Jornal of Al-Muthanna for Agricultural Sciences

A field experiment was carried out during autumn season of 2019 to study the effect of combination of mineral fertilizers, moringa leaf extract and tryptophan acid on yield and quality of three synthetic varieties of maize and the possibility of replacing part of the mineral fertilizers with these organic maters.The experiment included three synthetic varieties of maize (bohooth-5018, Baghdad-3 and Sumer) in the main plots and five fertilizer treatments(application mineral fertilizer as recommended, application 50% of mineral fertilizer + spraying moringa leaf extract at 3% , application 50% mineral fertilizer + spraying moringa leaf extract at 6% , application 50% mineral fertilizer + tryptophan acid at 50 ppm and application 50% mineral fertilizer + tryptophan acid at 100 ppm ) in the sub plots. The results showed that maize varieties had no-significant difference in all studied characters. Application 50% mineral fertilizer + spraying moringa leaf extract at 6% gave the highest grain yield (8.732 tan ha-1) and all its components (number of ears per plant, number of rows per ear, number of grains per row) and oil percentage (10.72%).While application 50% mineral fertilizer + tryptophan acid at 100 ppm was superior in weight of 500 grains (108.89 g) and protein percentage (3.91%). *Part of Ph.D. dissertation of the first author.Corresponding author: E-mail(Atheer.hesham1006@coagri.uobaghdad.edu.iq) Al- Muthanna University All rights reserved

A newly proposed concept of soil physical quality and its development as a guide to assess the extent of soil degradation or improvement and to determine appropriate soil management. The study aimed to: evaluate the soil physical quality index of gypsiferous soils under different management systems as well as determine the optimal pore size distribution and the optimum moisture-tension curve based on the quality of the physical soil properties under different management systems and diagnose the distribution of pore sizes and moisture-tension curves that could be used to predict the changes in the physical quality of gypsiferous soils because of the applied agricultural management pattern. Physical indicators measured on undisturbed soil samples collected from 15 selected sites in Salah Aldeen Governorate, with different gypsum content (30 to 301 g kg-1 soil). The results showed that the best distribution of measured pore size (h) S *, (Normalized pore volume) was for a group of soils that were largely similar in terms of shape and location parameters. Accordingly, the optimal pore distribution considered representative of these soils. The results showed the possibility of using the (Dexter-S) indicator correctly and in coordination with the distribution of pore size and the soil moisture characteristic curve to calculate the physical soil quality in soils of different gypsum content. Corresponding author: E-mail(wa.alkayssi@tu.edu.iq) Al- Muthanna University All rights reserved

An Laboratory experiment was carried out in the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Gardening - Faculty of Agriculture - Diyala University for the spring season 2017 in order to study the inhibitory effects of some plant extracts on the laboratory growth characteristics of the Tomato seeds, using Petri dishes designed in Completely Randomized Design ( CRD) in three replicates to study the effect of three different concentrations (zero , 50% and 100%) of water extracts of onion, Blady grass, Nut grass and Johnson grass in the percentage of seed germination of Tomato seeds and the growth rate and some other growth characteristics of the Tomato seeds. The experimental results can be summarized as follows, Plant extracts affected For each of the onion, Blady grass, Nut grass and Johnson grass and the concentrations used, and interferences between them, have a significant effect in all studied traits of Tomato seeds the treatment resulted in the plant extract of Nut grass and Johnson grass On the occurrence of high and clear inhibitions in all the studied traits of the tomato seeds, while the other plant extracts varied with the degree of inhibition.Corresponding author: E-mail(ahmad_almindlawy@yahoo.com) Al- Muthanna University All rights reserved

