Iraqi Journal of Science

The Non-thermal plasma has a wide range of applications in different areas. In
this study, the oxidation of a model fuel containing organo-sulfur compounds
(benzothiophene and dibenzothiophene) was investigated using plasma. The process
involved ozone generation through dielectric barrier discharge, followed by
extraction using acetonitrile. The results demonstrated the efficient oxidation and
removal of dibenzothiophene and benzothiophene by non-thermal plasma. The
desulfurization efficiency reached 93.78% under the optimum conditions, including
a voltage of 11Kv, temperature of 50ºC, duration of 4 hours, and a flow rate of 75
ml/min.

The synthesis of novel thiazolidinones 6-8A, diazetidenes 9-11A, and ethers 13-
18A was described using 2-aminobenzathiazole and 4-bromophenacyl bromide as
starting materials. The reaction of 2-aminobenzathiazole with 4-bromophenacyl
bromide afforded the product A1 in 80% yield. Position 5 at the product A1 5-(4-
bromophenyl)imidazo(2,1-b)benzothiazole used to form carbaldehyede group A2
under Vilsmeier-Huck conditions. Schiff bases 3-5A were then produced via
condensation of A1 various aromatic amines. The products 3-5A were reacted with
naphthyl isocyanate and thioacetic acid to give the compounds 6-8A (77-90%
yields) and 9-11A (92-97% yields), respectively. The product 2A was reduced with
NaBH4 to provide the corresponding alcohol 12A in an excellent yield (97%). This
was followed by the reaction with aryl halides via the Williamson reaction to afford
the desired ethers 13-18A in yields ranging from 50 to 96%. All of the prepared
compounds were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, and some of them were
characterized by 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy. A few products were
evaluated for their antifungal, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities

Measurement of anti-TTG, liver manifestation, and BMI in Iraqi patients with
celiac disease (CD) with and without a gluten-free diet (GFD) in order to validate
their role in the exacerbation of CD symptoms. The study was carried out on CD
patients with a duration of disease ranging from 1 to 10 years (n = 52, age range: 20-
55(. The patients’ group was subdivided into the PI group (n = 29), which includes
patients with GFD, and the PII group (n = 23), which includes patients without
GFD. The studied groups were matched with 51 healthy individuals as the control
group (C) (age range: 20-55). The results obtained from the present study indicate a
highly significant increase (P = 0.000) in serum anti-TTG in the PI and PII groups as
compared with the C group. BMI values showed a highly significant decrease (P =
0.007) in the PI and PII groups as compared with the C group. The activity of GGT,
ALT, AST, and GOT/GPT ratio showed no significant difference in the P, PI, and
PII groups as compared with the C group, while a highly significant increase in
GGT was noticed upon the comparison of PI with PII (P = 0.004). It was concluded
from the current study that high levels of TTG are associated with CD patients
regardless of adherence to the GFD or not, while the high activity of GGT is
associated with long-term adherence to the GFD.

Acromegaly has been associated with several metabolic health conditions that
can increase risks of death and illness. These include heart disease, diabetes, and
problems with how the body regulates insulin levels. Multiple studies have found
that people living with acromegaly are two to four times more likely to pass away
than others of the same age and sex in the general population. Research also
suggests a link between acromegaly and higher levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in
the body. MDA is a byproduct formed during natural processes like prostaglandin
and lipid peroxidation production that is able to damage genes and has been
connected to cancer development. The transmembrane protein known as soluble a-
Klotho (SAKL) is named after a Greek deity. Numerous age-related illnesses,
including osteoporosis, pulmonary emphysema, skin shrinkage, and atherosclerosis,
have been shown to affect α -Klotho-deficient mice. Sixty subjects (30 males and 30
female) Mean ± SD was (53.2±10.5). diagnosed with acromegaly and 30 (15 males
and 15 female) healthy group Mean ±SD was (52.1±13.5). the age range between
(30-60) years. Laboratory measurement including serum Insulin like growth factor-1
(IGF-1), Growth hormone (GH) Fasting serum glucose (FSG), lipid profile (Total
Cholesterol (TC), Triglyceride (TG), High Density Lipoprotein (HDL), Low Density
Lipoprotein (LDL), Very Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL)), Soluble a-Klotho
(SAKL), Malondialdehyde (MDA). The results showed significantly higher P ≤ 0.01
IGF1, GH, FSG, TC, TG, LDL, VLDL, SAKL, and MDA levels in patients’ group
Compared to healthy group. In patients’ group SAKL had a positive significant
correlation with HDL, and negative significant correlation (P ˂ 0.01) with LDL, on
the other hand, there was a substantial relationship P ˂ 0.01 between (TC, TG, and
LDL) with MDA. The research findings suggest that levels of SAKL and MDA are
increased in patients with acromegaly, potentially serving as novel biomarkers for
assessing active acromegaly. The measurement of SAKL and MDA could prove
valuable, particularly in cases where GH and IGF-I results are inconclusive or
conflicting

Several desirable properties of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have found extensive
use in consumer and healthcare products. Due to their potential to penetrate the
nucleus and harm genetic material, their adverse effects, however, are mostly
unknown and appear inevitable. This study aimed to determine genotoxic potential
of AgNPs using mitotic index (MI) and structural chromosome aberrations (SCA)
test in bone marrow cells of Mus musculus male albino mice. Two generations were
experimented in this study, the first and second generation. In the first generation,
five groups of five male mice including control group were used and
intraperitoneally (IP) injected with two doses of AgNPs (50 mg/kg and 150mg/kg)
in one-time and two-time doses manner. Then two-time dosed 150 mg/kg group was
left for breeding and their male progenies (described as second-generation group)
were dissected for detecting whether that abnormality in the male parent will
transmit to progenies or not. Bone marrow cells were taken 24 hours following the
last treatment. The results showed that AgNPs exposure significantly increased (P
≤0.05) number of SCA and decreased (MI) compared to negative control.
Centromere breaks and gaps, along with ring chromosomes, also were the most
frequent chromosome aberrations. The results suggest that AgNPs may be able to
cause SCA-mediated genotoxicity in mice, with declining MI ratio after increasing
dose and injection frequency. Still regular monitoring of their possible health effects
as well as further characterization of their genotoxicity is necessary

