Journal of University of Babylon

Recently Wireless sensor Networks (WSNs) take interesting researches due to their important and crucial applications. WSNs have limited energy so all researches focused in designing routing algorithms to save energy and to make each one operating for longer possible time. This paper was implemented the developed a modified predictive-wakeup MAC protocol (MPW-MAC) using NetLogo simulators. Also was tested the behavior of the MPW-MAC in relation to the Data Packet delivery Ratio (PDR), average packet loss, average throughput, average delivery latency, and average duty cycle. One important challenge in the WSNs is the energy consumption. A new approach was designed to estimate the energy consumption. The simulation results show improvements in Data Packet delivery Ratio (PDR), average packet loss, average throughput, average delivery latency, and average duty cycle. Nodes distribution, selecting the nodes states, and wakeup times of nodes and the interval wakeup are randomly chosen. Also the result indicates that the MPW-MAC protocol reduces the energy consumption and the number of the switching between states in the node will effects on the amount of the energy consumed by the node.
Keywords - WSN, Simulation, MPW-MAC, Energy consumption.

In this paper we have proposed a Fuzzy Petri Nets Expert System for heart disease diagnosis. The aim of the proposed system is simulating experience of experts in Diagnosis Heart Disease stage, based on Fuzzy Rule System and modeling reasoning operation by using Fuzzy Petri Nets. The database taken from Machine Learning Repository Center for machine learning and intelligent system. The system has 11 input fields and one output field. The accuracy of proposed system is 75%.

Among density- based clustering techniques ,DBSCAN is a typical one because it can detect clusters with widely different shapes and sizes, but it fails to find clusters with different densities and for that we propose a new technique to enhance the performance of DBSCAN on data with different densities ,the new solution contains two novel techniques ,one is the separation (partitioning ) technique that separate data into sparse and dense regions, and the other is the sampling technique that produce data with only one density distribution. the experimental results on synthetic data show that the new technique has a clustering Keywords: Density-based clustering , DBSCAN, different densities , separation, sampling. result better than that of DBSCAN.

In this research, the shingle algorithm with Jaccard method are employed as a new approach to detect deception in sources in addition to detect plagiarism . Source deception occurs as a result of taking a particular text from a source and relative it to another source, while plagiarism occurs in the documents as a result of taking part or all of the text belong to another research, this approach is based on Shingle algorithm with Jaccard coefficient , Shingling is an efficient way to compare the set of shingle in the files that contain text which are used as a feature to measure the syntactic similarity of the documents and it will work with Jaccard coefficient that measures similarity between sample sets . In this proposed system, text will be checked whether it contains syntax plagiarism or not and gives a percentage of similarity with other documents , As well as research sources will be checked to detect deception in source , by matching it with available sources from Turnitin report of the same research by using shingle algorithm with Jaccard coefficient. The motivations of this work is to discovery of literary thefts that occur on the researches , especially what students are doing in their researches , also discover the deception that occurs in the sources.

Data clustering is collecting the objects that have similar characteristic together for processing purposes.
In this work , genetic algorithm is presented for clustering of images purpose by generating efficient centers of clusters. The efficiency of generated centers is computed by using Xie-Beni index. The chromosome represents many centers needed for clustering and its length is proposed between 3 to 10. The generated centers are used for clustering of different gray levels images. Quality measures are used to evaluate images after clustering. Many experiments are used in this system. In every experiment, genetic algorithm is applied to select the best centers with different number of clusters. The results with different numbers of clusters showed the efficiency of the proposed method.

We discuss the convergence for some chaotic properties on G-space. We give a new definition of sensitive dependence on initial conditions and expansive on a topological G-space, also we prove some results about them and we study mixing , expansive , blending and minimal by a G-orbital convergence. Also, we study and prove some of these properties of a sequence of maps by a conjugation and a product on G-space .
Key words: G-mixing map, G-space, G-sensitive dependence on initial conditions map, G-strongly blending, G-orbital convergence.

We discuss the convergence for some chaotic properties on G-space. We give a new definition of sensitive dependence on initial conditions and expansive on a topological G-space, also we prove some results about them and we study mixing , expansive , blending and minimal by a G-orbital convergence. Also, we study and prove some of these properties of a sequence of maps by a conjugation and a product on G-space .
Key words: G-mixing map, G-space, G-sensitive dependence on initial conditions map, G-strongly blending, G-orbital convergence.

