journal of the college of basic education

Alastsahab evidence from the evidence legislation when fundamentalists.
The scholars of the Islamic nation and put us note Jalil equally great interest, namely the science principles of jurisprudence, which contained within it of Sciences of the many, including Alastsahab which is the source of legislation, was the title for this research because of its importance in the statement of many of the legal provisions, and divided research after this introduction to the five sections and a conclusion, sources and references, which are as follows:
The first topic I've dealt with the meaning of Alastsahab language idiomatically and conditions of the staff.
The definition of a rooming: is the judge certified the order in time to the second building that was first fixed in time. Or is this: what was to prove the sustainability of a firm or deny what was in exile.
And the term (Alastsahab) what was used in antiquity developed does not age the Prophet and the age of companions and followers, but not the age of the four imams and that was the case when the imams hardworking but not this term, and the first mention of this term I Kassar-Maliki in his introduction and others, and they call it term (rooming case).
The conditions: the work is strictly Balastsahab, if you cut lapse Alain directory the carrier and modulator, Knfa prayer should be a sixth, the work is Balastsahab Znaa: If you thought the absence of evidence of the carrier. As one of its pillars: uncertainty, and doubt, and loneliness on the certainty and doubt, and the contact time of doubt timeless certainty, and certainty to the above question.
Section II showed that the Alastsahab a social phenomenon which is installed to rule and denying it.
A general social phenomenon, which was born with the communities, and will remain with them as long as the guarantor of the community and keeping its integrity.
The third topic: According to the types of Alastsahab.
Including: the original footage of the rule of permissibility of things which are not forbidden evidence. And rooming hard rule in the disputed unanimous.
Section IV: it addressed the ruling on working Balastsahab (Authentic Alastsahab).
The scholars differed in the ruling on working Balastsahab to four statements: (i) The majority of scholars to work in any case, the second said Mtakhro Tap: The Alastsahab argument for pay and exile, not to prove the maturity, the third: it is not grounds at all neither in exile nor in the proof is view of many of the tap Caldbusa and the son of gallant and some Shafi'i and Abu Hussein visual Isolationists and many of the speakers, the fourth: that the

Educationists have been paying recently great intention to the activities and performances that make the student the core of the teaching-learning process. One of such activities is using the cooperative learning procedure. In this study the cooperative approach was used, for its importance and efficacy in teaching. This approach, in fact, depends on information collection from various sources, with giving the students a role in this information collection in the form of collective project. Then, the teacher and the students set the plan together, in order each one of the group to be charged with a certain task. But, the teacher here had to guide the student to the various sources of information, by asking them to undertake purposeful activities. After achieving information collection, supervised by the teacher, the students were to analyze the obtained information and demonstrating it to in the classroom. A collective assessment was made then by the students themselves, via groups assessing the work of each other.
Aims of the Study:
Impact of co-operative investigation and groups’ competition on the of the intermediate school second year students’ achievements in the History Lesson.
Hypotheses of the Study:
1 - No statistically-significant difference would be found at the level 0.05, in the female students’ marks average in achievement, between those who learn under the cooperative investigation approach and those who learn under the groups’ competition approach.
2 - No statistically-significant difference would be found at the level 0.05, in the female students’ marks average in achievement, between those who learn under both, the cooperative investigation approach and the groups’ competition approach, on the one hand, and those who learn under the traditional (usual) approach, on the other hand.
Limits of the Study:
The research is limited to the female-students/ second year/ intermediate school/ in the intermediate and secondary schools/morning classes/ in Baghdad City/ Alrussafah 2nd , for the academic year 2008- 2009.
Basic Terms Specification Used in the Study:
- Cooperative investigation
- Competition
- Achievements
Chapter Two surveys previous studies about investigation and groups’ competition
Chapter Three demonstrates the research methodology as follows:
First: Experiment Designing – the study adopted an experimental design with two experimental groups, standard group and post-achievement test
Secondly: Research Community- female-students/ second year/ intermediate school/ in the intermediate and secondary schools/morning classes/ in Baghdad City/ Alrussafah 2nd , for the academic year 2008- 2009.
Thirdly: Research Sample– Three sections student were randomly distributed among three research groups, on the ground that each section represents a research group: section A represent the experimental group 1, section C represents the experimental group 2 and section B represents the control (invariable) group. The total number of the student-participants in the experiment was 93.
• The study made equivalency by using the variables (the previous year History Lesson marks of the final examination of the first year students/intermediate, and previous information test marks in the History Lesson).
• Depending on the general objectives and the History material contents to be taught in the course of the experiment , the study designed 13 behavioral objectives , distributed according to Bloom’s classification, among the three levels of the cognition field ( cognition, understanding and application).
• A test was previously designed to measure the achievement of the female-students participating in three groups of the research.
• A number of statistical means were used among them: equation of difficulty and item distinction ; Person’s correlation coefficient and Spearman-Brown equation
Chapter Four demonstrates the findings and their analysis these finding were reached in accordance with the study aims and hypotheses (the study hypotheses were refuted, because the findings have showed that three statistically-significant differences could be found between the three groups’ students).
Fourthly: Conclusions – in the light of the reached findings, it was possible to conclude the following:
• The cooperative investigation and groups’ competition procedures have positive impact on increasing the intermediate second year students’ achievements at the tree levels of Bloom’s classification of the cognition domain (remembering, understanding and application).
Fifthly: Recommendations - in the light of the reached findings, it was possible to recommend the following:
• It is necessary for the History Lesson teachers to use cooperative investigation and groups’ competition procedures in teaching the History materials, in order to increase the students’ achievements
Sixthly: Suggestions – for gaining further findings in the topic of this study the following could be suggested:
• Carrying out a study similar to this study applicable on the other learning stages, and for both, male-students and female-students