The current study was conducted to investigate Annona fruit pulp effects on the
levels of various physiological biomarkers linked with insulin-dependent diabetes
mellitus after disease induction in mice, as well as indications of oxidative stress and
male hormones. The rats were separated into four groups, three of which were given
Alloxan (90 mg/kg body weight) to induce diabetes, while the fourth served as a
negative control. The first group of diabetic mice received no therapy, the second
received metformin (600 mg/kg body weight) and the third received Annona fruit
puree. The mice were sacrificed at the end of the experiment, to acquire blood and
tissue samples from the liver, kidneys and spleen. The first untreated group showed
a drop in insulin, good fats (High-density lipoprotein-HDL), antioxidant markers
(Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase –(CAT)), testosterone and follicle
stimulating hormone-FSH, as well as an increase in glucose and low-density
lipoprotein (LDL), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and luteinizing hormone
(LH). Giving diabetic mice in groups 2 and 3 metformin and Annona puree
improved the physiological markers levels, bringing their values closer to normal.
The results indicated that the treatment with Annona fruit pulp had more protective
effects than metformin. The histological findings confirmed the role of Annona fruit
in improving the health indicators and the structural condition of the vital organs
represented in the liver, kidneys and spleen of diabetic mice.

Genus Eucalyptus belongs to the family Myrtaceae that consists of more than
700 species, various hybrids and varieties. The majorly distributed species that are
grown in Iraq are Eucalyptus alba, E. macarthurii, E. siderophloia and E.
camaldulensis, E. tereticornis, E. vicina. Most Eucalyptus species are highly
dependent on rainfall, and this is challenged by climatic changes owing to global
warming making it difficult to effectively match the availability of mature trees and
the market demand, especially for use as power transmission poles. With the
widespread availability of other naturally occurring Eucalyptus species, it has
become important to determine the genetic diversity and to analyze the phenotypic
traits of these species for suitability as power transmission poles. However, the
absence of complete genomic data for this plant greatly limits its ability to progress
genetically. The goal of this study was to examine the ribosomal RNA gene in
Eucalyptus plants and control the sequencing system on a large scale in this species.
Samples from plants were used to extract genomic DNA. Detection analysis was
performed using PCR methods. Sequence analysis of ribosomal RNA gene was
conducted with data analysis. Gel electrophoresis revealed bands of extracted
nucleic acid from the ribosomal RNA gene of plants. The ribosomal RNA gene had
several transitions and transversion mutations when compared to other globally
known ones. Our findings demonstrated that the ribosomal gene developed in this
study can be used for detecting the genus of Eucalyptus plants and obtaining 14
species belonging to the genus of the Eucalyptus was registered at the Gene Bank as
new species in Iraq.

Colorectal Cancer (CRC) is a global medical problem that has a high rate of
mortality. Interestingly, evaluating the hematopoietic growth factors is useful in the
early diagnosis of CRC. Henceforth, this study was designed to measure the
potential role of Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and
Interleukin 3 (IL-3) in CRC progress and their relation to P53 expression and global
DNA methylation (5mC). Blood samples were collected from a total of 60 Iraqi
patients who participated in this study and were diagnosed with CRC, and from 30
healthy volunteers who served as control for comparison purposes. Serum levels of
GM-CSF and IL-3 were assessed quantitatively using enzyme linked
immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Also, DNA and RNA were extracted from the
whole blood samples and DNA methylation and gene expression of P53 were
estimated. There were significant differences in the serum levels of GM-CSF and
IL-3 between CRC patients and controls. Also, a positive link between serum GMCSF
and IL-3 was detected. Regarding demographic characteristics of the patients
(age, gender and CRC status) and GM-CSF, IL-3 were found to have statistically
highly significant differences (P≤0.001). No significant correlation was found
between levels of P53 expression, global DNA methylation between hematopoietic
growth factors as immune modulators. The differences of GM-CSF and IL-3 at
serum levels may be used as useful biomarkers for CRC progression.

This study detected the prevalence of gram-negative bacteria (GNB) among Iraqi
acute leukemia patients and measured their serum levels for C- reactive protein
(CRP), procalcitonin (PCT) and lipopolysaccharide- binding protein (LBP). Besides,
random amplification of polymorphic DNA )RAPD( typing was utilized to
investigate the genetic relationship among GNB isolates. Out of 458 clinical samples
collected from 260 acute leukemia patients, 70 (15%) isolates of GNB were
diagnosed as Klebsiella pneumoniae 23 (33%), Escherichia coli 21 (30%),
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 18 (26%) and Acinetobacter baumannii 8 (11%). These
isolates were collected from urine (39 (57%)), blood (23 (32%)) and swabs (8
(11%)). Furthermore, GNB infections were higher among patients with acute
myeloblastic leukemia (AML) (40 (57%)) than those with acute lymphoblastic
leukemia (ALL) (30 (43%)). The concentrations of CRP, PCT and LBP recorded
higher levels among men, women and children groups than control groups. Most of
GNB isolates were highly resistant to ticarcillin, piperacillin, ceftazidime and
cefepime, followed by gentamicin, tobramycin and ciprofloxacin. Imipenem and
meropenem were more effective against GNB isolates, except for A. baumannii.
Multidrug resistant (MDR) pattern was noticed among all isolates of K. pneumoniae
(23 (100%)) and A. baumannii (8 (100%)), whereas 18 (85%) and 12 (66%) of E.
coli and P. aeruginosa respectively showed MDR pattern. RAPD typing yielded
different genotypic patterns among GNB isolates exceeded 14, 12, 11 and 9 in P.
aeruginosa, E. coli, K. pneumoniae and A. baumannii respectively. The increased
serum levels of CRP, PCT and LBP indicated the possible vital role of these markers
in predicting the severe infections of GNB in acute leukemic population. The
genetic diversity among GNB isolates surveyed by RAPD typing requires the
continuous monitoring of the prevalence of pathogenic GNB associated with
specific genotypic pattern.