A field experiment was conducted in Al-Adwaniyah region, located on latitude 33° 13' 93.59" N, and longitude 44° 37' 91.37" E, at an altitude of 31 m above MSL, during the autumn season of the year 2018 AD to know the effect of laser land leveling, tillage and discharge on water productivity, wheat growth and yield. The experiment consisted of three treatments. The first was the tillage implement with two levels: the mold board plow (T1) and the chisel plow (T2). The second was the slope percentage of the soil surface leveling, with three levels: the conventional leveling (L0), the leveling with the slope percentage of 0.15% (L1), and the leveling with the slope percentage of 0.30% (L2). The third was the discharge rate with two levels: discharge rate of 16 L sec-1 (Q1), and discharge rate of 24 L sec-1 (Q2). The experiment was designed according to the split-split plots design with three replicates. The results obtained can be summarized as follows: 1. Crop height, weight of 1000 grain and yield, recorded their highest value With T1 of 73.07 cm, and 5.442-ton ha-1, respectively, weight of 1000 grain with T1 Equally with T2 of 40.36 g 1000 grain-1. with L1 of 79.69 cm, 42.20 g 1000 grain-1 and 6.347 ton ha-1, respectively. With Q1 recorded the highest crop height, weight of 1000 grain and yield of 72.62 cm, 40.98 g 1000 grain-1, and 5.741-ton ha-1, Respectively. With T1L1 recorded the highest crop height, weight of 1000 grain and yield of 80.15 cm, 42.50 g 1000 grain-1 and 6.480-ton ha-1, respectively. With T1Q1 recorded the highest crop height, weight of 1000 and yield of 74.65 cm, 41.09 g 1000 grain-1 and 5.796-ton ha-1 respectively. With L1Q1 recorded the highest crop height, weight of 1000 grain and yield of 79.80 cm, 42.65 g 1000 grain-1 and 6.644-ton ha-1, respectively. With T1L1Q1 recorded highest crop height, weight of 1000 grain and yield of 82.02 cm, 43.07 g 1000 grain-1 and 6.809-ton ha-1, respectively. 2. The root depth recorded highest depth with T2 of 61.83 mm. With L0 of 67.60 mm. With Q2 of 61.33 mm. With T2L0 of 69.35 mm. With T2Q2 of 63.00 mm. With Q2L0 of 69.35 mm. With T2L0Q2 of 71.10 mm.3. The crop water productivity and field water productivity recorded the highest productivity with T1 of 13.294 and13.571 kg mm 1, respectively. With L1 of15.079 and 15.407 kg mm-1, respectively. With Q1 of 11.735 and11.825 kg mm 1, respectively. With T1L1 of16.220 and16.719 kg mm 1, respectively. With T2Q2 of14.326 and14.685 kg mm 1, respectively. With L0Q2 of15.959 and16.374 kg mm 1, respectively. With Q1T1L1 of17.220 and 17.811kg mm 1, respectively.Corresponding author: E-mail(alaa.salih@coagri.uobaghdad.edu.iq) Al- Muthanna University All rights reserved

A field experiment was conducted during the agricultural season of 2017-2018 in the site is located at 82" 10' 33ᵒ North, and longitude 51" 32' 44ᵒ, East at an altitude of 33m above sea level. In order to evaluate the productivity of irrigation water by method of cultivation on irrigated furrows, when growing crops of wheat. Two factors were experienced in the cultivation of wheat, The first factor is the method of cultivation of five treatments were used included: Treatment of the cultivation of wheat in basins (B), treatment of the cultivation of wheat on bed with 50 cm width (S1), 60cm (S2), 70cm (S3) and 80cm (S4), The second factor is irrigation levels depletion included: 40, 60 and 80% of available water coded as W1, W2 and W3, respectively,. The results were as follows: Actual water consumption values for basin and bed treatments reached 389, 384, 365, 369.20, 367and 341mm for treatment BW1, BW2, BW3, SW1, SW2 and SW3 respectively. Treatment of wheat crops on bed with 80 cm width gave the highest average field water use efficiency reached 6.84 kg m-3 while BW3 treatment gave lowest average field water use efficiency reached 1.47 kg m-3. The highest average crop water use efficiency were found in S4W1 وS4W2 reached 2.06 and 2.07 kg m-3, respectively, It was lowest value for crop water use efficiency at BW3 reached 1.06 kg m-3. The percentage increase in the average efficiency of crop water using for bed treatments 40.37, 57.80, 73.39 and 85.32% for treatments S1, S2, S3 and S4 respectively Compared with basin treatment (B). The highest average total grains yield for Treatment of wheat crops on bed with 80 cm width was 7253kg ha-1, Irrigation levels also affected the total grains yield, irrigation treatment of depletion 40% gave highest average 6300 kg ha-1, That did not differ significantly from the irrigation treatments of depletion 60% In which the total grain yield was reached 6228 kg ha-1, In the interference factors between the cultivation method and the irrigation levels, the interference factors excelled S4W1, S3W2 and S4W2 Without significant differences in the total yield average 7600,7310 and 7600 kg ha-1, Respectively.Corresponding author: E-mail(alaa.salih@coagri.uobaghdad.edu.iq) Al- Muthanna University All rights reserved

