Engineering and Technology Journal

We report the growth and characterization of (Ag, Au) nanoparticles thin films
deposition on a glass substrate by pulse laser deposition (PLD) method. The (Ag, Au)
thin films prepared through different laser fluence (0.4, 0.6 and 0.7) J/cm2. The effect
of laser fluence energy on the morphological, structural and optical properties were
studied by XRD, AFM and UV-Visible spectrophotometer.
X-ray diffraction showed nanostructure, with dominated peak at 2θ values 38.3182°
corresponding to (111) for silver and peak observed at 2θ values 38.2° which can be
indexed to the (111) of face-centered cubic (fcc) structure for Au. Surface
topography studied by atomic force microscopy revealed narrowed size distributions,
with grain sizes ranging from 21.81 to 37.06 nm for Ag, and grain sizes ranging from
12.63 to 15.01nm for Au thin films. The results showed the Average gran Size
increased with increasing laser fluence energy and RMS roughness increased with
increasing laser fluence energy. Optical properties measurements showed that(Ag,
Au) thin films have two peak the first one related with interband transitions, and the
second peak formation of a surface plasmon peak (SPR). Optical properties
measurements showed transformation from metallic properties of bulk (Ag, Au) to
semiconductor properties when formed by sort of nanostructure evidenced by the
formation of optical energy gap about (0.8, 0.7 and 0.5) eV when laser fluence
increased (0.4, 0.6 and 0.7) J/cm2 respectively for Ag thin films. when grain size
become smaller the optical energy gap increased. Optical energy gap(Eg) decreased
(1.4, 1.2 and 0.8) eV when laser fluence increased (0.4, 0.6 and 0.7) J/cm2
respectively for Au thin films.

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) deposited at the interface of the intermediate layer
[poly (3,4ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)] and
poly(3-hexylthiophene):[6,6]-phenylC61-butyricacidmethylester (P3HT:PCBM)
active layer were found to significantly increase organic solar cell performance.
Organic solar cell devices with different solvents, such as the chlorobenzene (CB),
dichlorobenzene (DCB), chloroform (CF), and co-solvent Chlorobenzene:
Dichlorobenzene (CB:DCB), Chlorobenzene:Chloroform (CB:CF), and
Dichlorobenzene:Chloroform (DCB:CF) were fabricated. The photo-physical
properties of these devices with different solvents are investigated. It can be found
that, absorption spectrum of the blend becomes broad with different solvents, which
is highly desirable for an organic solar cell devices. Film morphology is evaluated by
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). XRD patterns and External Quantum Efficiency
(EQE) measurements are also performed for the devices. The efficiency enhancement
for the device with (CB:CF) is more significant than for other solvents. With different
solvents, the solar cells upon (CB:CF) give Power Conversion Efficiency (PCE) of
3.6%, in contrast to 3.2% for (CB), 2.06% for (DCB), 3% for (CF), 2.55% for
(CB:DCB), and 2.9% (DCB:CF) devices.

High-temperature superconductor compound Tl2Ba2Can−1CunO2n+4+δ (n = 2, 3, 4) was
prepared by solid-state reaction evacuated sealed tube method. The research was carried
out to investigate the effect of parameter (n) on the superconductor behavior of the
compound Tl2Ba2Can−1CunO2n+4+δ. The structural phase of prepared samples was
analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and the results showed the demand phase
depend on the parameter (n). The resistivity measurement by four-probe technique used
to investigate the critical temperature. The parameter (n) has major effect on definition of
critical temperature for superconductor compound. The results showed that the sample
prepared with n = 2 has a critical temperature Tc= 102 K; meanwhile, the sample
prepared with n = 4 has a critical temperature Tc= 99 K; however, the sample which was
prepared with n = 3 has a maximum critical temperature Tc= 121 K. There is a match
between the result of magnetic susceptibility and the resistivity measurements