In humans, the hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been demonstrated to be the essential
cause of both acute and chronic hepatitis. A variety of cytokines are released as a
part of the immune response during HBV infection. The present study aimed to
estimate the interleukin-33(IL-33) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in patients
with chronic hepatitis B virus (CHBV). This study involved fifty diagnosed CHBV
patients (mean age 47.26 ± 14.23) and forty subjects as healthy control (mean age
35.10 ± 9.86). The results revealed by the ELISA method that the serum levels of
IL-33and TNF-α were significantly higher (P-value <0.001) in the CHBV patients
group (78.12 pg/ml and 15.34 pg/ml respectively) as compared with a healthy
control group (20.11pg /ml and 2.91pg/ml respectively). Thus, monitoring these
cytokines could be a good strategy that indicates CHBV pathogenesis

Durah power plant (DPP) ash acute toxicity estimation was done by exposing
Cladoceran Pleuroxus hamulatus Birge, 1910 to different ash concentrations. Thus,
this study was regarded as pioneering by evaluating these effluents' harmful effects
on the chosen laboratory food chain individuals. The LC
50
of ash on P. hamulatus
were 0.04, 0.02 and 0.01 ppt during 24, 48 and 72 hr. respectively. On the other
hand, our result showed that the increase in the ash concentrations leads to the
maximum increase in mortality percentages value. Additionally, there were some
clear behavioral changes seen in the animals, including slowness at first, followed
by settling on the bottom of the beakers with stopped thorax, antennae appendages
and a weak heartbeat. It was also observed that the survival was inhibited, and the
mortality rate increased which may be due to the presence of toxic ash elements and
the pH level change, both of which had a negative impact. The current study
concluded that the acute toxicity exposure on P. hamulatus had harmful effects on
all biological aspects of this aquatic food chain organisms

The Euphrates soft-shell turtle Rafetus euphraticus is classified as endangered on
the IUCN Red List and is thought to have recently undergone large population
declines. Species information in Iraq is limited to a few rapid surveys with little
detailed information on its breeding and distribution. Turtles have been recorded
inside the water by setting nets in certain areas in the Central Marshes.
Morphometric measurements were recorded in Euphrates soft-shelled turtles Rafetus
euphraticus, sampled in the Central Marshes. According to nine morphometric
ratios, the populations of R. euphraticus in the Central Marshes are smaller in size
than previous specimens that have been recorded in neighboring countries. The
carapaces length (CL) rang for current study was 70 to 560 mm, whereas it was 187
to 680 mm according to a previous study. The carapaces width (CW) rang for the
current study was 63 to 420 mm, while in a previous study it was recorded to be 152
to 465 mm.

The present work aims to biosynthesis of manganese oxide nanoparticles (MnO
NPs) using Prodigiosin pigment, produced by Serratia marcescens, as a stabilizing
and reducing agent. In addition to the characterizing of the biosynthesized MnO NPs
were characterized utilizing several optical methods, including FT-IR, XRD, AFM
and UV-Vis. A cut-off wavelength of the biologically synthesized MnO NPs was
established at around 440 nm using UV-Vis. Furthermore, the analysis of AFM
revealed that MnO NPs have an average diameter size of 74.51 nm. The results
showed concentration-dependent antibacterial effect (25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/ml) of
MnO nanoparticles on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Overall, it is concluded that the
biosynthesized MnO NPs retain the potential to serve as an alternative antibacterial
agents.

A disease of the reproductive system known as infertility is characterized by a
clinical pregnancy that cannot be obtained after twelve months or longer of
unprotected, ordered sexual copulation. Infertility disorder has impacted the
reproductive system when a clinical pregnancy cannot be obtained after twelve
months or more of unprotected, ordered sexual interaction. The following
investigation was conducted to examine the gene expression levels in Iraqi patients
with azoospermia, 150 human blood samples were collected from different regions
in Baghdad governorate include (private medicals Labs and the high institute for
infertility diagnosis assisted reproductive techniques and Kamal Al- Samara'ay IVF
Hospital). The control group consists of 50 sample males with a range of 22-51
years old, while the patient (infertile group) consists of 100 sample males with ages
ranging between 25-51 years old, the variations in this gene's expression between
patients and healthy controls were taken into consideration. The age correlation for
azoospermia patient’s occurrence compared with controls was studied after
subdividing them into subgroups and between patients and controls, there were no
discernible differences in terms of age for any of the study groups. The average level
of gene expression decreased significantly in this study, according to the findings
(ΔCt) of DAZ1 in patient groups compared to the corresponding ΔCt means in the
control group (0.12±0.91 vs. 1.45±0.25), also the folding of expression 2-ΔCt of
DAZ1 gene in azoospermia groups, reached to (0.39±0.21), which indicating
upregulation of this gene in infertile Iraqi men.

