Journal of University of Babylon

This research was carried out on the soil of the Abu Grag District , while is based on the ‎investigations carried out by Al-Mawal company in the year or 2012. The aim of this research is the ‎Geotechnical Evaluation of these so is soil which is important (essential) in the construction design.‎
This research included the aging of test well, distributed all over the city. The depth of these wells is ‎‎15m.‎
This evaluation is based on the information's obtained from the field work and the results of lab. ‎test carried out on the compacted and not compacted samples taken from the soil of area.‎
The results of this research showed that the soil classified to clay with high and low plasticity, and ‎clayey silty sand with content gypsum for final depth ‎
The number of vales (N) of standard penetration test (SPT) is between (5-50/6" blow) and water ‎table is between (1.20-1.40)m below natural ground surface (N.G.S).‎
The moisture content (M.C) is between (19.4%-29.1%) of samples weight. The percentages of clay ‎in the grain distribution is between (14%-61%), and for silt between (21%-26%), and for sand between ‎‎(17%-62%). The value of the liquid limit (L.L) is (41.5%-57%), the plasticity limit (P.L) is (17.3%-41.0%) ‎and the plasticity index (P.I) is (8.6%-21.0%). The dynamic and static methods are used to estimate the ‎bearing capacity . ‎
The value of allowable bearing capacity is (3.21-11.38) ton/m2,in using the static method while in ‎using dynamic method the value is (27.3-5.0)ton/m2. The investigation and lab test showed that soil needs ‎treatments for the sake of constructing engineering Projects on it .‎

‎ The noisiness consider one of contaminants that affect the Civilian Society institutions ‎especially the teaching institutions due to its negative effect on the performance of the teaching staff, ‎students and workers in those institutions, during (2014-2015) one of the teaching institutions which is ‎‎(Al Najaf teaching institute) has been chose to measure the noisiness and compare the results with the ‎allowing references no., the noise was measured in three different working times (8:30-10:30 am, ‎‎10:30-12:30 am, 12:30-2:30 pm) in internal sites, which are technical college and technical institute, ‎‎(the technical institute which include library, management department and technical department) and ‎external sites (major interns and green areas) by using sound level meter sample (GM 1351). In this ‎research we choose three interior spaces (main hall, lecture halls, lecturers room) in earth floor and ‎‎(main hall, laboratories, or lecturers room) in first floor of management department and technical ‎department and (main hall, lecture hall, laboratories) in the second floor for (tourist, law management) ‎department and (main hall, laboratories, lecturer room) in earth floor of technical college. The biggest ‎value of noise was measured in each internal and external space included in this study, then calculated ‎the total average of noise level in internal and external sites in one study day . ‎
The results of the study showed that highest noise level was in management department (tourist, ‎law management) which reach (76.6 dB), while the lowest noise level in the library was (62.7 dB) that’s ‎for interior sites. For exterior sites the highest noise level was in the green areas reaching (70.3 dB), ‎while the lowest noise was in major entrance "information place" reaching (66.0 dB).‎
The results denoted that the total average of noise level in all internal and external sites was ‎highest than that accepted levels of noise agreed by Earth Pollution Association (EPA) that allowed ‎only (30-40 dB) in academic institutions, while (45-55 dB) for out sides. That’s for, the high ‎unacceptable noise average is unpleasant in academic institutions because it resulted in many ‎complications to both students, cultural, and health trouble, nervousness, inability of concentration ‎with study, etc., so that its important to found solves by educational institutes to reduce the risk of this ‎problem (noisiness) in our institutes for the benefit of our higher education and our health. ‎

