Journal of University of Babylon

The purpose of this work is to know the effect of adding non-Polar group to a group of polymers based on the poly-siloxane backbone. It is found that adding the non-polar group would reduce the contribution of the dipole moment of the cyano - group parallel to the molecular long axis of the mesogenic unit and lead to a suppression of dielectric anisotropic (∆ε) for the system. The five samples different molecular weight and equal flexible spacer have been prepared. The intensity coming out of the polarizer be high E=0 but when apply a little of the electric field reduced intensity. The complete switching voltage increases with increasing molecular weight. The increase in temperature leads to decrease in response times (on, off) which is due to the decrease in the viscosity of the polymer. The increases order parameter whenever decreases molecular weight, this was attributed to the degree of cross-link that get in the molecules of the material are few. The effect of the low molecular weight of the polymer reduces the threshold voltage and that it is possible to have relationship an increase flexible spacer of polymer.

Information hiding is very important for securing an information from the malicious attackers. Steganography is the science of hiding the original information (message) into a carrier. The user of the internet usually need to store, send and receive a private information. One of the most famous method for doing this is the encryption, which it converts the information into another format that is not understood to attackers. The major drawback of the encryption is that it cannot hide the existence of the data, because the result is still data so if there is enough time someone may decrypt the encrypted data. The steganography is the solution for this problem. The Linked data are the idea for linking different web data sources by establishing a link between them. The link describes the relationships between all these sources. The main idea about this paper is securing the important information inside Linked opened data . Usually, for embedding secret information into a cover message we need redundant data or noise, therefore, we use the least important features in the RDF to hide our important information. In order to increase the security of our important information we encrypt it using the Beaufort cipher. We implement the proposed method using two RDF representation for Alzheimer disease and Amyloid precursor protein and give accepted security for our important information.

The study of a new type of continuity in bi topological space by Gem-set is introduced as .
1. Basic definition . 2. δ- -continuous on (δ- -open , δ- -closed , δ- -interior , δ- -closure) in bi topological space) , 3. δ- -continuous on separation Axioms in bi topological space . with proof of some theorem .

important especially for the endodontic practitioners.
Purpose :The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of three rooted mandibular permanent first molars in a Babylonion population radiographically.
Materials and methods: Periapical radiographs of 420 subjects, which had been obtained in the Department of Oral Diagnosis, college of dentistry at Babylon University, Babylon people from June 2013 to March 2014, were screened and examined retrospectively. Comparison of the incidence and the correlations between males and females and left- and right-side occurrences were analyzed by using the Pearson chi-square test with SPSS (15.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
Results: The periapical radiographs of 17 patients, 9 females and 8 males, had three rooted mandibular first molars.A mong these three-rooted mandibular first molars, 5 were found on the right side and 9 on the left side. The overall incidence of patients with three-rooted mandibular first molars was 4.05%. The incidence was 4% for men and 4.1% for women.
Conclusion: The prevalence of three-rooted mandibular first molars from all teeth examined was 2.6% (20 of 779), 2% (8 of 398) for the right side, and 3.1% (12 of 381) for the left side occurrences.

Nowadays, Helicobacter pylori is considered to be the most common human bacteria in the pathogenesis of chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer diseases. The immunogen administered to an animal may have a profound on the outer come of the immune responses. Four successive doses of heat killed H.pylori (HpHK) bacteria was intramuscular injected in rabbits at five days a part manner. HpHK bacteria stimulate specific mucosal and systemic humoral and cellular immune responses determined by raised in the immunoglobulin titers and concentrations, increased the concentrations of C3 and C4 which are the complement compartments with significant increase in the lymphoid cells that formed the rosette form , significant migration inhibition index , increased the concentrations of cytokines (IL-4 & IL-8) . HpHk induced positive skin test tuberculin type delayed hypersensitivity, in addition to the histopathological changes at different body organ portions of the animals.