The study aimed at identify level of electronic technology for students and extension agents in Iraq and make comparison in fields of the research which include: education& communication with some factors related with them. The research was surveyed by 196 people in two groups during June 2011 and August 2011, the two groups were all students of extension department of Baghdad university and extension agents in Baghdad Governorate, we choose stratified- random sample in a reality of 80%. The data of this study was collected through a questionnaire form prepared by researcher, the statistical results of the analysis showed that general stamp of The level of electronic technology for researchers were medium, and there was negative significant relation with a possibility of 0.05 between level of electronic technology and gender, and there was negative significant relation with a possibility of 0.01 between electronic technology and the age, professional.
The research has recommended the necessity for the general board of extension and agricultural cooperation to participate extension agents in the training courses related to electronic learning with giving priority to both fields of (education& communication) with intensification electronic learning curriculums for students of extension department of Baghdad university

The sign of monodrama passes through some difficulties because of the special of this theafre which the actor performs many characters and needs different of signs and meanings. The search rises a question:
Does the actor in monodrama show build new informations which be able to open new ways and veriaty of meaning and message. The value of this research indicates the sign is rich in monodrama show and carries the responsibility of the show. The tarket of the search consertrates in discoving sign message and their working.
The second indication two parts:
First :sign message is in the text and show of monodrama.
Second: sign working is in monodrama’s show.
The researcher choses the samble in perpose in aplay (I search darkness) writing and directing by Awati of Naeem. The search appears some resalts…like.
The actor Aziz Khioon didn’t creat abalance between his dialoge itself sammeried that dialogu to different signs which pushes the repeatiny and the fed up away and the main results that the production of signs needs an actor who knows different signs.

In this search study hourly and monthly repetitions of suspended dust that has code number (06) in weather code to selected stations in Iraq (Mosul, Baghdad,Basrah) for period ranged ( 1995 to 2005 ) by using data from Iraqi General form fro meteorology and seismologic observation .
The results appears that Summer months ( June , July , August ) , and Spring months ( March , April , May ) recorded maximum value of occurrence number for suspended dust , while the minimum of occurrence number recorded in Winter months ( December , January , February ) and Autumn months ( September , October , November ) in all three study stations .
The results also appears that daily weather observations ( , , , ) according to Greenwich Mean Time ( ) recorded maximum average for suspended dust , while nightly weather observations ( , , , ) recorded minimum average for suspended dust in all three study stations .

The theatre is point the began of important in the civelicishin has sought to changes of the balding and decorating of the theatre and change the style of the actors and the director .
The shows theatre is he artistic Picher he is include line and color and space and rhythm …..
The search is includes forth chapter
First chapter ;
The includes the problem of there search the need of it its importance purr poses and its limits with specified
second chapter ;
its includes tow researches and what theoretical from has produced while the previous studies has no previous studies of the subject and researcher.
The third chapter;
It has included the procedures of the research that it includes society of there search sample of the research tools of the research and the method of the research .
The sample is (almotanbe) play
forth chapter;
was contend on findings from research .
list of research sources and references in English Language.