This study includes a engineering evaluation and the most Important applications of the Sub-‎base deposits for Selected quarries in the Governorate of Karbala (South and southwestern Iraq) . ‎These quarries are located in the Tar Al Said area and they includes the Al-IKhadir (1) and (2) ,The ‎AL-Obaith valley ,AL-Baraka , and AL-Samaree quarries .‎
The physical and engineering tests were done including grain size analysis of soils ,water content ‎‎,Californian bearing ratio ,Atterberg Limits test . Scraping ratio ‎
The chemical tests included the Sulfate ,Gypsum ,and total solution salts ratio . ‎
The results from the physical and engineering tests, of the Sub-base showed that fine grains in ‎the Al – Ikadir (1) and (2) ,and Al Samaree quarries , increase more than in Al-Baraka quarry . The ‎Compaction test showed that the Lab. Dry density in the Al- Baraka quarry is higher than other ‎quarries.‎
The results also showed that the plasticity index is increased in the Al- Ikadir (1) and Al- Baraka ‎quarries in comparison with the other quarries .‎
The results of the Californian bearing ratio and Scraping ratio ,for the samples taken from the ‎study area have almost identical values because they have similar source rocks, It showed also that it ‎is identical to the engineering specifications required .‎
‎ The results of the chemical test of the samples (sulfates, gypsum ,T.T.S, ratio) showed that it is ‎good for engineering application , and their values are almost identical .‎
The engineering evaluation of the sub-base indicated that Al- Ikadir (1) and (2), and Al- ‎Samaree quarries are of class (B)and Al- Baraka is of class (A) , So, all of the samples are accepted ‎and in demand for engineering applications .‎

The efficiency of spatial distribution of public services is one of major objectives of physical ‎planning of cities due to its direct relation with human needs of residents and the ease to reach it. The ‎objective of the study is to measure the accessibility to public services as an indicator of the efficiency ‎of its spatial distribution with respect to residential areas of hilla city. Administration, Commercial, ‎Education, Health and Industrial services had been selected as a case study of most important ‎services. Three most common measuring methods used, namely:1) The distance to the closest service, ‎‎2) The number of services within n meters or minutes, 3) The mean distance to all services. Geographic ‎information systems (GIS) used to measure (Euclidean) distance between the centroid of residential ‎areas and public services, and to determine the number of services within (200, 500, 1000 m) radius ‎around the centroids of residential areas .Results showed that education services had highest degree of ‎accessibility, followed by commercial and administration services with little deference, health and ‎industrial services came latter respectively.‎

Local Architecture is distinguished by its being unique of its kind, in the view point of balance ‎it has been within the daily life style, it has the balance between the environment and technology in ‎both inside and outside, public and private, in a direct relation with the human needs, believes and ‎cultural values that give the phenomena of the sense of place, which, in its turn, represents the ‎important value in studying the architecture design and the future of the constructed environment.‎
We might find huge and accelerated changes that happen in a narrow time space ‎accompanying the tremendous development and technological advance, in a way that focuses upon ‎the need to include and contain these events with less damage and directs to ensure the preservation of ‎cultural heritage, the genuine traditional heritage, and the documentation of the common architectural ‎space components among the local housing units ‎
To achieve such objectives, there was the importance of looking for common features to ‎document and to stress them. And thus there was the idea of conversion from the public to private, ‎distribution of the internal spaces of the local traditional houses in the City of Hilla and also there was ‎the possibility of finding physical connection to be applied among them in aspects of space and ‎landscape, and the possibility of clear feeling of these relationships in the aim of measuring them ‎accurately from the view point of making use of them, and exploiting them well by the designers and ‎decision makers. Such feeling of these relationships is used as an additional physical indicator leads to ‎maintain such common features. ‎