Background And Objectives: diabetes mellitus is one of the major risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis that will result in multiple macro and micro vascular damage resulting in catastrophic complications, one of these major complication is the coronary heart disease in all of its spectrum that include the angina , unstable angina and non ST elevation and ST elevation MI , this spectrum of disease some time can overlap and lead to each another and call ACS (acute coronary syndrome). The objective of this study was to estimate the major effect of acute impairment of fasting glucose on the out come and complication of ACS .
Research Design And Methods: A total of 127 patients with ACS with no previous diagnosis of diabetes were subjected to measurement of fasting blood glucose (FBG) at hospital admission in addition to HbA1c% (as it may indicate the presence of DM. and the patient not know) .. Based on the FBG , they were divided into those having impaired fasting glucose level( >100mg/dl) (active group : n= 78 ) and normal glucose level(<100 mg/dl) (control group; n = 49). Patients were followed up for mean of 10 days during the period of hospital admission.
Results: in the active group : 9 patients were died and 16 patients had heart failure, while in the control group,3 patients were died and heart failure occurred in 18 patients. patients with FBG more than 110 mg/dl carry highest mortality .
Conclusions: Fasting blood glucose levels should be routinely assessed among patients with acute coronary syndromes , and those with impaired fasting glucose should be followed and carefully monitored for complication and those patients also should be aimed for more strong and effective therapeutic strategies like early intervention .

objective:
the purpose of this study is to evaluate the role of mri in defining the characteristic pattern of intracranial meningiomas and to correlate mri with the histopathological findings in an attempt to predict the histological diagnosis (subtype) prior to surgery.
patients and methods
between january 2011 to october 2013. pre- and post-contrast sagittal and axial t1-weighted images with gd-dtpa and sagittal t2-weighted fast spin echo were obtained in 62 symptomatic patients aged 20-69 years. the mr images were evaluated in regard to location and laterality of the tumors, signal intensity, contrast homogeneity, presence of meningioma cleft sign, cystic changes, vascularity, mass effect and any other pathological observations (calcification, edema, bony or dural venous sinus invasion).
results:
on mri appearance, atypical and malignant meningiomas in contrast with the more benign histology had more heterogeneous signal intensity and enhancement in (80%) and (100%) respectively, less obviously showed meningioma cleft sign, more cystic appearance in (60%) and (100%) respectively, surrounded by marked edema (+++) degree, exert more mass effect and invade the dural venous sinus in almost all the cases .
conclusion:
overall, mri is an excellent non-invasive tool for the preoperative evaluation of intracranial meningiomas and can predict with certainty the aggressive behavior of the more atypical and malignant meningiomas.

This paper presents a reasonable computer application solution of the numerical methods, which have been designed and implemented of a Computerized System for Numerical Methods Simulation (CSNMS) as teaching tool furnishes a background necessary for studying numerical analysis (numerical methods) theory. This program is a simple application tool, which provides an interactive and simplified interface for students. The system consists of different techniques with different algorithms has been implemented to provide wider choice for the students in order to make it easier for them to understand the fundamentals of numerical methods.
The simulation results from the testing of the system demonstrated that the system works correctly and meant all constraints.

This paper deals with the detection of shot changes in MPEG video stream. There are two main types of shot changes in a video. The first occurred abruptly, while the second type occurred gradually. This research is focused on the abrupt shot change detection. There are many techniques to detect a sudden shot change in video. In this research, the famous three techniques are used which are pixel difference, XOR operator, and Edge Change Ratio (ECR).
Two new algorithms proposed with these techniques to improve the behaviors and to find the best results of these techniques; the first algorithm depends on grayscale levels and the second algorithm depends on edge detection operation by Soble operator. Later on, these two algorithms are applied with the three techniques in two videos, which have abrupt shot change to measure maximum difference values between each two frames. The first algorithm with pixel difference technique gives an accurate result 100%, while the perfect results are given with second algorithm applied with ECR and XOR techniques.