The sol-gel route is used to prepare samarium (Sm+3) ions doped in silica
monoliths as a function of active ion concentrations up to 0.0178%. The
spectroscopic activity of Sm+3 ions doped-silica matrices is investigated using UVVisible
spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy. 4G5/2 emissions are
observed from a minority of isolated Sm+3 ions within the pores structure of silica
matrix, UV-Vis spectra reveals absorption peaks due to Sm+3 active centers. X-ray
diffraction and FTIR results support the distribution of such ions in these porous.
Analysis indicates that at high doping levels, most ions reside in clusters and 4G5/2
emission, which is demonstrated by the quenching processes observed in the
corresponding spectra. Some spectroscopic parameters such as emission crosssection
and oscillator strength are determined and analyzed

In this work, the detection of zinc (Zn) ions that cause water pollution is studied
using the CSNPs- Linker-alkaloids compound that was prepared by linking extracted
alkaloids from Iraqi Catharanthus roseus plant with Chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs)
using maleic anhydride. This compound is characterized by an X-ray diffractometer
(XRD) which shows that it has an orthorhombic structure with crystallite size in the
nano dimension. Zeta Potential results show that the CSNPs-Linker-alkaloids carried
a positive charge of 54.4 mV, which means it possesses high stability. The Fourier
transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) shows a new distinct band at 1708.93 cm-1
due to C=O esterification. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images show that
the CSNPs- Linker- alkaloids compound have two shapes in the nano dimension:
spherical particles and nanotubes, which may be due to nuclei and growth processes,
respectively. The energy gap calculated from the photoluminescence spectrum is
equal to 2.5 eV. ehT Hall effect measurements evorT that the synthesized CSNPs-
Linker-alkaloids compound is a p-type semiconductor. The cycle voltammetry
technique was used to detect the Zn ions in different concentrations in the water by
goidfidom the electrochemical system's glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with a
CSNPs-Linker-alkaloids compound. The modified electrode was used to detect Zn
ions in the range of (1-8) ppm, which causes water pollution. The best sensor
sensitivity R² equals 0.997 for oxidation and 0.993 for reduction. This modified
electrode (GCE /CSNPs- Linker-alkaloids) acts as a good biosensor for heavy
metals detection in water as well as for biophysics applications.

This study focused on determining the stratigraphic phenomena of the sequences
of the Kirkuk group, within the Tertiary age, in the study area at the Buzurgan oil
field within the Maysan governorate. In addition to various seismic lines from the
completed seismic survey of the study region, data from the Buzurgan oil field wells
was utilized. The stratigraphic interpretation results showed that the seismic sections
of the Kirkuk Group formations are deposited in the form of a sigmoid configuration
through the continuous deposition of shallow-shelf carbonates. Periodic rises in sea
level led to episodes of deeper-water sedimentation, including shelf and shelf margin
facies. Clastic (sandstone) was deposited as the sea receded from the Ghar
formation, which represents the alluvial fan in the outer-shelf basin (slop and basin
fan), through periods of sea-level (LST) and in a shallow-marine environment,
leading to an overlap between sediments and the presence of sand lenses, onlap, and
down lap. The current study shows the phase change in reflectors and perfect
hydrocarbon indexes. The study detected a stratigraphic trap in the formation's
eastern part and a large lens in the Southeast parts of the study area

The study aims to determine the concentrations of major oxides and trace elements
in the soil of East Baghdad oil field. Twenty-five soil samples were collected, 24
samples from the East Baghdad oil field and one sample was taken from Diyala
governorate, far away from pollution resources (BA). The samples were analysed
using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and the result showed that SiO2 and CaO are the
most abundant, followed by other oxides (Na2O, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO, K2O, TiO2) with
a high percentage of LOI. Trace elements showed that the average values of (Cd, Co,
Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, V, Zn ) were above the international limits of the soil except
for the Fe element within the international limits. High concentrations of trace
elements were observed in all soil samples, exceeding the international standard limits
in soil. The values of the trace elements suggest that oil industries, oil drilling and
extraction operations, and human activities are the most important cause of increasing
concentrations of trace elements in the soil of the study area.

The Tigris River is the most significant source of water in Iraq. Iraq has been
through periods of drought due to climate change and numerous water infrastructure
projects that were carried out in the Tigris Basin of Turkey. Four sites have been
selected for environmental pollution evaluation, the impact of climate change on the
hydrochemistry of the Tigris River, and an estimate of the relationship between
dissolved loadings and discharges (m3/s). Data includes Tigris River discharge and
hydrochemical analysis: major ions such as (Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, SO4, and HCO3),
minor ions (NO3 and PO4), trace elements, and biological parameters (BOD5,
C.O.D., E-Coli Bacteria, Fecal Coliform Bacteria) as indicators of contamination
allowing the identification of sources of pollution. The Tigris River is within the
allowable drinking limits, except in the Tharthar-Tigris Canal, and the most ions that
have an impact on the Tigris River's water quality are total dissolved solids, E. coli
Bacteria, Fecal Coliform Bacteria, BOD5, and C.O.D. Total ionic salinity (meq/l)
was less than 20 in the Mosul and Sammara sites, 20 in the Tharthar-Tigris Canal,
and between 20 and 40 in the Baghdad site. By applying for the SPSS program, two
factors were identified. The first factor represents 84.03 % indicates (natural factor)
represented by the weathering of rocky components of the river. The second factor
represented 11.33% (Anthropogenic factor), represented by agricultural wastewater,
waste and sewage water thrown directly into the river.

Outcrops of detrital sediments dating from the Moghrebian are found in the
coastal basin of Tarfaya in southwestern Morocco. These sediments are still little
studied and spectacularly extended and surmounted by a hard crust. Our study will
focus on three objectives (1) to characterize the microfacies of Moghrebian
sediments and to identify their diagenetic evolution, (2) to reconstruct the modalities
of development of superficial crusts, and (3) to elucidate the origin of calcium
carbonate in these sediments. The results show that the Moghrebian strata have
alternating conglomerate beds, lumachel, sandstone, calcarenite, and a welldeveloped
calcareous crust on the surface. The diagenetic evolution of these facies is
very early and is characterized by corrosion and isovolumetric epigenesis of quartz
by calcite, particularly in the superficial crust. Clay minerals of detrital origin
characterize the fine fraction of these sediments. The oversaturation of the
environment with calcium carbonate prompted the development of a crust where
fibrous clays are newly formed, which reflects the development of climatic
conditions with alternating dry and wet seasons in the basin during the post-
Moghrebian period.