This study was conducted in University of Tikrit during the 2019 agricultural season, to study the effect of treatment with rooting hormone, paraffin and fungicide on the success of cultivating the offshoots of two varieties of date palm (Khastawi and Zahdi) in Gypsifrious Soil. The experiment planned RCBD, with three replicates.. The cultivar had a significant effect on the studied traits, as the variety Khastawi outperformed in the percentage of success offshoots, leaf length, pinnae length and the number of roots as it reached 86.27%, 30.20 cm, 16.87 cm, 15.67 roots, respectively, while the Zahdi variety outperformed the average number of leaves as it gave an average of 3.80 a sheet. The rooting treatments had a significant effect, especially the treatment with the rooting hormone plofid and the fungicide Redomil, which gave to a significant increase in the studied traits represented in the percentage of success of the offshoots, the number of leaves, leaf length, pinnae length, length and number of roots, reaching 100%, 5.33 leaves, 35.33 cm, 19.83 cm. 17.00 cm, 21.50 root, respectively, while the comparison treatment gave the lowest average for the aforementioned traits. As for the effect of the interaction between the cultivar and the rooting treatments, the cultivar Khastawi and Zahdi in the treatment of the rooting hormone plofid and the fungicide the highest success rate of 100%, and the cultivar of Zahdi in the same treatment gave the highest rate of the number of leaves and the length of pinnae, while the variety Khastawi in the same treatment gave the highest rate of leaf length The length and number of roots, while in the comparison treatment, the ascetic variety gave the lowest success rate of 57.67%.Corresponding author: E-mail(Khaild_sa@tu.edu.iq) Al- Muthanna University All rights reserved

The research was conducted in the lands of Qattara Imam Ali (peace be upon him) with an area of 6157.82 hectares located in the western desert of Iraq, which is 80 km from the city of Karbala towards the road leading to the Ain al-Tamr Oasis, 15 km south of the city of Karbala, and the location between longitudes 44˚ 47ˊ 58.21 ̋ , 32˚ 33ˊ 28.01 north and toward Lake Razzazah, two latitudes 44 45ˊ 15.96 and 32˚ 30ˊ 59.17 west and towards the White Valley, and using the satellite image taken from the Landsat8 satellite of the sensor (OLI) with eleven spectral beams, the first movement paths were chosen About 4722 AD and the second around 4025 ADThe results of the catographic analysis of the Soil Series Map showed that the highest soil series was the 113CCE series, and the largest area was 752.752 hectares of the estimated total area of 4064.956 hectares, with an area ratio of 18.518% and a frequency of 641, while the series 123CCM ranked second, followed by the series 123CCM, followed by the series 143CCM. , Followed by the series 133CCF, then the series 143CCF, followed by the series 153CCF, then the series CBE322, and finally the series 153CCF, with an area of 233,223 hectares, an area of 5.737% and a frequency of 478Corresponding author: E-mail(haleema.a.@coagri.uobaghdad.edu.iq) Al- Muthanna University All rights reserved

The agricultural sector in Iraq suffers from the phenomenon of increasing losses in the main cereal crops, including yellow corn, and the low percentage of the Industrialized from them, due to a set of internal and external factors surrounding these crops during the chain of production and marketing processes that these crops go through, among these factors are what can be controlled others can not be controlled, making the crop at the pity of all these factors combined. This is a waste of the resources that were used in their production, in addition to the losses incurred by producers of these crops. The research aimed to estimate the economic effects of the loss of the yellow corn crop in Babil province by selecting a random sample of farmers and marketers of the crop and designing a special questionnaire form for each type of these producers. The results showed that the total lost quantities of the maize crop at the province level amounted to about 34 thousand tons, resulting in total financial losses of about 10 billion Iraqi dinars, as it was possible to benefit from them at the province level generally in establishing complementary or competitive projects meet the growing needs of consumers and benefit producers in the province. The lost areas as a result of the production loss amounted to about 6504 dunums, which could have been used to grow other crops or to expand the cultivation of the existing crop. Accordingly, the research recommended the necessity for agricultural extension agencies to take their role in holding educational seminars for farmers, which feed into the services needed by the crop and introduce them to the different types of loss and ways to reduce it and reduce waste in scarce productive resources, which has the effect of increasing production rates..Corresponding author: E-mail(Zuhal_khadim@yahoo.com) All rights reserved Al- Muthanna UniversityThe research is a part of thesis Ms. D of the first researcher