The study was carried on 402 clinical cases of in-patients pediatric patients of the Dedacticparturition Hospital of Al-Zahraa’. They were treated with different medications [(244 clinical cases of male in-patients and 158 clinical cases of female in-patients, table 1) against different diseases infection, table 1 (Meningitis, Pneumonia, Enteritis and Bronchitis)]. The data partook of the drug-food interaction between a drug (Ceftriaxone) with calcium containing - food (milk, which are including artificial and normal lactation) (table 1) (figure 1). The results showed that the four factors (normal lactation, artificial lactation, treatment by Ceftriaxone and non treatment by Ceftriaxone groups) had the same average effect on the gender (male and female) of peadiatric in-patients of the Dedactic Parturition Hospital of al-Zahraa’. Superiority was of (treated by Ceftriaxone) group according to (non treated by Ceftriaxone)] group on each the gender (male and female) (p<0.05), In other hand there were no significant differences (p<0.05) between (normal and artificial lactation) on the in-patients (male and female) and both of them had the same average effect on the in-patients peadiatric in the Dedicated Hospital of Al-Zahraa’. These results were calculated by two way analysis (ANOVA and F-test analyze).
Objectives
Studying the drug - food interactions between the antibiotic (Ceftriaxone) that it is used in treatment of different diseases and calcium containing-products (milk), and their effect of both of them on the gender (male and female) that they have artificial and normal lactation for in-patients of Dedactic Parturition Hospital of al-Zahraa’.
Materials and Methods
The data were taken randomly from the peadiatric in-patients' files of the Statistics Department of the Didactic Parturition Hospital of al-Zahraa’. These data included 402 clinical cases of in-patients [(244 clinical cases of male pediatric in-patients and 158 clinical cases of female pediatric in-patients, table1). They were treated with different medications against different diseases (four disease states)]. These data were analyzed statically with SPSS 8.0 statistical package (ANOVA- analysis of variance - two way analysis), also the values between groups were compared by independent sample (F- test). (P) values less than or equal to 0.05 has been evaluated as statistical significant [Wayne, 2010].
Conclusions
Ceftriaxone and non treatment by Ceftriaxone groups of pediatric in-patients have the same average effect on the gender (male and female) of peadiatric in-patients of the Didactic Parturition Hospital of al-Zahraa’ .Superiorities of groups of the pediatric in-patients that treated with antibiotic (Ceftiaxone) according to the another groups on the gender (male and female).

This study was conducted in order to investigate the effect of BA, 2,4-D, IBA and Kin on in vitro propagation of white jasmine ( Jasminum azoricum L. ) through two ways; in the first way: nodal explants were cultured on MS medium containing different concentrations of BA ( 0.0 , 0.5 , 1.0 , 2.0 , 4.0 , or 6.0 ) mg/L for direct shoot proliferation. The results showed that BA in concentration 2.0 mg/L gave the best result in shoot number( 2.5 ), while the control was the best in shoot length ( 2.51 cm ) and number of nodes per shoot( 4.5 node / shoot ) than other treatments. In the second method: internodal explants were cultured on MS containing BA( 0.0 , 2.0 , 4.0 , or 6.0 ) mg/L with 2,4-D ( 0.0, 0.01 , 0.05 or 0.1) mg/L for callus induction and indirect regeneration of shoots. The highest percent of callus induction ( 100% ) was seen in MS supplemented with 4.0 mg/L BA + 0.1 mg/L 2,4-D and 6.0 mg/L BA + 0.1 mg/L 2,4-D. The proliferated callus was transferred into MS medium supplemented with BA ( 0.0 , 2.0 , 4.0 , or 6.0 ) mg/L with Kin ( 0.0 or 2.0) mg/L for adventitious buds regeneration. The highest number of buds (10.1) was seen in the combination 4.0 mg/L BA + 2.0 mg/L Kin. Using of IBA (0.0,0.05,0.1,0.5, 1.0 or 2.0) mg/L in in vitro rooting medium did not give any response of root formation according to the conditions of experiment, while ex vitro rooting of plantlets on agricultural medium after soaking their bases in a solution containing 20 mg/L IBA showed that 85% of plantlets were rooted and remained alive. In addition, the ex vitro rooting resulted in successful hardening of plantlets and reduced time, costs and efforts required for rooting and hardening.

Oxidative stress (OS) induces infertility in women through a variety of mechanisms. Ovarian follicles experiencing OS can lead to direct damage to oocytes. Oocytes and spermatozoa can also experience direct damage, which can lead to impaired fertilization due to an environment of OS in the peritoneal cavity. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-antioxidant imbalance is also implicated in luteal regression and insufficient luteal hormonal support for the continuation of a pregnancy. The current study was designed to investigate the changes of OS in primary and secondary infertility of females with different etiology. To achieve the intended aim, a cross section study was conducted on 50 infertile females. Markers of OS, level of malonyldialdehyde (MDA) for free radicals and antioxidants (Cu – Zn) superoxide dismutase ((Cu – Zn) SOD) as scavenging enzyme was measured in blood of these females. The results indicated a significant (p<0.03) increase of MDA concentration and insignificant (p<0.288) decreases of (Cu – Zn) SOD activities in the infertile women with those of female factor when compared with those of male factor. The linear regression analysis demonstrated significant (r = 0.215, p<0.022) positive correlation for MDA levels with the duration of infertility. This study favored the significant role of free radicals injury in cases of female infertility and changes of oxidative stress were observed to be dependent on the etiology and the duration of infertility of the enrolled women.