This paper try to give us more details about the meaning of directory, and which type of security involved within the intended with each type of the specified directory.
The security threats pose a significant and increasing problem for organizations. This is shown by the regular stories of fraud and data loss reported daily in the media in anywhere in the world. There is a need to provide systematic protection from insider attacks because of their privileged access. Moreover, we should provide a systematic protection from the outside attacks, as well.
It is worthy to separate the duty of directory by indentifying the main two duties: the duty of the system administrator and the database administrator, and we have to recognize the difference between them. We will provide the researchers with four main threats that might be offensive to the security of directory. Moreover, we will address the nature of attack and the purpose of this attack that may encounter the directory or network assets. Finally, we will show the relation between Active Directory Security and Server Security.
Keywords: Active Directory (AD) , Directory services , Threats , STRIDE

An S-system M is fully stable if (N) N for each subsystem N and S –homomorphism of N into M . In this paper we study the dual concept of full stability. Duo property of an S- system being a necessary condition for both full stability and full dual stability, and quasi-projectivity is sufficient condition for duo to be fully dual stable system. Several properties and characterizations of full dual stability are investigated.

In this paper, we present a new approach for constructing Liapunov functions[Rao, 1980] for differential – algebraic equations depend on Krasovaskii's theorem, in this approach and modification of finding Liapunov functions theories with illustrative examples
Keywords: Implicit Function theorm , Krasovaskii's method , differential algebraic equation .

This paper deals with comparing different methods, to estimate scale parameter ( ), and shape parameter ( ), these estimators are, maximum likelihood, moment estimator, and the maximum likelihood of ordered observation. The comparison has been done through simulation using different sample size and different set of initial values of ( ), then comparing the results using statistical measure mean square error (MSE).
Keywords : Kumaraswamy Distribution, shape parameter, scale parameter, mean square error (MSE).

Multiple Sequences Alignment(MSA) is the one of the most important Research themes in bioinformatics.
In this research the goal is to identify the best between the two methodologies(dynamic programming and Genetic Algorithm ) . The execution time of dynamic programming (DP)algorithm is Growing specially when the number of join operations in a query is huge , DP suffers from the large storage and computational complexity, especially when the number of sequences is three or more .
This research presents a comparison between the implementation of dynamic programming and execution of Genetic Algorithm (GA) implementation . The database has been used in the form of Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequences , and protein sequences . The results have shown that the use of genetic algorithm is better than the dynamic programming solution.
Keywords :- Dynamic Programming, Genetic Algorithm, multiple sequence alignment.

The genes responsible for hyaluronic acid (HA) production (has A,has B and has C genes) of eight local S. pyogenes isolates were identified using polymerase chain reaction(PCR). It was found that all isolates possessed has A and has B genes whereas has C gene was found in three isolates of S. pyogenes . This study supports the opinion that has A and has B genes are required for direct HA biosynthesis, while has C gene is not required for HA production.

Aging in women is associated by a major loss in ovarian hormone function and consequently of menopause around the age of 50 years old. The present study was conducted essentially to evaluate the concentrations of some clotting factors and biochemical parameters in postmenopausal women .
This study included125women, of those, 100 women were post menopause aged between(51-70),subdivided into four subgroups according to their ages: First group (51-55 years), Second group (56-60 years), Third group (61-65 years), and Fourth group (66-70 years). Twenty five (25) subjects were premenopausal women, their ages ranged between 20-30 years old and served as a control group.
The results of estradiol hormone (E2) were significantly decrease (p<0.05) in all groups of postmenopausal women in comparison with premenopausal women.
Concerning biochemical alterations, especially lipid profile, they showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in the levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, and low density lipoprotein (LDL) concentrations in all aging women groups in comparison with premenopausal women. In contrast, levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL) were progressively declined in all aging women compared to the control group.
Regarding to the results of protein electrophoresis, it is found that the levels: albumin, beta globulin, and gamma globulin were significantly increased (p<0.05) in all groups of postmenopausal women. Values of alpha 1 and alpha 2 globulin pointed out a significant lowering (p<0.05) in most groups of postmenopausal women when matched with their counterparts of premenopausal women (control group).

Abstract
This study aimed to assess the presence of blaOXA-23 in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae. During the period from April to August 2011, a total of 801 various clinical samples were collected from different hospitals in Hilla city. One hundred and seventy seven (22%) isolates were diagnosed as Klebsiella spp.,117 isolates belonged to K.pneumoniae . High prevalence of K.pneumoniae was detected in Babylon Teaching Hospital for Maternity and Pediatric with 65 isolates. Regarding clinical samples, highest rate were observed for stool samples 38 (27%) followed by sputum 19 (15%). All 117 K.pneumoniae isolates were primarily screened for - lactams resistance, 91 (78%) showed positive results for beta lactams . β- lactam resistance isolates were underwent antimicrobial susceptibility to 26 antibiotics by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion methods. High resistance rate was recorded for penicillins (carbenicillin and ampicillin) 99% and 94.5%,respectively .Carbapenem resistance was reported in 17 (18.7%) of K. pneumoniae isolates. The presence of blaOXA-23 gene was checked by Polymerase Chain reaction (PCR) and confirmed in 15 (88.2%) of isolates.
Keywords: Klebsiella pneumoniae, carbapenem resistance ,OXA-23 β-lactamase, Polymerase Chain Reaction.