A field experiment was conducted in Maysan in the winter season 2017-2018 on silt clay soil to determine the hydraulic standards for border drip irrigation system depending on the lateral pipes Spacing and measurement site within network in effect of soil conditioners and level water irrigation on the saline distribution horizontal and vertical distribution .the experimental treatment of three lateral pipes Spacing at 30 cm (S1) , 45 cm (S2) and 60 cm (S3) whit three soil conditioners organic material, used oil and control , the conditioners were added based on the dry weight of the soil , and two levels of irrigation water 75% and 100% from Ep . The treatments were applicated using RCBD , results showed that the decrease in the soil salt content due to the decrease in the distance between the field pipes , treatment S1 recorded the highest values (3.72 and 3.21) dsm-1 and it was significantly different from the two treatments S2 (4.04 and 3.55) dSM-1 and S3 (4.40 and 3). 88) dsm-1 , soil conditioners treatment of Oil was superior to the lowest values (3.33 and 2.82) dsm-1, followed by the OM treatment (3.94 and 3.29) dsm-1, with a significant difference compared to the comparison values (4.89 and 4.53) dsm-1, as well the results showed that the treatment of irrigation level exceeded 100% (3.92 and 3.32) dsm-1 with significant differences compared with the irrigation level of 75% (4.19 and 3.77) dsm-1 at the beginning and end of the growing season respectively. There was also a decrease in the saline content, both horizontally and vertically due to the decrease in the distance between the field pipes, the use of irrigation level 100%, and with the addition of conditioners..Corresponding author: E-mail(dakhal@gmail.com) Al- Muthanna University All rights reserved

This study was conducted to determine the effect of gypsum content and depth of water head on displacement and transport of nitrate in gypsiferous soil under unsaturated flow conditions. Also, to predict the concentration of nitrate using convection dispersion model (CDE). Soil columns with 63, 97, 142, 180, and 236 g kg-1 of gypsum were prepared. 200 mg L-1 of potassium nitrate were added to the surface of each soil column. The soil columns were leached by intermittent ponding in 2 pore volumes of water. A constant head depth of 0.005, 0.01, and 0.015 m of water was kept on the top of soil column. Samples of effluent were collected for measuring nitrate concentration. The CDE model was analyzed to estimate the best fitting between measured and predicted nitrate concentration, and to calculate dispersion coefficient (D), the retardation factor (R), and Peclet number (P). Results showed that CDE can be used to predict nitrate concentration in soil. Good fit was observed to describe breakthrough curves (BTC's), and predict the transport of nitrates in the leachate of gypsum soil columns. D values increased with the increase in the content of soil gypsum and decrease with increase the water head. Its values ranged between 6.48-8.76 m2 h-1. P and pore water velocity (v) decreased with the increase in soil gypsum content. The R values were less than 1 for all treatments.Corresponding author: E-mail(ramzishihab@tu.edu.iq) Al- Muthanna University All rights reserved

A field experiment were carried out at the Abu- Graib Research Station- Office of Agricultural Research Ministry of Agriculture several drought indexes have been used to determine the best genotypes of (Triticum eastivum L.) for drought tolerance in the central region of Iraq, Determination of the efficacy of drought indexes for knowledge the genotypes of drought-tolerant and susceptibility and interpretation of the relationship between drought index used by primary component analysis, cluster analysis and rank sum. experiment was conducted to investigate water stress effect for the some traits of selected genotypes, using split plot arrangement within RCBD with 3 replications. The main plots included 2 levels of water stress (20% and 80%) depletion of available water while, the 9th selected genotypes and the control variety IPA99 occupied sub plots. The use of the best index of drought tolerance, MP, GMP and STI, led to the diagnosis of tolerant and stress-sensitive genotypes due to their association with grain yield in both stress and irrigation (YS and YP), The results of drought tolerance index showed that genotypes 186, 179 and 45 were the most tolerant of drought, while genotypes IPA 99, 117, 27 and 17 were the most sensitive to water stress and the other genotypes 44, 129, 147, middle tolerance or water stress sensitivity, Therefore, we recommend the cultivation of genotypes 186, 179 and 45 in the central region as they are most resistant to drought.Corresponding author: E-mail( abedmahmood18@yahoo.com ) All rights reserved Al- Muthanna University*Part of Ph. D. dissertation of first author

A field experiment was applied in the research station of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad - Al-Jadriya Complex during the spring cycle of the 2020 agricultural season with the aim of studying the effect of selenium in reducing heat stress to which yellow corn is exposed during the pollination and fertilization phase in the spring loop and its reflection on the yield and its components For two synthetic varieties. A randomized complete block design was used with the arrangement of split plates with three replications, such as the first factor in the main panels two synthetic varieties of yellow corn (5018 and Baghdad 3) and the secondary plates five parameters of selenium and included three levels of seed soaking with selenium (0, 2 and 5 mg. L -1). Selenium spray at two concentrations of 10 and 20 mg L-1 in addition to the comparison treatment (without soaking or spraying) The results showed that the two cultivars did not differ significantly in most of the characteristics of the grain yield and some of its components, while the selenium treatments were significantly superior to the grain yield compared to the comparison treatment. The treatment of plant spraying with selenium at a concentration of 20 mg L-1 led to an increase in the fertility rate. By 12.91%, this treatment increased the grain yield by 69.23%. This is as a result of its superiority in the characteristic of the length of ear, the number of active ear, the number of rows in the ear, the number of grains in the row, the number of grains in ear and the number of grains in plant. In general spraying trt. gave best results than soaking so we recommended spraying selenium in order to reduce the effect of high temperatures in spring maize.