Accurate internet traffic identification and classification are fundamental to numerous network activities, including network management and security monitoring, traffic modeling and network planning, accounting and Quality of Service provision. With the development of network, P2P as new generation of network technology is widely used. Starting from the first popular one (Napster), a number of new P2P based multimedia file sharing systems have been developed (FastTrack, eDonkey, Gnutella, Direct Connect, etc.). A fundamental types of networks architectures in today's world are Client/ server and Peer to Peer. A promising approach that has recently received some attention is traffic classification using machine learning techniques. The term data mining is used for methods and algorithms that allow analyzing data in order to find rules and patterns describing the characteristic properties of the data. The aim of this research is to classify traffic accuracy which can be achieved by using machine learning techniques such as K-Means and Birch algorithms. This system depends on the extracted attributes and then use it in the proposed system to distinguish all types of packets. The goal of system of packet identification is to detect the types of packets and identification of application usage and trends , also identification of emerging applications diagnosing anomalies is critical for both network operators and end user in term of data security and service availability.

One hundred fecal samples from clinically less than one month old infants was collected for isolation of bifidobacterium sp. , and these samples was cultured on two different selective media for this bacteria De Mann, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) agar and Liver Cysteine Lactose (LCL) agar media . Identification of this bacteria was obtained by morphological characteristic, microscopic feature, biochemical tests, Fructose-6-phosphate phosphoketolase (F6PPK) activity assay and molecular identification by used genus-specific primer . And also detection and amplification of xfp gene was achieved by PCR technique and specific primer with a product size 249 bp . Gene expression of xfp was measured by detection of F6PPK enzyme in crude extract of bifidobacteria . Different conditions from pH, temperature, incubation period, and culture media was used to optimization of condition for production of F6PPK enzyme from bifidobacteria. The result revealed that pH 7 was optimum pH for growth and production of enzyme while 30 Cº was optimum temperature for production of F6PPK enzyme and its reach to maximal production after 18 hr of incubation .

Two ligands have been synthesized from benzidine and hydrazine derivatives. These ligands have been mixed with metal ions such as CuII and NiII to synthesis liquid crystalline complexes. By using polarizing optical microscopy (POM) techniques, it is found that these prepared compounds have liquid crystalline behavior and characterization by physical and chemical techniques such as spectroscopic (UV-Visible, FT-IR, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD)), magnetic susceptibility, and molar conductivity. The aim of the study show enantiotropy nematic phase (marble and schleiren textures through heating and cooling respectively) for all compounds, the prepared complexes are paramagnetic, and study their structural, and magnetic susceptibility.

This research included preparation of complexes for Ni ion chloride(II) Cr ion chloride(III) and aqueous iron chloride (III) with Schiff bases ligand (N, N) di methyl of the amino Benzaldhyde. The prepared complexes were characterized by IR, UV and visible spectra. Also the mechanical properties by technique of ultrasonic waves velocity at 40 KHz frequency were studied include the ultrasonic waves velocity, absorption coefficient of ultrasonic waves, relaxation time, relaxation amplitude, specific acoustic impedance compressibility, and bulk modules. The Results showed that all properties decrease with increase the ultrasonic waves velocity except the specific acoustic impedance and bulk modules which directly proportional to the velocity and all the results were compared with with those for similar compounds.

In this paper , numerical solutions of fractional integro differential equations of a deferent order by using Adomian decomposition method (ADM) and compare our result with exact solution numerical result show that (ADM) is more efficient and powerful method

The nuclear structure of the nuclei 34S, 34Ar and 34Cl are studied in the framework of the shell model. The model space is consists of two configurations 0d3/2 and 0f7/2 orbits. The even-even nucleus S32 is assumed to form closed shell, with two nucleons outside closed shell are considered to describe the excited states of the nuclei under study. A computer code were written by Mathematica to perform the configuration mixing shell model calculations by taking the modified surface delta interaction (MSDI) as residual interaction. These calculations are compared with shell model code Oxbash by employing the effective interactions W0, HW and SAS as residual interactions . The computed the ground-state energies and the low-lying states for the 34S, 34Ar and 34Cl are compared with the recent available experimental data. A reasonable agreement were obtained by comparing our theoretical work with the experimental data.