Pure and urea (5wt %) doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles were prepared by sol–gel
method. The preparation of pure and urea doped TiO2 nanoparticles were achieved by
titanium tetraisopropoxide, hydrochloric acid and ethanol as starting materials and the
products were annealed at 600°C to get anatase phase. The prepared materials were
characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Fourier transform infra-red
spectroscopy (FT- IR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with Energy dispersive Xray
analysis (EDX) and Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The photocatalytic
activity of the samples was evaluated by degradation of Methyl Orange (MO) in aqueous
solution at concentration (10 ppm) under sunlight irradiation. The experimental results
reveal that the urea doped TiO2 nanoparticles exhibit an enhanced photocatalytic activity
in sunlight compared with that of pure TiO2 nanoparticles

TiO2 nanofibers with anatase structure were synthesized by an electrospinning
method. X-ray diffraction measurements showed that TiO2 nanofibers were
polycrystalline with anatase phase. The effects of flow rate parameter on TiO2
nanofibers were examined using atomic force microscopy, field emission scanning
electron microscopy. The energy gap was estimated and optical behavior was studied
using UV-Vis spectroscopy, and Photoluminescence spectroscopy. It was noted that
the average diameter of these nanofibers increases from (82-320) nm with increasing
the flow rate from (1- 10 ml/h) respectively. The length of the nanofibers reached to
several microns.

Mn2+ and Ce3+ Doped ZnS nanocrystals were prepared by a simple microwave
irradiation method under mild condition. The starting materials for the synthesis of
Mn2+ and Ce3+ Doped ZnS P nanocrystals were zinc acetate as zinc source,
thioacetamide as a sulfur source, manganese chloride and Cerium chloride as
manganese and cerium sources respectively (R & M Chemical) and ethylene glycol
as a solvent. All chemicals were analytical grade products and used without further
purification. The nanocrystals of Mn2+ and Ce3+ Doped ZnS P with cubic structure
were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), the morphology of the film is
seen by field effect scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The composition of the
samples is analyzed by EDS. The spectral response of Mn2+ and Ce3+ Doped ZnS
nanocrystals was studied. The values of responsively, specific detectivity and
quantum efficiency for Ce3+ Doped ZnS are higher than that for Mn2+ Doped ZnS

This article presents an experimental study on pressure drop and enhancement of
heat transfer of nanofluids flow in coil heat exchanger of solar energy system. In this
study the method using to enhancement of heat transfer and pressure drop, by used
the spiral coiled tube heat exchange in solar energy system and the nanofluids instead
of the distilled water. The weight concentrations of nanoparticles used are ranging
from (15 – 35 wt %). Two types of nanoparticles used in this article cupper (Cu
(30nm)) and titanium Oxide (TiO2 (50nm)) as well as the distilled water. The effects
of different parameters such as nanofluid temperature, concentration, type of
nanoparticle and flow Reynolds number, on pressure drop and heat transfer
coefficient of the flow are studied. The results indicated that an increase in heat
transfer coefficient of 55.45 % for Cu + Dw and 40.2 % for TiO2 + Dw at
concentration of 35 wt % compared with base fluid. The pressure drop and heat
transfer coefficient is increased by using nanofluids (Cu, TiO2 – Dw ) instead of the
distilled water. As well as the results indicated that by using heat exchanger with
helically coiled tube and shell, the heat transfer performance is improved moreover
the pressure drop enhancement due to the curvature of the coil tube. The maximum
increase of 44.32% (Cu + Dw) and 34.42% (TiO2+ Dw) in Nusselt number ratio for a
range of Reynolds numbers between 200 – 800. This article decided that the
nanofluid behaviors are close to typical Newtonian fluids through the relationship
between shear rate and viscosity. Furthermore to performance index are used to
present the corresponding heat transfer technique and flow. The size and