Al- Dalmaj area is a large water body in Iraq in the Afak district, which feeds
from the general downstream between the Tigris and the Euphrates. The present
study focused mainly on the changes detection in Al-Dalmaj area through analysis
of the Landsat images for four selected years (2000, 2002, 2013 and 2017) to
determine the changes in marsh waters, wetlands area, drylands areas and other land
classes, The Landsat images of Al-Dalmaj area were analysed with the scene that
includes the water surface and the area surrounded by the fixed geographical
boundaries. The combination of remote sensing and GIS techniques have been found
to be successful and effective in monitoring the spatial and temporal changes in land
cover. These changes in the land cover of Al-Dalmaj area were detected using
various analyses, including Normalised Difference Vegetation (NDVI), the
Normalised Difference Water Index (NDWI), the Salinity Index(SI), and the Salinity
ratio using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) programs v.10, using ERDAS
Imagine v. 9.2 and spectral index techniques were used in this study to determine the
land changes, to analyse Landsat images for the years (2000,2002,2013 and 2017).
From the application of the equations of evidence referred to, it was found that the
salinity (%) increased in the study area. 2002 represents the most extreme stage of
the lack of natural conditions in Al- Dalmaj area. It was concluded that the water
change was 83.8% for 2002 as 2000 as a reference. As for the natural vegetation, the
percentage of change was 84.5% for the same year. The results showed that the
percentage change in salinity was 127.5%, a high percentage compared to the rest of
the study years. The bulk density values range between (0.70 - 0.89) Mg/m3.

Basins and Intrusions structures are essential features in defining and assessing
the evolution of tectonic geo-structures. The gravity effects for Basin and Intrusion
refer to (such as a salt dome or granitic pluton) structures that are similar in form,
shape, and value. Attempts to characterize these structures from gravity data depend
on derivation methods such as second horizontal and absolute second horizontal
derivative methods. The task of the discriminator is to determine whether the data
presented refers to a Basin or Intrusion. Hence, it is just a binary classifier giving the
output as 0 (for Basin) or 1 (for Intrusion). The machine learning approach can solve
such types of classification with high accuracy and confidence. Machine learning is
a field concerned with algorithms that learn from data sets. Classification is a task
that requires machine learning algorithms that learn from data sets how to assign a
category label to examples from the problem domain. To learn the machine, how to
classify the given data into 0 or 1, big data for training is needed. An easy-tounderstand
example would be classifying gravity data as "Basin, 0" or "Intrusion, 1".
Later on, the learned machine can predict any given test data to the state of (0, 1).
Therefore, the procedure is simply to prepare a huge synthetic data set (from 2D
gravity modeling) for the Basin and Intrusion case. Then, divide the data sets into
80% data for training and 20% for testing. Label this 80% data set with 0 for Basin
and 1 for Intrusion. Next, training these 80% data sets using some algorithms
specifically designed for binary classification and do not natively support more than
two classes. These include Logistic Regression and Support Vector Machines. A
confusion matrix is used to evaluate the accuracy of learning. The following step lets
the learned machine predict a label for the 20% data set. Python code programming
is usually used for this type of analysis. This study uses an orange program for
visual programming and data mining for training and predicting. The result of the
prediction is perfect for the tested data. Field data for some cases from the Bougure
gravity data of Iraq is tested with the learned machine and gives similar results to the
absolute second horizontal derivative used. The saved model of the learned machine
can be used to predict Basin or Intrusion case studies for future work.

In this paper, a new modified variational iteration method (MVIM) with a genetic
algorithm has been applied for solving nonlinear partial differential equations.
Therefore, a new correction function through an auxiliary parameter that makes
sure the convergence of the standard method and improved results by using genetic
techniques are introduced. The standard variational iteration method (VIM) is first
applied to solve numerically the system of two-dimensional coupled Burgers'
equations. Then an improvement on this method is done. Numerical experiments
have been conducted to demonstrate the efficiency and high-order accuracy of this
method. The algorithm converges readily which yields correct solutions. Better
accuracy in comparison with other previous methods has been noticed. Moreover,
the method can be easily applied to a wide number of linear and nonlinear
differential equations with better accuracy.

The analysis of thermal instability in a Brinkman-Darcy Jeffrey nanofluid flow
through a porous medium is studied in this paper. The nanoparticles are immersed
in the Jeffrey fluid so that the thermal conductivity of the system is maintained
and high medium porosity is to be undertaken. Under the impact of the Jeffrey,
nanoparticles and Brinkman-Darcy parameters, the momentum-balance
equations of fluid flow are mutated. The dispersion relation for the Rayleigh
number is derived by employing the normal mode analysis method and linear
stability theory in terms of different parameters affecting the stability of the system.
It is noticed that the Darcy-Brinkman number advances the convection while the
Jeffrey parameter postpones the convection in a stationary mode. To verify the
results numerically, graphs have been plotted by using Origin 6.1 software. Further,
for the top-heavy nanoparticles distribution, oscillatory convection does not exist.

In this paper, we study some new types of soft separation axioms called
strongly . We show that, the properties of soft strongly
space (i =0, 1,2) are soft topological properties under the bijection, soft
irresolute and soft continuous mapping. Furthermore, the property of being soft
strongly and soft strongly are soft topological properties
under bijection, soft continuous functions. Moreover, their relationships with
existing spaces are studied.