In this research a new prodrug polymer was prepared by reaction of ciprofloxacin as acyl chloride derivative with chitosan as amino. Polysaccharide gave new excellent biological properties and biomedical amide polymer Which could have potential use as a carrier for drug delivery system with ciprofloxacin formulation and evaluation of sustained release of ciprofloxacin prodrug chitosan was studied through amide attachment bond. It has been evaluated for all the necessary parameters like concentration variation and in vitro drug release had been conducted successfully, when in contact with acidic gastric content and release from the dosage as in the stomach-controlled condition. The prepared prodrug polymer was characterized by FTIR spectroscopy ,and UV spectroscopy ,physical properties were determined and intrinsic viscosity was measured .The good results were obtained as sustained release to prevent any side effect of ciprofloxacin with broad spectrum antibiotic . The biological assay was conducted for prepared prodrug using. The microorganism such as E.coli, staphylococcus aurous, the prepared prodrug appear high biological activity, compared with standard gentamycin.

In this research a new prodrug polymer was prepared by reaction of ciprofloxacin as acyl chloride derivative with chitosan as amino. Polysaccharide gave new excellent biological properties and biomedical amide polymer Which could have potential use as a carrier for drug delivery system with ciprofloxacin formulation and evaluation of sustained release of ciprofloxacin prodrug chitosan was studied through amide attachment bond. It has been evaluated for all the necessary parameters like concentration variation and in vitro drug release had been conducted successfully, when in contact with acidic gastric content and release from the dosage as in the stomach-controlled condition. The prepared prodrug polymer was characterized by FTIR spectroscopy ,and UV spectroscopy ,physical properties were determined and intrinsic viscosity was measured .The good results were obtained as sustained release to prevent any side effect of ciprofloxacin with broad spectrum antibiotic . The biological assay was conducted for prepared prodrug using. The microorganism such as E.coli, staphylococcus aurous, the prepared prodrug appear high biological activity, compared with standard gentamycin.

In this research, a new carrier polymer was prepared through two steps, which included modification of polyacrylic acid (P1) with ethanol amine producing N-ethanol acrylic amide polymer (P2) then reacting it with mefenamic acid would give mefenamate ester polymer (P3) as a new drug carrier polymer. Ethanol amine was used as spacer between polyacrylic acid and mefenamic acid, which could have a potential use as a carrier for drug delivery system due to extended pendant drug. The evaluation of sustained release of mefenamic acid was studied through hydrolysis of ester attachment bond by invitro drug release, using different pH values at 37℃. The prepared prodrug polymer was characterized by FTIR and1H−NMR spectra physical properties and intrinsic viscosity were determined. It was concluded that the spacer group acts as an extended group to be easy hydrolysised during controlled release.

In many instances, researchers and or specialists face certain problems in their researches which make them need the range for the purpose of calculating and analyzing. Therefore in this research, we have shed light on selecting range for a calculation of varieties, category, populations, and degrees...etc. using Bayesian approach.

A Laboratory studies are conducted to determine the influence of environmental parameters (temperature, pH, light regime and type of growth medium) on growth of five species of Fusarium fungi. The highest growth of F.oxysporum and F.solani is obtained at 25˚C and gives growth (8 and 7.5 cm respectively) after 6 days of incubation. In contrast Fusarium proliferatum reveals maximal growth (8 cm) at 30˚Cduring the same period while, the F.sacchari and F.globosum grow well at 20˚C. The optimum pH for growth of all species of Fusarium is obtained at 7.5. F.oxysporum and F.solani reveals best growth on SDA. Whereas, F.globosum, F.proliferatum, and F. sacchari are showed higher growth on CDA. The growth of all studied fungi is reduced significantly under continuous light compared with that grow at dark period. The ability of Fusarium species for producing extracellular enzymes (protease and cellulose) is examined by using CMC and skim milk. Among all tested species, F.oxysporum and F.sacchari was showed high protease activity at the third day of incubation, compared with F.globosum, F. proliferatum and F. solani which reveals less activity for protease. The experiment suggested strong chitinase activity F.oxysporum and F.sacchari, while other species of Fusarium showed least activity. Furthermore, cellulose activity for all species of Fusarium are detected.