يهدف البحث إلى دراسة تأثير أربع قيم من سرعة دوران سكينة التفريز (‏‎600 r.p.m ‎،‎ 700 ‎،‎ 800‎،‎900 ‎‏) باعتبارها دالة لسرعة القطع ‏في التفريز المحيطي لخمس قيم من معدل التغذية (‏mm‏ ‏‎0.4 ‎،‎ 0.6 ‎،‎ 0.8 ‎،‎ 1.0 ‎و ‏‎1.2‎‏) على عمر أداة القطع بالتفريز المحيطي ‏باستعمال معدن الفولاذ المتوسط الكربون (‏DIN CK45‎‏ )، حيث حُسِب عمر أداة القطع نظرياً وعمليا ً بالاعتماد على معادلة تايلور( ‏Taylor's Equation‏ ) لـ (60) عينة اختبار .‏
أوضحت نتائج البحث ان معدلات التغذية المتوسطة مع سرعة متوسطة لماكنة التفريز المحيطي تعطي عمراً اطول لاداة القطع، ‏وان الزيادة في سرعة القطع مع معدل تغذية يزيد عن الواحد الصحيح يؤدي الى انهيار الحد القاطع لسكينة التفريز في عملية التفريز ‏المحيطي وان سرعة القطع التي تقع بين (‏‎100 m/se‎‏) و ( ‏‎125 m/sec‎‏) مع معدل تغذية قليل (‏‎0.6 mm‎‏) هي القيم التي تحقق ‏معادلة تايلر، واثبتت الدراسة ان معدل عمر اداة القطع سيكون ملائما لعمليات التشغيل بالتفريز المحيطي عند سرعات القطع المتوسطة ‏ومعدلات التغذية المتوسطة ، اذ ان سرعة القطع العالية مع معدل تغذية اكبر من (‏‎1mm‎‏) يؤدي الى انخفاض عمر اداة القطع اثناء ‏عمليات التشغيل ، وان الدراسة الحالية أعطت نتائج عملية تحقق معادلة تايلر اللوغارتمية. ‏

Quality has become a competitive advantage, which made the strategic objective to acquire a ‎high degree of public interest organizations, as quality has become an essential part of the culture of ‎organizations, especially those that find their way in the application of quality and continue to grow ‎and develop. From here, The researcher realized we had an obligation application of modern quality ‎systems in the laboratory in the Structural Technical College - Kirkuk, came the idea of a study on the ‎possibility of applying quality management system ISO / IEC 17025:2005 in the structural laboratory ‎at College of Technology - Kirkuk as a step in the application of the system to effectively and the ‎adoption of the laboratory as a laboratory accredited by the National Laboratory Accreditation Iraqi ‎or international bodies for the accreditation of laboratories.Acoordeing with principle we had applied ‎this system management with ISO 17025 panelized with the program for the project.‎

In this research, a field and laboratory study have been conducted to evaluate the movement of ‎sediment load in irrigation canals of small discharge. Ten irrigation canals ( divided into two groups A ‎& B) branching from the main canal (Shatt Al-Hillah) were selected, which characterized by different ‎hydraulic parameters . The research started from the date of 1 / 8 / 2014 , and continued for a period ‎of time about 14 months . The results showed that the soil texture at the upstream of canals section ‎was more rough and homogeneous compared to the section of downstream, and the silt ratio increased ‎by twice at the downstream section. The relative density of soil was about 2.68 . Sediment ‎concentration at the downstream section of canals increased with the amount of (64, 41 ppm) for the ‎two canal groups (A & B) respectively , besides the increasing of concentration ratio of 50% in summer ‎and 21% in winter of the downstream section compared to the upstream section of canals.‎
The results proved that the decreasing rate in the flow section and hydraulic depth was about 34% at ‎the downstream of canals, which means that the canals of groups (A & B) are classified as unstable ‎and unbalanced canals . Also the search stated that the application of Van_Rijn , Engelund and ‎Hansen equations is the closest to the result of a field discharge of sediments compared to the other ‎studied equations , with correlation coefficient not less than 97% for their positive logarithmic ‎relationships . Results indicated that the water discharge and the shoulder slope of canal cross – section ‎have a clear role in determining the amount of sediment load .‎
The results showed that the water discharge effects on the calculations of suspended & bed ‎sediment loads,and the relationship between them is a positive logarithmic. Also it stated the positive ‎logarithmic relation between the field sediment discharge and these loads. The ratio of suspended to ‎bed loads is about 30 times at the upstream section , while it was about 110 times in the downstream ‎section of canals .‎