In this research a study of the effect of quality , sequential and directional layers
for three types of fibers are : Kevlar fibers-49 woven perpendicular and E- glass fiber
woven perpendicular and random on the bending using epoxy as matrix. Hand – lay
up method was used to fabricate epoxy composite and three layers from Kevlar fiber
as well as epoxy composites and three layers of glass fiber and then hybrid
composite was fabricated in the shapes: (Kevlar - regular glass - Kevlar) layers,
(Kevlar - random glass –Kevlar) layers , (regular glass-Kevlar- regular glass) layers.
The results shown that for Bending test the sample which reinforced (Kevlar - regular
glass-Kevlar) characterized the highest bending (8mm) and The less bending
reinforced sample was (regular glass-Kevlar- regular glass) (4.5mm) even it less than
the reinforced sample (Kevlar - regular glass – Kevlar

Among the potent anticancer agents, curcumin (CU) has been found to be very
efficacious against many different types of cancer cells. Chitosan-coated magnetic
nanoparticles (CS MNPs) were prepared and utilized as a nano-carrier for loading of
curcumin (FA-CS-CU-MNPs) through a reverse micro emulsion method. This nano
formulation was evaluated against breast cancer cell lines in the in vitro conditions. Both
shape and size properties were studied by zeta sizer, AFM and FESEM and the cell
internalization ability of prepared nanoparticles was determined by fluorescence
microscopy. It was found that the synthesized FA-CS-CU- MNPs were spherical in shape
with an average size of 90±15 nm, low aggregation and good magnetic responsive
properties. Meanwhile, the high drug loading efficiency (~73%) was remarkable. These
FA-CS-CU- MNPs also demonstrated sustained release of CU at 37 ◦C in different buffer
solutions. Afterwards the suitable dose and therapeutic effects of (FA-CS-CU- MNPs) for
both breast cancer and normal cell lines were evaluated by MTT assay. The result
showed that FA-CS-CU- MNPs retained

We have developed surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopysubstrate composed of
antibody-conjugated silver nanoparticles as a functional nanoprobe. In this study, we
synthesized silver nanoparticles with the pMBA linker for binding to antibody
Herceptin and analyzed the binding of Herceptin to silver nanoparticles by Fourier
Tranform Infrared (FT-IR). Our results clearly showed that a spherical shape of silver
nanoparticles with a diameter of 50 μm has been performed. Furthermore, the
obtained SERS probe apparently indicated that the intensity of antibody-conjugated
silver nanoparticles as a SERS sensitive probe is increased by an enhancement factor
of 105.

Noise and modulation response behavior in quantum dot semiconductor lasers under
the influence the nonlinearity studied theoretically in this paper. The present rate
equations model consists of five equations for the carriers density and one equation for
photons density. The nonlinearity effect was added in two rate equations namely the
photon density rate equation and the ground state rate equation. Two equationswere
derived to calculate the noise and modulation response. Calculations in this paper focused
on the effect of each of the nonlinear effect and carrier transport inside and outside
quantum dots on the laserbehavior. The results indicate the weak effect of the
nonlinearity on the behavior of the laser noise because of inability of the present formula
to represent the nonlinear gain parameter. Also, results indicated the strong effect of the
carriers relaxation from the wetting layer to the continuous state in comparison with other
relaxation lifetimes in low energy states

Bentonite has widely been employed in many industrial applications due to their
physicochemical properties and availability at low cost. The aim of this work was conducted to
submit the Iraqi natural bentonite clay to beneficiation pretreatment and chemical acidification
using 60% sulfuric acid under mechanical agitation for 2 hours at atmospheric temperature and
pressure condition. The resulting bentonite was washed several times with distilled water and
modified with ethanol under ultrasonic mixing. An experimental study was conducted to study
the chemical composition, grain size, structural characterization and morphology of nano
particle bentonite obtained using techniques of AFM microscopy, X-ray fluorescence XRF, Xray
diffraction XRD, scanning electron microscopy SEM, surface area by BET method, and
FT-IR spectra.
The calculated surface area of nano bentonite was 161.842 m2/gm, and total pore volume of
0.2196 cm3/gm. The nanoscale bentonite particles diameter in the range of 52 nm at maximum
intensity of AFM. The FITR spectra assigned peaks; at 3392.22 and 1635.69 cm-1 is attributed
to OH stretching (Al-OH and Si-OH) for bentonite, at 1159, 798.20 and 677.46cm-1 are
assigned to characteristic bands of silicates; and peak at 500.08 cm-1 is responsible for Al-O-Si
group deformation. SEM analysis show that nano bentonite structure due to beneficiation and
activation conditions. The results of X-ray diffraction after activation observed that the
intensity of the reflections of the characteristic peak of the gypsum and calcite belonging to the
other minerals change due to destruction of the structure in the bentonite phases