The higher education institution is one of the most innovative and important tools in respect of the development of any society. Yet, its role in the developing countries is still limited to many traditional styles like theoretical lectures which depend on memorization and collecting information without paying attention to the collective action and the application of knowledge specially in Iraqi Universities. This study deals with the formerly mentioned problematic issues related to academic institutions in the developing countries by using the social theory. However, paying more attention Iraqi universities should be working hard to support the transitional issues of moving from traditional education to distance education.

The frequency of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) antigen; latent membrane protein-1 (LMP-1) expression in cases of laryngeal carcinomas was investigated by immunohistochemical staining technique. Fifty-six cases were included in this work; all cases of laryngeal carcinomas were squamous cell carcinomas with different degrees of differentiation. Immunohistochemical staining results revealed 60.7% positive staining results in overall cases, distributed according to the degree of differentiation almost equally (60% in well differentiated, 64.5% in moderately differentiated and 60% in poorly differentiated). The concordance of cigarette smoking with LMP-1 expression was high (96%). These results indicate the highly possible oncogenic effect of EBV infection on the development of laryngeal carcinomas in Iraqi patients.

this study focused on applying gel electrophoresis parameter as primary indicator to estimate and to pursue the approximate growth stage of the variable ovarian samples of buffalos. Several buffalo ovaries were taken from the local slaughter houses. Different positions of ovarian cells were isolated from each ovary. Samples were subjected to electrophoresis on denaturing polyacrylamide gel. Optimizations were taken place in matter of proteins concentration and staining techniques. Several ovarian bands were resolved and the monitoring of the resulting protein profile was taken place. The developmental stages of ovarian cells were highlighted electrophoretically. Additionally, comparative electrophoresis was performed between the SDS-PAGE profile of amniotic fluid of buffalo and its corresponding bovine fluids. Concerning buffalo oocytes electrophoretic profile, significant differences were obtained among variable stages of development. On the other hand, it's possible to use electrophoresis to compare between buffalo follicular fluid and its corresponding bovine counterpart.

In this research, we show the ability to monitor the activity of Dubas bug pest on date palms by proposing an active web forewarning system integrated with web based geospatial application (Google maps API) to enable the agricultural scientists and farmers to show the pest development in their regions by viewing online pest risk graphs and maps. Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) method was used to interpolate temperatures data from weather stations to the user identified location. Single sine model is applied to estimate degree-days due to its practicality in providing a better predictive capability. Two proposed algorithms are designed to simulate the pest growth. The first algorithm works to produce accurate graphs to show the accumulated degree-days of each pest growth stages in the user specified location and date. The second algorithm simulate the pest growth during the user specified date as color plotting on the map with a radius of (500) meter. The proposed system can practically expand its functionality for any pest of interest given its phenological data. The system tested on 2013 weather data and gives good experimental results. Now it is ready for practical evaluation by specialists to determine its efficiency and applicability.

The Muaddud Formation is the most important and widespread Lower Cretaceous formation in Iraq. This formation has been studied at Badra well No-1 within Badra oil field, at Eastern Iraq. Seventy thin sections were prepared and studied in this study. Nineteen species of foraminifera were determined, in addition to that high abundant of rudist, bivalvia and gastropoda shells fragment were identified in this study. Three biozones were distinguished.
The age of the Formation is determined according to the fossil content as Late Albian – Cenomanian,

Mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) associated with various disease states. A few mtDNA mutations strongly associate with diabetes, such as MT gene mutation .in this study include (48) patients from T2D and T1D compared with (24) healthy ,the patient subject scanned and show mutation in MT gene (422 bp) ,appositive significant relationship between mutation and sex ,age ,family history ,duration of diabetes, marriage and another disease while non-significant relationship between relative and non-relative marriage .

Mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) associated with various disease states. A few mtDNA mutations strongly associate with diabetes, such as MT gene mutation .in this study include (48) patients from T2D and T1D compared with (24) healthy ,the patient subject scanned and show mutation in MT gene (422 bp) ,appositive significant relationship between mutation and sex ,age ,family history ,duration of diabetes, marriage and another disease while non-significant relationship between relative and non-relative marriage .