This study was conducted in Wasit province / city of Al-Kut to study the pattern of deposition ‎of soils adjacent to the River Tigris and the impact on them of Al-Kut Dam. Four sections ‎representative of the deposits on the left bank of the Tigris River were chosen, two of which are located ‎at the lower part of Al-Kut Dam represented by (A and B) and the other two at the upper Al-Kut Dam ‎and represented by (C and D). The soil samples were collected from each horizon of the area sections ‎under study after divided the section in to layers depending on the variation in morphological and ‎lithological properties. ‎
The results showed clear variations in the percentages of the sand, clay and silt fractions of ‎the soil samples taken from the study sections, both between the layers of a single section or between ‎different sections. The most significant difference appears when we compare the sections at the upper ‎part with the sections at the lower part of the dam. This follows the sand percentages ranging between ‎‎(2.5 -87.5%), where the lowest percentage was at depth of (0.50 to 0.60 m) of section D at the upper ‎part of the dam, and the highest percentage was at the depth of (1.26 to 1.56 m ) of section A. The silt ‎fractions ranged between (2.5 to 47%) and the highest percentage of silt was at the depth of (0.30-‎‎0.50m) of section D at the lower part of the dam and the lowest percentage was at the depth of (0.45 ‎to 0.55 m) at the lower part of section A. Similarly, the clay fractions percentages ranged between (10-‎‎75%), where the highest percentage was at the depth of (0.0-0.30m) of section D, which amounted to ‎‎(75%), while the lowest percentage was at the depth of (0.2-0.35 m) of section A at the lower part of ‎the dam. ‎
The results indicate the presence of heterogeneity as evident in the values of uniformity ‎coefficient of the parent materials for the original study sections. The highest value was recorded for ‎the coefficient of homogeneity in section B, located in the lower part of the dam amounting to 1.63 ‎and the lowest value recorded in section C located at the upper part of the dam was 0.02. The reason ‎lies in the instability of the sediment accumulated at the upper part of the dam, which puts them in a ‎state of change as a result of continuous additions of mobile deposits with the course of the river, while ‎at the lower part of the dam there is a kind of relative stability of deposits as a result of the absence of ‎an obstacle behind the dam.‎

The aim of this paper is to put a scientific approach to the integration of statistical methods and ‎statistical programs in order to analysis raw data in criteria and weights used with geographical information ‎systems (GIS) and spatial analysis to determine the best location of the modern villages in Al Jadual Al Garby ‎within the governorate of Karbala depend on several criteria including ( the importance of the village in terms ‎of (population and agricultural activities ), the distance between the village from the city center and the ‎nearness of services such as education and health centers ) .‎
This has been done through collected field data by questionnaire forms used in statistical program ‎‎(SPSS) on other hand we separate data into six categories with links between them through Spearman's Ranked ‎Correlation method, then analyzed them using (SPSS) program for the purpose of analysis factors and ‎confined to the main factors to put weight for each factor to analysis it by GIS. therefore, on the basis of ‎spatial analysis shows a group of selected modern villages.‎
At the choosing stage for select the best villages location, affecting factors and weight of these factors ‎have been spatially analyzed using ArcGIS 9.3 after creating geographical information systems (Shape files) ‎depend on field and statistical data, and satellite image for the purpose to know the location of these modern ‎villages ‎

Radioactive contamination is generally considered one of the most dangerous pollutants on ‎living organisms, which suffer without feeling it here lies the danger state. Radioactive material caused ‎general disorder in the outside and inside of the cell. This means that this caused disorder in the ‎biological system of the living cell. Pollution is caused by the exposure to contaminated air or water ‎due to leak of one of those materials. Isotopes are one of the major pollutants in Iraq. Accordingly, the ‎radioactive waste can be divided into three important classes. The first category is the low-level waste ‎can be eliminated by mixing with broken glass powder and packaged in metal. The second class is the ‎medium-level waste which can be eliminated by storing in metal buried in the wells in a deep saline ‎where its radiation vanishes after a long period of time, and the third is the high-level waste which can ‎be eliminated by storing them in metal cans covered by lead and stored in very deep wells. All these ‎classes are very dangerous to human life in case of exposure to a level of concentration higher than ‎allowed, so we do the integrated design system to get rid of the dangerous effects of the radioactive ‎radon gas with low energy level.‎