In this research doped and undoped SnO2 was prepared by using cold wall
atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD) system at substrate
temperature (450 0C) and flow rate of O2 gas (1.5) L/M for (15) min using
(SnCl2.5H2O) and different percentage from (NH3F) , (SbCl3) as source for (Sn, F,
Sb). Several films were prepared by using different ratios of antimony (Sn:Sb ) as
fallowing: (1: 0.3, 1: 0.5, 1:0.7, 1:1 Wt. %) and (SnO2:F) in ratios of (1: 0.1, 1: 0.3,
1:0.5, Wt.%). X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra shows changing in structures for (Sb,
F) with shift in peaks. Also roughness average values have been increased with
increase of doping ratio. Optical properties have been studied by using UV-Vis
spectroscopy. Electric properties had been studied. through spectroscopic study of
these films was found to have a high transmittance in the visible region

Multiple myeloma is a cancer that forms in a type of white blood cell called a
plasma cell. Plasma cells help you fight infections by making antibodies that
recognize and attack germs. This study aimed to investigate effect of aqueous extract
and silver nanoparticles from Punica granatum peel on the ability of phagocytic cells
in patients with Multiple myeloma. Chemical components of Punica granatum were
investigated. It was found that they contained most of chemical compounds such as
Glycosides, Flavonoids, Alkaloids, Saponins, Tanins, Resins, Terpenes, and Steroids.
Our results showed the presence of a significant decrease (p˂0.001) in ability of
phagocytic cells in patients, when the results were compared to the control group
which included healthy individuals. While, the results showed increase in the
percentage of phagocytic cells after added Punica granatum peel silver nanoparticles
by increases activity of NADPH enzyme. This increase indicates that the Punica
granatum peel silver nanoparticles contain chemical components which act as
immune modulators by increase of the percentage of phagocytic cells to engulf
bacteria

In this research, we are studying structural and optical properties of film (PVA
doped with CuO and FeCl3).The(CuO)with concentration (7%), and (FeCl3) with
different concentrations of FeCl3 (3, 7, and 9) %,preparing by casting method with
thickness (25±5) μm, the structure characterized by using (XRD).The investigation of
(XRD). indicates that the pure (PVA) and doping films are polycrystalline structure.
The results of the measuring size, micro grain strain, dislocation density and number
of crystals of each sample shaw that the grain size increases with increasing
concentration from(3.676-11.57 )nm . The absorbance and transmittance spectra have
been recorded in the wavelength range (200-1100) nm inorder to studying the optical
properties. The optical band gap of (PVA) decreases with increasing concentration of
FeCl3 from(4.3- 1.6) eV, and extinction coefficient, refraction index, the optical
conductivity are varies with increasing concentration.

The present work the structure properties of nano Lead sulfide PbS thin films were
studied. Thin samples were prepared by pulse laser deposition and deposited on glass
substrate at 1064nm wavelength with 800mj laser energy. The structure properties of
films were determined by X-ray diffraction studied the effect of variation of substrate
temperature on these properties. The films are adherent to the substrate and well
crystallized according to the centered cubic structure with the preferential orientation
(111) and (200). The minimum value of grain size was 16.5 nm when the film
deposited of at 70 oC substrate temperature. The optical investigation showed that,
depending on the substrate temperature have direct allowed transitions in the range
1.55–2.45 eV