A factorial experiment was carried out in the lab. college of Agricultural Engineering Science, University of Baghdad Al- Jadiriyah during year of 2017 With the aim of improving the germination properties of Maize variety of Noor under water stress. According to the Completely randomize design (CRD) with three replications were used in both and two factors: first: it included water tensile treatments by exposing the seeds to a solution of polyethylene glycol PEG 6000 with three levels (0, -4 ,-8) Bar, while the second factor with three concentrations of the compound peroxide Hydrogen H2O2 with a concentration of 50% (0, 10 , 20 mg L-1). The results showed that water stress had a significant effect on the characteristics of Maize seedlings, as it reduced the level of water stress (-8) bar, the average germination percentage, Average 80.00%, Root Shoot length, 7.900 , 5.22 (cm), respectively, seedling dry weight 269.9 (mg seedlings-1) and Seed vigor index of drought resistance 0.781, while treatment with compound hydrogen peroxide H2O2 contributed to improving the characteristics of Maize seedlings significantly, as the seed soaking treatment at a concentration of 20 (mg L-1) recorded the highest germination rate of 89.44%, the feather length of 5.90 (cm), and the seedling dry weight 353.6 (mg seedlings-1). Germination and vigor index of drought resistant 1.089. We recommend to soak maize seeds with peroxide Hydrogen H2O2 (10 ) mg L-1 for 24 h before planting, especially under water stress.Corresponding author: E-mail( shchshch2016@gmail.com ) All rights reserved Al- Muthanna University*Research paper from PHD thesis for the secondary Author

This study was conducted in the poultry field of the Department of Animal Production of the College of Agriculture at the University of Tikrit to study the effect of adding different percentages of octacosanol, wheat germ oil and rice oil to the diet on the biochemical characteristics of quail at the end of the beginning egg production stage of egg production exceeding 50% at the age of 45 days and continued For three production periods (90 days) at the age of 135 days, 360 birds of the age of one day were used, and they were distributed randomly into six experimental treatments, by 60 chicks for one treatment that included four replications (15 chicks / replicate), and the fodder was provided to the birds distributed in 6 transactions as follows: The first treatment T1 represented a control treatment without any addition, the second treatment T2 plus 15 mg octacosanol/kg feed, the third treatment T3 plus 20 mg octacosanol/kg feed, the fourth treatment T4 plus 25 mg octacosanol/kg feed, the fifth treatment T5 To which 5 ml of wheat germ oil/kg of feed was added, and the sixth treatment T6 was added to 5 ml of rice oil/kg of feed. The level of total protein, albumin, globulin, triglycerides, cholesterol, and acid was measured. Uric, glucose, AST and ALT enzymes. The results showed a significant superiority (P≤0.05) for the third, fourth and sixth treatments in the level of total protein for males, and the third treatment recorded a significant superiority in the level of albumin, and for globulin, all experiment treatments outperformed the second and control treatments, while for females, all experiment treatments outperformed the treatment. Control in the concentration of total protein and globulin, on the other hand, triglycerides, cholesterol, uric acid and glucose were significantly decreased in all treatments of the experiment and for both sexes compared to the control treatment.Corresponding author: E-mail(alijalil85@tu.edu.iq ) All rights reserved Al- Muthanna University*Part of Ph.D. dissertation of the first author.