The mosquitoes Culexpipiens are annoying pests and obligate vectors of many vertebrate pathogens. Their immature stages are common in fauna of a wide range quality of water bodies. Most of the alternative biocontrol strategies focus on mosquito immature stages. Predators play a major role in mosquito control programs. The naiads of the damselfly,Ischnuraevansi (Coenagriidae) naturally inhabitate with the mosquito, C.pipiensmolestus immature stages, the large naiads with average size 1.5±0.5cm more than daily predated 12.1 larvae of 1st and 2nd instars, with 0.63 clearance rate, the naiads strongly preferred mosquito larvae over the chironomdsC. ninavah larvae of the density 20/liter. The starred naiad tends to ingest the egg rafts. But not more than 3 rafts/day . The presence of the predator with 5 individuals/liter extended the life cycle from 13.0 in control to 20.8 days with high significant effect on 3rd and the istars and pupa stage.
Keywords:Ischnuraevansi , predators, Culexpipiensmolestus,biological control.

This study was conducted to isolate E.coli O157: H7 as an important zoonotic pathogen from 150 samples (75 bloody stools and 75 urine samples ) of patients at many age groups range from one to 50 years old and for both sexes were collected from patients suffering from diarrhea and urinary tract infection who attend the Samawah Teaching Hospital for pediatrics and Gynecology of AL-Muthanna Governorate.
The results revealed that 120 out of 150 were positive to E.coli O157:H7 at a percentage (80%). The number of E. coli isolates in bloody stool were 67(89.3%) and urine samples were 53(70.6%) gave positive results to E.coli O157:H7 .
Key words: Human, E.coli O157:H7, Bloody stool samples, Api 20E .

In this study fifteen isolates of Burkholderia cepacia were isolated from (878) different clinical specimens collected from patients admitted to Al-Hashemyia General Hospital in Hilla city. The isolates were identified depending on their morphological properties and biochemical reaction, and underwent to Vitek 2 Compact system to confirm diagnosis. It was found that the highest percentage of isolation was from sputum specimens (53.3%). Antibiotic susceptibility patterns were studied, and the results revealed that imipenem was the most effective antibiotic against B. cepacia with susceptibility percentage (93.3%) followed by chloramphenicol (86.7%), erythromycin, trimethoprim –Sulfamethoxazole and levofloxacin with (73.3%). They exhibited moderate sensitivity to ciprofloxacin, ceftazidine (66.7%), tetracycline (60%), while B. cepacia isolates showed high resistance to gentamycin and oxacillin with (86.7%), (93.3%) respectively. B. cepacia isolates showed double and multiple resistance, and resistogram profiles were ranging from (6.7-33.3%), and showed commonest multiple drug resistance among inpatients B. cepacia isolates.
Keywords: Burkholderia cepacia, Antibiotic sensitivity.

The effect of different concentrations of additive compound methoxo–oxo bis (8-quinolyloxo) vanadium (v) on formation of conjugated double bonds as part of photo transformation of polystyrene has been investigated. The UV-Vis spectrophotometery has been used in this work. The results are show that additive concentrations applied increase the formation of conjugated double bond as compared with polystyrene. In this study methoxo – oxo bis (8-quinolyloxo) vanadium (v) indicates great activity to enhance the conductivity of polystyrene by formation of conjugated double bonds.
Key words: conjugated double bonds, photo degradation, and polystyrene.

Substituted zinc phthalocyanine was synthesized in this study. The reaction of 4- nitro Phthalonitrile with ZnCl2 in the presence of dimethyl amino ethanol (DMEA) afforded 4,4ʹ,4ʹʹ,4ʹʹʹ- tetranitro zinc phthalocyanine. This was reacted with 5-amino salicylic acid to yield tetra-(5-amino salicylic acid)zinc phthalocyanine. After that, dodecenyl succinic anhydride was added on amine group of benzoic rings afforded tetra-( (E)-5-(3-(dodec-1-enyl)-2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-hydroxybenzoic acid )zinc phthalocyanine. The phthalocyanine was separated and washed using different solvents. The newly synthesized compounds have been characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, 1H NMR and UV-Visible spectroscopy techniques.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles are well-known to be one of the multifunctional inorganic compounds which are widely used in medical applications. This study aims to prepare ZnO nanoparticles with particle size ranging from 23-29  nm. In the present study, surface modification of ZnO nanoparticles was performed, and influence of modification on the structure and morphological properties was investigated. The resulting nanoparticles were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT–IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force (AFM).
Zinc oxide nanoparticles with the average diameter of about 29 nm were modified with oleic acid, as coupling agents, in order to modify their surface properties and make them more hydrophobic dispersible in the organic area. Results showed that the surface modified ZnO nano-particles were more dispersible in the examined organic media indicating better compatibility, ZnO modified with oleic acid exerted more compatibility. From the results obtained it is suggested that modified ZnO-nanoparticles could be used effectively in safety environmental applications and also can be used in future medical applications.
Keywords: ZnO preparation, surface modification; nanoparticles; Oleic acid; Dispersion.