computations. These
computations were performed on the conformational behavior of the three-ring bent-core
compounds in a systematic way. The relaxed rotation barrier with respect to the torsion angles
φ1and φ2 where calculated. Moreover, replacement of terminal chains, alkanyl group by
alkayloxy and alkayl groups, results a small rotational barrier with a difference of about 0.2-
0.8 kcal.mol-1
in the height of the barriers, suggesting that the terminal chain have no effect on
the relaxed barriers for these isomers. The dipole moment with respect to the torsion angle φ1
was also studied. The large differences in the dipole moments, can be seen as signs of their
different phase behaviour and mesophase stability.

The aim of this article is to examine the possibility of using carbon nanotubes as delivery
for Hydrocortisone drug. We have performed the modeling of the quantum interaction
properties of hydrocortisone radicals on the single walled carbon nanotubes surface. It is
investigated by PM3 (parameterized model number 3) calculations. The effect of three
factors which are the diameter, length, and position characteristics of the CNT on binding
hydrocortisone have been studied . The results showed that with increasing the
diameter of CNT diameter, the binding energy decreases while as the CNT length
increases the binding energy increases smoothly and then some fluctuations were
appeared as a result of the steric effects. The results of changing the binding positions of
hydrocortisone with CNT proved that the complex formed by the hydrocortisone radical
on the single-tube wall is more stable when the reaction occurs in the middle of the CNT.
According to the results the CNT can be suitable delivery for the hydrocortisone drug.

in this work we study the effect of quantization process on the
reconstructed image in fractal image compression FIC method. This method is
tested on 8 bits/pixel gray image. The test results conducted on Lena image
indicated that the quantization increases compression ratio about (65.8%) and
encoding time about (17.1%) but the decreases of PSNR around (1.73%), The
quality of the reconstructed image is good either we use the quantization process or
not.

In this research paper, The Earth gravity between Najaf and Kufa city/ Iraq (latitude
32.5 – 33.50
), has been studies, and the Earth gravity for altitude (30-60 m) for
Troposphere layer (60-1030m) above sea level has been calculated. The results explained
that the Earth gravity in this region was less than that in sea level, A new model for Earth
gravity with altitude has been found; and it was very compatible with the word research.

The experimental works have been designed and implemented for testing the filters
used in image processing .The coherent low pass filter using pinhole apertures of different
sizes. two types of transparencies were prepared by computer (as objects), a text printed on
black background and a text printed on thermal paper. The computer simulation on matlab
were developed in this work. The coherent low pass filter . The results show a dramatic
agreement between the experimental and theoretical work. The size of the effective pinhole
on the filtered images were (0.25-0.5 mm). The best size was 0.5mm sizes.

This research deals with the study of the structural and optical properties of pure and Li
doped NiO films with different ratios ( 0.03,0.06,0.09 mol %) . Thin films of NiO were
deposited on glass substrates at temperature 298oK and thickness 200 nm by sol–gel spin
coating technique. X-Ray diffraction(XRD) showed that the films are polycrystalline and
have cubic structure with a preferred orientation along (111). The Li doping by 0.03,0.06
& 0.09 mol % didn'
t change the preferable orientation. The average grain sizes of the
crystallites (mean crystallites diameter) estimated from XRD data was found to lie in the
range of 20.11 – 24.2 nm. Data of atomic force microscope (AFM) indicate that the
surface of films is highly smooth.
The optical transmittance value of undoped NiO film reaches to 72% in the Visible and
NIR regions, which is important for its applications as window layers in solar cells. The
optical transmittance of the films deposited with various concentration of Li shows slightly
lower transmittance. The values of optical energy gap for undoped NiO & Li doping by
0.03,0.06,and 0.09 mol % were equal to 3.9, 3.60, 3.54 and 3.47 eV respectively. Other
important optical properties such as refractive index, extinction coefficient, , dielectric
constant and optical conductivity have been calculated and were found to be increase with
increasing doping concentration and thickness.

The aim of this work is studying the effect of zinc oxide level on tensile properties of the
compounds. Since the compounds consist of natural rubber (NR) and styrene-butadiene rubber
(SBR) with ratio (50:50).This work included studying the replacing of conventional zinc oxide
by nano-zinc oxide as an activator has small particle size and large surface area in comparison
with conventional zinc oxide so as to improve tensile properties and reduce the amount of zinc
oxide inside the compounds. In this work, two groups of compounds are prepared:
Six compounds have conventional zinc oxide as an activator with concentrations
(0,2,4,5,6,8 phr (part per handred)).
Nine compounds have nano-zinc oxide as an activator with concentrations
(0,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,1,1.2,1.4,1.6 phr).
 The compounds were prepared by two-roll mill and laboratory press. Dumbbells (test
samples) of tensile test are prepared by Wallace. Test Specimens Cutting Press. Tensile test
carried out by Monsanto T10 Tensometer. Crosslink density tested by swelling the samples
of the compounds by toluene and using Flory- Rehner equation. The results refer to the
maximum values of tensile properties of a NR/SBR blend with conventional zinc oxide at
(5 phr) of zinc oxide level. The maximum values of tensile properties with nano-zinc oxide
at (1.2 phr) of zinc oxide level. The replacing conventional zinc oxide by nano-zinc oxide
reduces the cost of the compounds by reducing the amount of zinc oxide inside the
compounds and improves the tensile properties.