This study was conducted during September 2018 to May 2019 at the Lath house , belong to Horticulture and landscape Department / College of agriculture / Kirkuk university, to study the effect of foliar spraying with seaweed extract (Acadian) at different concentrations (0,1, 2) g. L-1 on the growth , and Yield of two Saffron Cultivars (Crocus sativus L.)first cultivar (Bunch)and the Second cultivar (Pushal) , The study was laid out in factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D.) with two factors and each treatment consist of three replications . The results showed that spraying with seaweed extract (Acadian) at (2) g.L-1, increase significant in the number of shoots(4.86)bud.plant-1 and leaves / Plant(11.30)leaves. plant-1 . with the highest content of total chlorophyll in the leaves (1.79) CCI , and highest number of Corms and Cormels (4.23 Corm. plant-1 , 3.03 Cormel. plant-1) respectively , highest of wet weight of the Corms and Cormels (5.13 , 2.25) g , respectively and the highest diameter of the Corms (3.27) cm . The two cultivar did not differ significantly in their studied characteristics. The Interactions between the spraying levels with seaweed extract (Acadian) and Cultivars had a significant effect on improving most of the studied traits , as it gave the treatment spraying with seaweed extract (Acadian) (2)g.L-1 and Cultivar (Pushal) increased of number of shoots(5.40) bud.plant-1 and leaves / Plant(12.20) leaves. plant-1. with the highest content of total chlorophyll (1.84)CCI , and highest number of Cormels (3.20) Cormel. plant-1 , highest of wet weight of the Cormels (2.28) g , while the cultivar (Bunch) was superior to the concentration of 2 g.L-1 in the highest number of Corms (4.33) Corm. plant-1 , highest of wet weight of the Corms (5.57) g , with the highest diameter of the Corms (3.29) cm Corresponding author: E-mail(alyousifmuna@gmail.com ) All rights reserved Al- Muthanna University

A field experiment was conducted in the experimental field affiliated to the college of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, The University of Baghdad, Jadrya during the spring season 2019 to invertigate the response of yield and quality traits of Four sunflower genotypes to the folic acid spray. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) of three replicates within afactorial experiment order was used. The experiment included two factors , the first was represented by four sunflower genotypes ( Ishaqi1, Ishaqi2,Tarzan and Aqmar ) and the second by four folic acid concentrations (0,1,2 and 3 gm L-1 ) sprayed at the two plant stages , the first at 4 leaves ( for 75% of the total plants ), the second at the beginning of the appearance of flower buds . The results showed, Aqmar variety was superior in the diameter of disk, number of seed in disk and averages reached 22.77 cm, and 1225 seed respectively. Ishaqi2 was superior in 1000seed weight (82.66 gm), total seeds yield (5.138 Mg ha-1) and oil ratio in seed (44.01%) (2.262 Mg ha-1). Without significant differences with Aqmar var. in crop growth rate, seeds yield and biological yield. Spraying folic acid affected significantly the most yield and its comonents studied traits. The concentration 2 gm L-1 was superior in oil ratio number of seeds and plant yield with increasing ratio was 27.03%, 16.2% and 7.77% compard with comparsion respectivly. Wheras the plants treated by spraying 3 gm L-1 of folic acid gave the highest averages of the traits diameter of disk ( 22.34 cm ) fertility ratio ( 99.258% ) and 1000 seed weight ( 77.68 gm ) without significant differences in most traits with 2 gm L-1 concentration .Whereas the plants without spray gave the lowest average for most traits. The interaction between the two factors was its significant in yield and its componets (number of seeds and 1000 seed weight). The research is a part of thesis of the first researcher*Corresponding author: E-mail(najat.Zeboon@yahoo.com) Al- Muthanna University All rights reserved

A field experiment was conducted in the experimental field of collage of Agricultural Engineering Sciences / University of Baghdad / Jadrya during the spring Season 2019 , to investigate the role of organic and Bio fertilizers on , yield and quality of sunflower crop , Aqmar variety .Using randomized replicates within a factorial experiment order was used . The Experiment included two factors , the first was represented spraing of organic matter ( Bilirubin ) by three concentration 1 , 2 and 3 ml L-1 in addition to the treatment of control ( without spraying ) , the second was represented foliar spray of the dry yeast at the three concentrations 1 , 2 and 3 gm L-1 in addition to the treatment of control (without spraying ) . All treatment were conducted in two stages , first at the stage of four leaves ( for 75% of the total plants ) , the second at the beginning of the emergence of flowering buds floral . The results Showed: Sprayin Bilirubin affected significantly on all yield and quality studied traits.. The plants which sprayed with 3 ml L-1 from bilirubin were recorded the highest of head diameter , percentage of fertility , number of seeds in head , weight of 1000 seed , and total yield seed an increasing 12.17% , 1.8% , 18.58% , 12.01% ,and 32.33% comparison and without significant differences with 2 ml L-1 concentrations .While the plants were spryed with 2 ml L-1 concentration from bilirubin was Superior in oil percentage in seed.The traits of yield and quality studied significantly increased with increase of yeast concentration , the highest of average at 3gm L-1 without signifeant difference with concentration 2 gm L-1 on the most of traits except weight of 1000 seed, 2 gm L-1 was superior average for total seed yield ,and oil percentage at spranig with 3 gm L-1 from yeast was 8.751 M gm ha-1 , and 44.88% respectiveiy comparsion with control treatment which recorded the lowest average for this traits 6.122 M gm ha-1 , 42.04% and 2.581 Mg ha-1 respectively . The interaction between the two factors was significantly in most studied yield traits except percentage fertility, number of seed in head.Corresponding author: E-mail(najat.Zeboon@yahoo.com) All rights reserved Al- Muthanna UniversityThe research is a part of thesis Ms. D of the first researcher.