In the present work, we prepared copper nanoparticles suspend in aqueous
environments by pulse laser ablation (PLA) of pure copper target in distilled water and
then irradiated by (Nd+3:YAG) laser light (1064 nm). The peak position of Plasmon
resonance absorbance of green colored nanoparticles was noticed at 630 nm . We have
implemented the photodeposition technique to deposit Cu- nanoparticles on optical
fiber end using laser light and a prepared Cu- nanoparticles suspend in aqueous
environments. Using SHG:( Nd+3: YAG) (532 NM) pulse laser light and copper
nanoparticles suspend in aqueous environments. Surface Plasmon resonance curves of
an optical fiber-based sensor were investigated. Effect of laser pulse repetition rate, on
structure, and nanoparticles size was studied by analysis of the ultraviolet-visible
absorption spectra and AFM analysis of copper nanoparticles .The optical sensor was
assembled using a LD light source, a spectrometer and an optical fiber immersed in
copper nanoparticles colloidal as a sensor to measure the refractive index of aqueous
media. The response and the sensitivity of the optical fiber sensor was investigated
.Good agreement was obtained with respect to the resonance peak location and the
shape of the curves. Consequently, these results enabled us to predict the ideal
functioning conditions of the sensor

Oblique angle deposition technique (OAD) can generate nanostructures and has
attracted the interest of many researchers. In this article we use this technique to
investigate the morphological and structure properties of obliquely evaporated Cd films
deposited onto glass substrates at different angles (0ᵒ, 50ᵒ, and 70ᵒ),and then oxidized in
air at (573 K) for 1:30 h to produce (CdO) nanostructure. The influences of deposition
angle on the structural and morphological properties of cadmium oxide thin films were
investigated. X-ray diffraction pattern shows, that all prepared films are cubic structure
with preferred orientation along (111) plane with peak intensity increased with
increasing incident angles .The AFM results demonstrate that the film deposition at
higher oblique angle (70º) has higher surface roughness and the values of (G.s)
decreased as the oblique angle deposition angle increases (112 to 267) nm. Scanning
electron microscopy shows that the films had microstructure with columns that are
progressively inclined as the incident angle was increased

This review article summarizes our research focused on Cu(In, Ga)Se2 (CIGS)
nanocrystals, including their synthesis and implementation as the active light absorbing
material in photovoltaic devices (PVs). CIGS thin films were prepared by arrested
precipitation from molecular precursors consisting of CuCl, InCl3, GaCl3 and Se metal
onto Mo/soda-lime glass (SLG) substrates. We have sought to use CIGS nanocrystals
synthesized with the desired stoichiometry to deposit PV device layers without high
temperature processing. This approach, using spray deposition of the CIGS light
absorber layers, without high temperature selenization, has enabled up to 1.5 % power
conversion efficiency under AM 1.5 solar illumination. The composition and
morphology of CIGS thin films were studied using energy dispersive spectroscopy
(EDS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. X-ray diffraction (XRD)
studies show that the structural formation of CIGS chalcopyrite structure.

The objective of this research is to study GF / EP nano and micro silicon
dioxide (SiO2)composites were prepared with different volume percentage of nano and
micro SiO2 powder (2,4,and 6 wt.% ). Atomic force microscopy techniques was used to
measure the grain size of nano SiO2 powder (average diameter 38nm) and particle
size analyzer techniques was used to measure the grain size of micro SiO2 powder
(average diameter 6.069μm). Erosive wear behavior of this composite under three
different impingement angles 30°, 60° and 90°and three angular silica sand abrasive
particle sizes approximately 425, 600 and 850 μm and hardness (shore D) were study.In
general the erosion wear of micro composites have lower resistance erosion than nano
based Material composites other. Erosion resistance increase as the volume fraction
increase. Nano composites of GF / EP with SiO2 have many advantages over micro
composites from the view point of wear and hardness tests. The worn surface
features of unfilled and filled G-E composites were examined using scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) and results indicates more severe damage to matrix and glass fiber in
unfilled composite system as compared to SiO2 filled composites.