There are many errors in GPS such as ionosphere effects which represents as
atmospheric effects, multi path, satellite geometry, satellite and receiver clock errors and
human error…etc. Therefore, to estimate of an error of GPS or adjust observation is to
repeat observation or use the method of least squares to get optimum observation or best
estimate. For this purpose, ten observations for one point or of the same point at the
University of Baghdad near by the Department of Astronomy using the Garmine GPS
navigator, (UTM projection, WGS-84 Datum) has shown an accuracy of (15-100) m [1].
Many mathematical processes were used to estimate results written by MATLAB
language. In this paper the error was 3854m2
for easting direction, 4496 m2
for northing
direction.

In this work, an electronic device which is able to receive a vibration modulated laser
signals had been designed, and these vibrations will be converted through the device to
hearable sound with high quality.
The transmitter represented by infrared laser diode of 808 nm and the receiver is a
complicated detector which consists of phototransistor to detect the reflected laser beam from
the window, an integrated circuit of LM358 to pre-amplify the electronic signal. First order
filter is to eliminate noises and unwanted signals, TDA2002 integrated circuit is to amplify
signal to nearly ten times from the incident signal to the TDA2002, speaker to hear the voice.
The vibrations are made by the source –which can be living or non-living source- will causing
a resonant frequency with the window. So, the incident lR laser beam will have this frequency
and through reflection from the window the reflected laser beam will have vibrations, these
vibrations will be incident on the photo-transistor and the receiver will work to output the
sound.
Experimental results proved that this device is able to function properly through 20 meter
with good sound quality, this was because of the use of (1 W) laser diode of 808nm.

It is a conventional practice in the design of nuclear reactor to introduce calculation of
hot points to determine spatial variation for energy generated and then determine power
distribution .The study had been carried out for core of a reactor type (MTR) by the neutronic
code SQUID. In this study, we replace the reflector of the reactor by
H2O
instead of
D2O
as
originally the reactor designed .
From the study we conclude that the reactor can operates safely ,to make sure of that we
calculate the multiplication factor where their values ranged from (1.0854) when all control
rods are up to (1.001)when three control rods are up . Also the values of hot points were
calculated and compared with French documents results with
D2O
as a reflector where the
difference is (0.19%),and with light water as reflector instead of heavy water was calculated
. For different cases according to control rod position , the values of hot point ranged between
( 0.46) to (1.64) in case all control rods are up also the values of the average power
distributed on different fuel cells were calculated in case of light water as reflector firstly
with three control rods are down and the maximum value
(2.13*10 )
2Mw 
.Secondly in case of
four control rods are down, the maximum value
(1.925*10 )
2Mw  we notice almost coincidence
between the neutron flux distribution through the core of reactor and in different positions of
control rods.

Spectroscopy techniques can be effectively employed as a diagnostic tool in clinical
chemistry. It can also be an alternate method in clinical analysis. The study of serum through
such techniques can be used not only for understanding the biological nature of the disease,
but also for the diagnosis of the disease [1]. In the present work, UV-Vis spectroscopic
technique which is used to study the spectral differences in the serum of normal and diabetes
blood samples of pregnant women in each trimester. It is found that this technique is efficient
in the 1st and 3rd trimester where there is not efficient in the 2nd trimester.

UV photoconductive detector was fabricated by the deposition of TiO2 film on silicon
by dc magnetron sputtering. Pure oxygen and Argon were used as the reactive and sputtering
gases respectively. The gases were mixed prior to the admission in the sputtering chamber
[oxygen flow 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 s.m (stander centimeter cubic per minute) with constant
argon flow]. The structure properties of TiO2 thin films were investigated by means of X-ray
diffraction. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns showed three phases Rutile, Anatase and
Brookite . The ratio between these phases changed and depended on oxygen flow. The
deposited TiO2 film was coated by nanosheet of polyamind polymer to improve the
photoresponsivity of the detector and to reduced the response time of the TiO2 UV detector
to about 170 µs. The final device was tested with high speed pulsed nitrogen laser.
The spectral responses of TiO2/Si junction were studied. The maximum value of
responsivity occurred at wavelength equals to 385 nm. The responsivity, quantum efficiency
and specific detectivity increased with increasing of the oxygen flow, while the noise
equivalent power decreased with increasing the oxygen flow. It has been
observed that the best spectral response occurs when the oxygen flow equal to 50 s.m and
we can say that this value of oxygen flow is the optimum condition for TiO2
photoconductive detector preparation.