I n this work we introduce new subclasses of meromorphic functions in
punctured unit disk and analyzes numerous connections and various features of
these subclasses by making use of the linear operator that is connected to
Gaussian hypergeometric functions

The aim of this paper is to analyse the temperature and magnetohydrodynamic
(MHD) peristaltic flow of Jeffrey fluid through a porous wave channel under the
influence of rotation. The study is in Cartesian coordinates, the system of equations
governing this issue is nonlinear and non-homogeneous partial differential. For the
purpose of solving this system, we assumed a short wavelength and a very low
Reynolds number due to the flow channel structure. After obtaining the system
solution, we used the Mathematica 13 program to analyse the results through graphs.
It observed that the rotation, magnetic field, viscosity and density of the fluid have
an effective effect on the fluid movement and its temperature

In this paper, we present a five-step iterative scheme, at the beginning, it seems
complicated and difficult to implement, but in fact it’s not. This scheme is
constructed for - firmly nonexpansive mappings in modular function spaces.
Two different -convergences result has been proved for double schemes under
consideration. In our study there is a comparison between these cases through
answering the question "which one is faster?” Finally, numerical examples are given
by using MATLAB software program

In order to examine various geometric features, we expanded the
supertrigonometric function (STF) and superhyperbolic function (SHF) into the
open unit disk. A convolution differential operator of the STF provides the formulas.
The suggested operator works with both integral and double differential inequalities.
As a result, we present a collection of findings that includes recent works. The idea
of subordination and superordination serves as a guide for our method, and we then
developed the primary conclusion as a double side’s theorem.

An R-module M is called a polyform module if every essential submodule of M
is rational. The main objective of this paper is to introduce a new concept of
modules named fully polyform modules. This kind of module is contained in the
class of polyform modules. We study in detail fully polyform modules, so several
properties of this concept are investigated. Other characterizations and partial
characterisations (i.e., satisfied by certain conditions) of the definition of fully
polyform module analogous to those known in the concept of a polyform module are
given and discussed. For instance, we proved that a module M is a fully polyform
module if and only if
M)=0 for each P-essential submodule N of M and for
each V≤M with NVM. Relationships between this class of modules and some
other related concepts are discussed such as monoform, QI-monoform, essentially
quasi-Dedekind, essentially prime and St-polyform modules. Moreover, useful
concepts and their influence or relationships with fully polyform modules such as Puniform
and Pe-prime modules are introduced.

This paper focuses on studying the dynamical behavior of a discrete-time stage
structured prey-predator fractional model with Crowley-Martin type functional
response. This study starts with the construction of a discretization of the fractional
stage structured prey-predator model by using piecewise constant arguments process
then we determine and set conditions that are required to achieve the local stability
of all the equilibrium points of the considered system. The results of the study show
that the discrete–fractional system may have one or two non-negative interior
equilibrium points. One of them becomes locally asymptotically stable under certain
conditions. Also, we present and extend the considered system to the optimal control
problem to get maximum harvest profit strategy. For that, the Pontryagin’s maximal
principal to get the optimal solution is applied. Numerical simulation is given to
verify the analytical results.

The primary objective of the current paper is to suggest and implement effective
computational methods (DECMs) to calculate analytic and approximate solutions to
the nonlocal one-dimensional parabolic equation which is utilized to model specific
real-world applications. The powerful and elegant methods that are used orthogonal
basis functions to describe the solution as a double power series have been
developed, namely the Bernstein, Legendre, Chebyshev, Hermite, and Bernoulli
polynomials. Hence, a specified partial differential equation is reduced to a system
of linear algebraic equations that can be solved by using Mathematica®12. The
techniques of effective computational methods (DECMs) have been applied to solve
some specific cases of time-dependent diffusion equations. Moreover, the maximum
absolute error ( ) is determined to demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed
techniques.

In this study, we present a modified analytical approximation method to find the
time-fractional Sharma-Tasso-Olever issue solving. In order to tackle nonlinear
fractional differential equations that arise in a variety of physical processes, we
begin by providing an alternate foundation for the Laplace Residual Power Series
Technique (LRPSM). Thus, the generalized Taylor series equation and residual
functions serve as the foundation for this approach.
More precisely, our approach and the suggested solution produce good results.
Moreover, the reliability, effectiveness, and simplicity of this approach are
demonstrated for all classes of fractional nonlinear issues that arise in technological
and scientific fields. Two examples are provided to exemplify how the considered
scheme works in calculating various types of fractional ordinary differential
equations. Finally, the obtained results in this article are compared with other
methods such as Residual Power Series (RPS), Variational Iteration Method (VIM),
and Homotopy Perpetration Method (HPM). The consequences of our method are
good and effective

The aim of our work is to develop a new type of games which are related to (D,
WD, LD) compactness of topological groups. We used an infinite game that
corresponds to our work. Also, we used an alternating game in which the response
of the second player depends on the choice of the first one. Many results of winning
and losing strategies have been studied, consistent with the nature of the topological
groups. As well as, we presented some topological groups, which fail to have
winning strategies and we give some illustrated examples. Finally, the effect of
functions on the aforementioned compactness strategies was studied.

The Internet of Things and the blockchain are considered to be the major
technologies that are linked together to support the flexibility, scalability, and
integrity of the system. IoT devices have insufficient computing capacity in terms of
processing data units and storage requirements. It requires efficient encryption
algorithms. Nowadays, the IoT is facing several challenges, such as poor
interoperability, security vulnerabilities, privacy, and a lack of industry standards. In
this paper, a novel triple DES-based blockchain algorithm for the IoT network
environment is designed to assure data integrity and system scalability. Initially, the
IoT network modeling is framed with different network entities, smart devices, and
communication devices. Based on the received requests, the required data are
processed via the Triple DES technique. The IoT requests are processed and then
authenticated using a blockchain interface. If it is verified, then the service is
instantiated; otherwise, it is rejected. This blockchain interface performs similarly to
the security gateway for web communication services. It prevents unauthorized
third-party networks. The security layer is framed using Triple DES, which takes the
least computational effort over the requested data. Here, the blockchain interface
acts as an additional security layer that imbues all devices. It is clearly understood
from the results that the proposed technique, blockchain-based Triple DES,
outperforms the RSA algorithm in terms of computational time.