An evaluation of the limestone Rocks, in the Eoin Al-Shujage area, governorate of Najaf ,as ‎building Materials was done in this research ten stations covering an area of (16) km2 were studied. The ‎research included several field, laboratory, and office aspects .in the field part , information about the ‎study area were collected ,also the collection of samples were done .the samples were analyzed in the ‎laboratory in order to study the physical, Engineering , and mineralogical properties of the rocks.‎
‎ The Physical tests showed that the bulk density ranges between (1.81-2.45) gm / cm 3, while the ‎value of the porosity ranges between (4.82-22.29) % ,The water absorption of the limestone rocks ‎value range between (2.66-9.45) % The value of the specific weight of the Limestone was between ‎‎(2.11-2.65). ‎
The engineering tests, which included uniaxial compressive test , and mechanical abrasion test , ‎and the modulus of rupture test, the results showed that the uniaxial compressive values when the ‎samples are dry ranges between (65.91-12.44) GPa , while the values of rocks limestone in saturated ‎case ranged between (5.71-52.85) GPa . The test of the mechanical abrasion of the limestone rocks ‎between (20.4-59.6%), while the the modulus of rupture value ranged between (6.9- 2.8) GPa, Also ‎made mineralogical tests showed ‎

The aim of the research is to study the effect of the additives (Na-bentonite, Emulsion Asphalt, ‎Powder Lime Stone and Quick Lime) on the stability and the increase of bearing of selected soils in ‎Hilla City. three under construction sites were selected in the Hilla City including Nadir Street), and ‎with depths of one meter, The physical, chemical and engineering properties of soil were studied and ‎the soils were treated with(5%,10%,15%) additives for the purpose of installiy the soils .The following ‎test were done for treated sample: atterberg limits (liquid limit, Plasticity index, and Plastic limit, ‎Standard compaction test, the California bearing test, the unconfined compressive test and ‎permeability test, all samples were treated with the same maturing condition ( moisture content and ‎temperature). The purpose of the maturing process is to provide time for interaction between the ‎additives and soil samples, These samples were examined by two devices (unconfined compressive ‎test and compressive test for concrete cubes),The maturing periods were seven and fourteen days.‎
‎ The results shown that the Plasiticity index (P.I) and Liquid limit (L.L) were decreased with ‎addition of Quick Lime, powder Lime Stone and Emulsion Asphalt) and they were increased with the ‎addition of Na-bentonite, The value of the California bearing ratio (C. B. R) were increased with the ‎addition (Quick Lime and powder limestone) and the highest value was obtained with addition ‎of(10%) powder limestone, while the value were decreased with the addition of (Na-bentonite, and ‎Emulsion Asphalt) and the lowest value was obtained with addition of 15% Na-bentonite, The results ‎are also showed that the values of the permeability were increased with the addition of (Quick Lime ‎and powder limestone) and the highest value was obtained when adding(15%) powder limestone, The ‎values of the permeability were decreased with addition of (Na-bentonite, and Emulsion Asphalt) and ‎the lowest value for the permeability was obtained when adding (15%) Na-bentonite.‎
It was concluded that the value of the unconfined compressive test increased with the addition ‎of (Quick Lime and powder limestone) and the highest value was obtained when adding(10%) powder ‎limestone and slightly increased with the addition of (Na-bentonite, and Emulsion Asphalt). It was ‎found that the value of the maximum dry density is decreased and the optimum moisture content is ‎increased with the addition of (Quick Lime , Emulsion Asphalt and Na-bentonite ) and increase of the ‎value of the maximum dry density value and the decrease of the optimum moisture content with the ‎addition of powder limestone (CaCo3).‎
The study showed that the best stabilizer for the studied soil (Hilla City) is the (powder of lime ‎stone) and the best instally ratio is (10 % ).‎

In the present research composite material was prepared from unsaturated polyester reinforced ‎with mica as a filler material with different percent weight ratios (0.05,0.1,0.15,0.2,0.25).the effect of ‎different percent ratios of mica particles on the electrical resistivity ,hardness, modulus of elasticity ‎and compression strength were studied.‎
The results showed that the electrical conductivity, compression strength and modulus of ‎elasticity decrease with filler content increase and the hardness increase till 10% so that the elasticity ‎increase and the toughness of the composite material enhanced and the dielectric properties.‎