Aiming at evaluating the performance of Three-way and single hybrids and their inbreds of Maize and comparing them with the "Iba'a5018" variety under two plants densities, a field. The study included a comparison of 5 inbreds and 10 single inbreds and 11 Three-way hybrids as well as the control variety "Aba'a 5018" under two plants densities, Were (60000 and 80000 plants ha-1). Randomized Complete Block design (RCBD) with four replications under split-plots arrangement were used, the main plots were included two plants densities and the sub-plots were included the Genotypes (27). Results revealed that low plants density gave ear length (19.64 cm), ears number (1.158 ear plant-1), weight of 100 grains (32.11 gm) plant yield (161.32 gm). Results showed the Inbred 5 gave the high values of plant yield (126.53 gm) because it gave ear height (116.10 cm), leaves number (16.33), ears length (16.50 cm), ears number per plant (1.219 ear plant-1), Also the Inbred 4 gave the highest values in yield per plant (132.67 gm), highest weight of 100 grains (30.62 gm). The single hybrids (2×3), (1×3) and (4×5) gave the most significant values in plant yield (164.21, 161.84, and 157.21 gm). As they increased the plant and ears height, leaves number, and ears length it also gave the highest values in ears numbers. Most of the Three way hybrids superior over the single hybrids and their inbred and the control synthetic variety, the Three way hybrid (1×2)×5 has a significant differences among his parents and the control variety in yield of plant (184.23 g) ears height average (219.33 cm), ears number (1.24). The hybrids (1×4)×2, (1×3)×5 and (3×4)×2 gave a significant values compared with their parents and control variety in yield per plan. It concluded that the genetics hybrids are appropriate for the Full season, and the single hybrids superior their parents (inbreeds), The best hybrid (3×2) gave the highest yield of planted area reached (11.43 tons ha-1) The Three way hybrid (1×2)×5 gave the highest value in yield of reached (12.75 tons ha-1 .Corresponding author: E-mail(wajeeha@coagri.uobaghdad.edu.iq) All rights reserved Al- Muthanna University

To evaluate the performance of introduced varieties of maize under different sowing dates and locations, in addition to local variety, a field experiment was carried out in two locations; the first fields was at the College of Agricultural Engineering Science Baghdad University Al-Jadriya and the second location was at fields of the Diyala Governorate Agriculture Directorate, for the fall season 2019. The study compared five varieties of maize introduced from America, with a local synthetic variety (Ibba 5018) and tested it in two locations at three sowing dates (1, 15 July and 1 August). The Randomized Complete Block Design RCBD was used with four replications, with spilt plot arrangements, the main plots included three sowing dates, the secondary plots included, the varieties. The traits of the days number to tassling and days to silking, plant height, ear height, number of leaves, leaves area, leaf area index, number of ears plant-1, ear length, the number of rows ear-1, number of grains row-1, number of grains of the plant, weight of 100 grains, total dry matter weight, the number of days to Physiological maturity, crop growth rate, individual plant yield and yield (tons h-1) were studied. The results showed that the values of the standard error (SE) in the two trial locations were low for the studied traits and within the acceptable limit except leaf area which was high in the first and second dates for the Baghdad location and for the three dates of the Diyala incident, as well as the values of the coefficient of variation (CV) were also low and within statistically acceptable limits and for all the traits studied in the three dates and for the two locations. Genetic variations were higher than the environmental variation for most of the studied traits and the phenotypic coefficient of variation is close to the coefficient of genetic variation for the two locations and the three sowing dates, and this indicates that the traits are genetically governed. The value of heritability in a broad sense was higher than 90% at Baghdad location for first of July for the traits leaves area and its index, weight of the dry matter, number of days to physiological maturity (96.6, 97.4, 93.4 and 94.4%, respectively) and for 15 July for the traits. Leaf area and its index, and number of days to physiological maturity (94.7, 94.7 and 93.4%), and for I Aug for 9 traits; number of days silking, the leaf area and leaf area index, number of ears dry matter, days to maturity, rate of crop growth and yield the plant and unit area ((95.7, 99.4, 99.4, 94, 98.4, 95.5, 98.6, 93.4, 93.5%) Sequentially. As for Diyala, the traits of leaf area, leaf area index, number of days to physiological maturity, yield of plants, and area unit in the three dates were superior to the highest heritability (92.3, 92.3, 98.7, 73.6, 73.6%), (90.2, 90.2, 98.8, 82.9, 82 .9%), (90.9, 90.9, 86.4, 80.7, 80.7% respectively). Corresponding author: E-mail(wajeeha@coagri.uobaghdad.edu.iq) All rights reserved Al- Muthanna University