Conventional holography has been widely useful in trade measurement, combining
a high resolution charge coupled device (CCD) with a phase modulating, holographic
interferometer recording and display could be realized by digital holographic technique.
Digital holographic technique has a great number of important and practical
applications. In the conventional holography hologram was detected and reconstructed
by the photoconductive film. But in the digital holography the numerical version of the
conventional holographic technique, hologram is digitally detected by CCD and then
displayed on the computer monitor. By reconstruction, the hologram is written into
spatial light modulator (SLM), then illuminating the SLM with the reference wave, the
object may be reconstructed optically. In this research the application technique of
CCD/SLM in holography is theoretically studied and the experimental have been
developed.

In this study we mention one of the treatments to cure cancer. It is considered one of the promissing methods
nowadays. It includes the use of Boron as a nano material to improve the radiation sensitivity inside the
breast. These are treated with low energy thermal neutrons (0.025 eV) resulting in high alpha linear energy
transporter and Lithium nucleus Li 7
in addition to Gamma photon with (0.48 MeV). The energy of these
products (2.31 MeV) which destroy the cancer cells in the tissue.
This treatment checks several physical factors related to the effectively of using Boron to improve the
treatment with radiation. The physical factors include the amount of the falling thermal neutrons and the time
of exposure and the concentration of the nano Boron material and the amount of the falling thermal neutrons.
In this study the concentrations of used nano Boron were (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50) ng, and each
concentration was a target for the thermal neutrons of (0.025 eV) energy interaction. The times of exposure
(1800) s , while the other factors were kept fixed.
The results showed a great improvement in the received dose and improvement in the number of the
destroyed cancer cells. The increase is due to two reasons:
First : the selective accumulation of stable B
10 in the cells of the tumor only and not the healthy tissue.
Second : B
10 tendency towards thermal neutrons (0.025 eV) interaction. The resultant from this interaction
is unstable B
11 causing the production of high linear energy transporter represented by alpha particle ( 1.47
MeV) and Li 7
nucleus (0.84 MeV), as well as Gamma photon (0.48 MeV). The energy of both products
is deposited within (5-9 µm) of the tissue which is close to the cells diameter and it spreads in two opposite
directions in destroying the DNA chain responsible for regenerating new cells, therefore, the possibility of
destroying cancer cells is high.

Achievement of studying effect the addition ratio of powder from clays Iraqi bentonite
(D<75um) treated with temperature (100 ºC) and treated with PVA as filler on polystyrene to
dissolved in toluene with the state ratios and temperature degrees (70-80 ºC).
The attenuation measurements of X-Ray for the voltage range (20,25,30)KV for the
composite polystyrene-bentonite were done by using X-Ray unit with two X-Ray tubes (Cu
tube , Eu tube) and G-M counter.
The linear attenuation coefficient (µL) were concluded for the voltage range mentioned above
through the linear equations of the yield of graphic representation operation between the
logarithmic absorption and the sample thickness X(cm) , the mass attenuation coefficient( µm)
were also concluded through the graphic relation between the logarithmic absorption and the
equivalence thickness of the samples Xm (gm/cm2
) such that the slope of the graphic relation
represents the attenuation coefficient either linear or mass.
The linear relation between the logarithmic absorption of X-Ray with the thickness and
equivalent thickness sample were concluded .Inverse relation between the linear and mass
attenuation coefficient with X-Ray voltage were also concluded of composite .

The Nuclear Shell Model has been applied by using Surface Delta Interaction ( SDI ) to
calculate the energy levels and the parity for two Nuclei of Argon 38Ar and Sulfur 38S which
are equivalent in mass number, and contain two nucleons outside the close core ( 36S )
founded on the Model Space ( od3/2 of7/2 ). A Matlab computer program has been used to
study the nuclei referred to above for calculating Matrix Elements by using Surface Delta
Interaction ( SDI ) that mainly intervene to calculate the levels of energy for all allowable
total angular momentum and the eigen values in state of mixing and pure application
configuration, and also the mentioned program used for calculated necessary coefficients in
our calculation as Clebsch-Gorden Coefficients. After comparing the present results with the
available experiment results, they have appeared to be in a very good agreement with
theoretical values in the state of mixing and pure configurations, and also some of the values
of the total angular momentum and parity has been confirmed.