Today in the digital realm, where images constitute the massive resource of the
social media base but unfortunately suffer from two issues of size and transmission,
compression is the ideal solution. Pixel base techniques are one of the modern
spatially optimized modeling techniques of deterministic and probabilistic bases that
imply mean, index, and residual. This paper introduces adaptive pixel-based coding
techniques for the probabilistic part of a lossy scheme by incorporating the MMSA
of the C321 base along with the utilization of the deterministic part losslessly. The
tested results achieved higher size reduction performance compared to the traditional
pixel-based techniques and the standard JPEG by about 40% and 50%, respectively,
with pleasing quality exceeding 45 dB.

Due to the rapid development of digital communication systems, information
security is now essential for both the storage and exchange of data. Security has
become a key research axis as a result of the rapid evolution of network
technologies. The transmission of digital data is necessary for various forms of
communication. Particularly in applications requiring a high level of security,
like surveillance applications, military applications, biometric applications, and
radar applications, where this transmission should be secure. Thus, data is normally
encoded through the technique of encryption to prevent unauthorized access. The
current imperative is for cyber security to guarantees the integrity and
confidentiality of data transmission over the internet and offer defense against
hostile attacks. To ensure the security and dependability of digital data transmission,
the goal of this research is to create and analyze a robust multilevel cryptography
model using three cases. Those cases include: case 1 utilized the RC5 algorithm
only. Case 2 examined the use of RC5 together with the Twofish algorithms, and
case 3 employed a combination of three effective algorithms in sequential order
(RC5 with Twofish and Modified Serpent). The results were analyzed and showed
that case 3—which encrypts data by applying three effective algorithms
sequentially—is preferable. This case offers a performance model for various
combinations of the symmetric key cryptography algorithms RC5, Twofish, and
modified Serpent. Utilizing analysis tools including entropy, floating frequency,
histogram, autocorrelation, and brute force attack, the three cases were compared

The wireless sensor network (WSN) is one of the most important achievements
of the modern technological revolution and greatly affects human life. These
networks suffer from some limitations that affect their performance, such as the
limited power of their devices. Clustering technology is one of the effective power
conservation techniques that improves the performance of WSNs, so this article
focuses on developing aggregation technology by proposing an Energy Saving,
Multi-hops, Clustering, and Hierarchy (ESMCH) protocol for homogeneous WSNs.
The proposed protocol improves clustering technology in several directions. The
first direction is by determining the ideal number of cluster head nodes (CHs)
suitable for the network, and the second is through the perfect choice of nodes that
will represent CHs. The third trend is the selection of secondary CHs. The last trend
is the formation of clusters, which depends on an important parameter (distance to
CHs). The proposed system uses the TDMA method to schedule the data transfer
process to CHs (inside the cluster) and the CSMA method to organize the exchange
of data packets between CHs (outside the clusters) for delivery to the base station.
The results of simulation experiments in MATLAB R (2020 a) show that the
proposed protocol extends network lifetime by 32% compared to the LEACH
algorithm and by 26% compared to the SEP algorithm. The results also display that
the ESMCH protocol increased the throughput of the WSN by 16.8% compared to
its throughput when using the SEP algorithm and by 30% when using the LEACH
algorithm.

Recently, Deep Learning (DL) has been used in a new technology known as the
Deep Dream (DD) to produce images that resemble dreams. It is utilized to mimic
hallucinations that drug users or people with schizophrenia experience. Additionally,
DD is sometimes incorporated into the images as decoration. This study produces
DD images using two deep-CNN model architectures (Inception-ResNet-V2 and
Inception-v3). It starts by choosing particular layers in each model (from both lower
and upper layers) to maximize their activation function, then detect several
iterations. In each iteration, the gradient is computed and then used to compute loss
and present the resulting images. Finally, the total loss is presented, and the final
deep dream image is visualized. The output of the two models is different, and even
for the same model there are some variations, the lower layers' loss values in the
Inception-v3 model are significantly higher in comparison to the upper levels'
values. In the case of Inception-ResNet-V2, the loss values are convergent

In this work, the surface of the telescope’s mirror is cleaned using an
atmospheric-pressure radio frequency plasma jet (APRFPJ), which is generated by
Argon gas between two coaxial metal electrodes. The RF power supply is set to 2
MHz frequencies with three different power levels: 20, 50, and 80 W. Carbon, that
has adhered to the surface, can be effectively removed using the plasma cleaning
technique, which also modifies any residual bonds. The cleaned surface was clearly
distinguished using an optical emission spectroscopy (OES) technique and a water
contact angle (WCA) analyzer for the activation property on their surfaces. The
sample showed a super hydrophilic surface at an angle of 1° after 2.5 minutes of
plasma treatment, as determined by the WCA technique, and an analysis of its
optical properties showed that its reflectance had increased from 75% before
cleaning to 98% after cleaning. Using the OES technique, the RF plasma jet's
spectrum can be observed to contain the ArI, ArII, and NI lines.