To evaluate the performance of introduced varieties of maize under different sowing dates and locations, in addition to local variety, a field experiment was carried out in two locations; the first fields was at the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences Baghdad University Al-Jadriya and the second location was at Diyala Governorate Muqdadiya District, fields of the Diyala Governorate Agriculture Directorate, for the fall season 2019. The study compared five varieties of maize introduced from America with a local synthetic variety (Ibba 5018) and tested it in two locations at three sowing dates (1, 15 July and 1 August). The Randomized Complete Block Design RCBD was used with four replications, with spilt plot arrangements, the main plots included three sowing dates, the secondary plots included, the varieties. The traits of leaf area index, total dry matter weight, the number of days to Physiological maturity, crop growth rate, and individual plant yield were studied.The results showed that the date of August 1 exceeded at the Baghdad location with the most studied traits, such as the number of days to physiological maturity (87.50 days) and plant yield (213.7 g), while the second date for the same location exceeded some traits such as leaf area index (4.81) and dry matter weight (421.7 g) and the crop growth rate is 4.715 gm plant-1 day-1.As for Diyala, the second date exceeded as the plant yield (182 g).Results showed the superiority of cultivar 3 for most of the traits in the Baghdad location, such as the weight of dry matter (459 g) and crop growth rate (5.2 gm plant-1 day-1),and plant yield (204 g). It also cultivar 3 in Diyala with the highest yield of plant (188.5 g) as a result of its superiority in terms of dry weight and crop growth rate. In the Cumulated analysis, the difference between the two locations was insignificant, whereas in the dates, the two dates were superiored in (July 15 and August 1) the highest yield for plant (182.2 and 187.3 g). Interaction was significant between sowing dates and locations(L×D), sowing dates and varieties (D×V), between varieties and locations(L×V), and the triple interaction of most of the studied traits(L×D×V). Corresponding author: E-mail(wajeeha@coagri.uobaghdad.edu.iq) All rights reserved Al- Muthanna University

The aim of the research is to suggested approach for agricultural extension in Iraq to better respond to the needs of farmers in addressing their challenges. By reviewing the literature and relevant studies on a global and local scale and analyzing the agricultural and extension environment in the country and the available opportunities, the research concluded with an approach proposal that combines inclusive pluralism and quality. The researchers recommended that it is important for policy-makers and decision-makers in the Ministry of Agriculture and the Agricultural Extension Department in the country to consider the contents of this study and its proposed entry in order to achieve benefit from it in the development of agricultural extension in the country and its better response to the needs of farmers.

The term sustainable development includes a wide range of methods and objectives that must be provided and achieved to reach the development of the agricultural sector at the present time and to ensure the continuity of this development into the future and future generations, with the goals of sustainable development through its efficiency and effectiveness in performing its actual role in the production process. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the role of improved seeds, which are the most important production elements that contribute to increasing the expected production quantity of crops and improving its quality, and this can be achieved in an economic way by measuring the benefits and returns achieved from the use of improved seeds and comparing them with the returns achieved from the use of seeds. The traditional plantation that farmers used to grow. The results of the analysis showed that production costs with the use of traditional seeds amounted to about (237889) dinars / dunum, while the costs of production with the use of traditional seeds amounted to about (218426) dinars / dunum, and this means that the use of improved seeds has led to a reduction in production costs by ( 8.18%) The difference between both cases is that (20) thousand dinars / dunum approximately, either on the part of the returns The use of improved seeds in the production process led to an increase in the yield achieved from the production of wheat by (32.6%) compared to using traditional seeds, and this was achieved in two ways, the first of which was to increase the average productivity per dunum by (19.7%), as well as selling the final product at a higher price. (12%). From here we conclude that the use of improved seeds contributes to the development of the wheat crop in the short term first, to achieve meaningful profits for farmers, and then it will lead to the continued use of those seeds in the long term secondly, which contributes to achieving sustainable development..