Water shortage is one of the serious environmental problems in a semi-arid
region, which has become increasingly dangerous. The article considers a new
management simulation model of Groundwater (GW) resources using a water flow
model. One thousand one hundred fifty irrigation wells were selected as a study area
using Landsat 8 OLI images 2016-2021 in the West of Karbala province, Iraq.
Geographic Information System tool integrated with numerical /conceptual model
using the Visual MODFLOW Flex 7 software to reach the optimal use of GW
resources. The conceptual model indicated that the value of the flow in the aquifer
reaches 21 million cubic meters annually, which means there is renewable storage.
The consumer value of GW was about 55 million m3/year. The result presented that
the value of the lost and depleted storage in this part becomes about -34 million
m3/year, which is the value of the variation in the underground storage, meaning
there is a significant depletion of GW in the study area. Using the Visual
MODFLOW Flex 7 software and entering parameters for the study area through
pumping and monitoring wells, an error of 0.067 m was achieved in estimating
groundwater recharge places near the folds' rocky aquifers. The normalized RMS for
the model was 69.595%, and the correlation coefficient was 0.391. The contour lines
in the region's East indicate increased conductivity due to channels and openings
formed during groundwater-bearing rocks, depressions, and lakes. The study
concluded that the outputs could help water administrations for more accurate and
sustainable plans and management of GW resources in the Karbala area.

The significant air pollution issue in Nigeria has sparked severe widespread fear.
This research is a part of the effort to eliminate or reduce this threat. The research
aimed to examine the distributions of Air quality index (AQI), Particulate matter
with less than 2.5 μm diameter (PM2.5), Relative humidity (RH), Wind speed, and
Temperature (temp) in nineteen (19) Nigerian states, including the Federal Capital
Territory (FCT). To accomplish this, satellite data obtained from IQAir's air quality
monitoring platform for nineteen states and the Federal Capital Territory of Abuja
between the 7th and 17th of October 2021 were used and statistically analyzed. The
inverse distance weighting (IDW) interpolation method was applied to observe the
spatial distribution of the data. The average AQI was 72.11, with minimum and
maximum values of 26 and 17, respectively. The mean of PM2.5 was 28.71±13.7
μg/m3. The following meteorological average values were recorded: RH (62.43%),
wind speed (6.96 m/s), and temperature (28.71oC). The AQI was between good and
unhealthy, the PM2.5 was more than 17% (annual) and 52% (24 h), which is higher
than World Health Organisation (WHO) limits, and the correlations between AQI,
PM2.5 and meteorological parameters were weak. According to the data, PM2.5 was
not distributed uniformly across the regions but varied spatially and temporally. It is
advised that people check their local daily air pollution forecasts, avoid exercising
outside, avoid working out in crowded areas, and use less energy at home to prevent
an increase in AQI. It is recommended to monitor and maintain the air quality and
minimize harmful anthropogenic activities to mitigate the threat.

The predictions and warnings from drying up lakes and rivers are increasing
nowadays, especially in Iraq, due to climatic changes and water flow reduction from
neighboring countries. Consequently, this paper deals with monitoring the changes
in submerged surface areas and Hamrin dam lake storage volume from December
2011 to the end of 2022. Hamrin Lake supplies Diyala province, Iraq, with irrigation
water. Multitemporal satellite images were acquired from google earth pro and Earth
Observation (EO) browsers. Triangular Irregular Network (TIN) layers generated
contour lines through the ArcGIS environment. Volumes were calculated using the
end area method. The results show that the water storage volume reached 1.8 billion
cubic meters (bcm) in December 2016 and decreased to 12 million cubic meters in
December 2021. Hamrin Lake lost 99% and 98% of its capacity relative to the
normal water storage volume in 2021 and 2022, respectively. At normal storage, the
maximum water volume of Hamrin Lake is about 3 bcm. The scarcity of irrigation
water from Hamrin Lake causes decreasing agricultural areas, desertification, and
people migrating to other regions.

Fusing digital images is an essential step in digital image processing, as it allows
for integrating information from two or more images into a single image of high
quality and clarity. This work fused images resulting from motion blur (left and
right) with blur block sizes of 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11. The image resulting from the blur
towards the right was combined with the image resulting from the blur towards the
left for the same degree of blur using traditional techniques such as addition,
multiplication, and new suggested techniques, namely absolute real standard
deviation, binary standard deviation, real Covariance, and binary Covariance. The
data examined by quality assessment methods with the reference depends on Mutual
Information, Correlation Coefficient, Structural Similarity Index metric, Structural
Content, Normalized Cross Correlation, and without references like Blind
Reference, less Spatial Image Quality Evaluator, Naturalness Image Quality
Evaluator, Perception-based Image Quality Evaluator, and Entropy. The best
combination method was binary covariance and standard binary division

Despite the enormity of the tragedy, many cases can be saved in record time after
accessing them and direct intervention. However, rescue teams may find
intervention impossible or dangerous, mainly when major explosions or fires occur.
After a disaster, commercial drones can be used to detect and search for survivors.
They are controlled by iOS-installed Head Mounted Display (HMD) and virtual
reality applications. This enables them to reach disaster areas, detect the presence of
injured people, and pinpoint their locations. In this research, Artificial intelligence
technologies, as represented by (Open CV Documentation) using PYTHON Code,
are combined with Drone engineering capabilities to present robust virtual reality
applications. The results demonstrated high accuracy in detecting the injured in the
disaster area, complete immersion of the observer in the safe zone by default, and
controlling the drone through HMD.

The research aims to find the highest spatial distribution and the best relationship
between drug dealers and drug users using networking technology, as all roads
connect between population, industrial, commercial, agricultural, and tourist centers
and between transportation points for other types of transportation. Baghdad
province was chosen as a study area due to increased drug prevalence in recent
years. Remote sensing techniques, including Geographic Information System tools,
were used to implement the study. Statistical methods were applied in the
geographical analysis of samples based on the moon. European industrialist
Copernicus and Sensor 2b to locate these samples. The nearest neighborhood was
calculated to determine spatial distribution; the distribution was clustered into two
groups stationed in the middle of the study area. The network technique, which
depends on the transport network of the study area, was used to find a relationship
between 12 drug dealers and 65 drug users to find the shortest and fastest distances.
To find out the shortest time to promote drugs. The study method can help decisionmakers
to take precautions to reduce this phenomenon.