The present study was conducted on apical buds of Shwaithy date palm cultivar to investigate effect of different “ MS” nutrient media , supplemented with α-naphthalene acetic acid “NAA” and isopentenyl adenine ” 2iP” on the stimulation of primary callus to produce organogenesis using tissue culture techniques . The anatomical study of the responded explants revealed the presence of special mechanism for the differentiation of the formed adventitious buds from the primary callus. The continuation of recapturing the primary callus on “MS” media, supplemented with 1 mg / l NAA and 3 mg / l 2iP, resulted in the development of meristemoids to meristems, distinguished by a large central nuclei (length : 100 µm and width : 25 µm). Further development of the cultured meristematic tissues led to either the formation of independent nodules with different size, shape and pattern of growth, or to become vascular bundles, or to be developed to produce adventitious buds. Transferring adventitious buds from stimulating MS media to multiplying MS media which was supplemented with 1 mg / l NAA and 4 mg / l 2iP induced further cell division in one direction, followed by more cell division in two directions , and this manipulation gained more cell division and multiplication in many directions and then to be initiated as adventitious buds. Development of adventitious buds was coincided with the formation of primordial roots and shoots and many vascular bundles which can be developed to become plantlets.

We address here the issue of finding local substitutes in industrial and wide applications, especially "in the subject protection materials and coating. Use epoxy reinforced by Iraqi petroleum cock substituted" for powdered carbon used in the world "in the different rates to strengthen (15wt%, 10wt% and5wt %). Many tests of tensile under the different stress of different addition to the Creep test that's means tension under stress constant with the change of time and these two both tests of tests should be very important to determine the specifications of engaging applications for coatings for containers of liquids specialty chemicals. completed these tests immersion in solutions of different (Acidic, Alkaline and water) to determine the resistance of samples perpetrated generally more diffuse and the penetration of molecules of these fluids to surfaces of these samples with samples classified as epoxy adhesives and symbolized p1 and epoxy samples supported a 5% coal oil p2, epoxy fortified samples of 10% coal oil p3 and finally, "epoxy fortified by 15% coal oil p4. Has shown different behavior of samples and the sample was p2 the best results in terms of resistivity in addition to the mechanical and low rates of diffusion through the surface

Objective of this research is to know the effect of exploratory way of playing in the collection of primary school students in mathematics.
To achieve the goal and put the following hypothesis: -
- No statistically significant difference at the level of significance (0.05) between the mean scores of fifth graders in the achievement test of the experimental group (who will study in the exploratory way of playing) and the control group (who will study in the usual way).
The selected sample of students fifth grade primary school Abdul Karim Kassem primary for boys in the second semester of the academic year (2011 - 2012) m. Consisted of (64) student and appointed random selected Division (b) to represent the experimental group by (32) students and Division (c) to represent the control group rate (32) pupils. rewarded the two groups in the (chronological age, and previous achievement in mathematics, the previous information in mathematics).
Prepared (23) plan teaching for each of the experimental and control groups, was prepared achievement test consisting of (30) paragraph dish after the trial ends. Was processing the data using statistical methods appropriate them (T-test for independent samples, and equation Keodr - Richardson 20).
The results showed the following: -
- No statistically significant difference at the level of significance (0.05) between the mean scores of fifth graders in the achievement test for the two experimental (who have studied in the exploratory way of playing) and control group (who have studied in the usual way) in favor of the experimental group.
In light of the results was the formulation of a number of conclusions, including: -
- Helped exploratory way of playing heavily on attracting the attention of students and the lack of absenteeism studied mathematics.
In light of the results was the formulation of a number of recommendations, including: -
- The adoption of exploratory way to play in the teaching of mathematics for suitability stage the fifth grade and have an impact in raising the level of achievement.
It also provided a number of proposals, including: -
- Identify the impact of exploratory way of playing in mathematics on other phases of study.

This study showed that the 2sec. stage of cowpea pest was more susceptible to the lower concentration 102 through 5 days . while the 4th stage larva was more susceptible to the 104 concentration and the concentration 106 was more effective on the adult through 3 days. In this study we notes that the mortality increased when the time of exposure increase , and the lower concentration was more effect to control the larva stage as soon as the adult stage was mor sensitive to the high concentration .

Image segmentation plays an important role in computer vision. It is a process that partitions a digital image into several meaningful regions, by identifying regions of an image that have common properties while separating regions that are dissimilar . The image segmentation problem is posed as an optimization procedure .In this thesis, an optimization approach based on K-mean clustering algorithm is introduced for finding optimal image segmentation, as well as to study of the statistical properties for the all classes that have been segmented ,and the range of their influence of the segmentation operation in this design and the best choice for the characterized function to get the best solution in the most short time , as well as study of the efficiency of the algorithm and how to accelerated its work to get the best solution

In this research we prepared ZnO thin films by Spray pyrolysis method with thickness (300nm) on a glass substrates and study its optical and electric properties.
The results of (X-Ray ) diffraction showed that the films have a polycrystalline structure، The Absorption and The transmission as a function of photon energy for ZnO films had been studied، The investigated of energy gap of the direct allowed transitions of ZnO film showed a value of (3.14 eV). The optical Absorption coefficients have been study as a function of Photon Energy.
Seebeck measurements revealed that ZnO thin films are n-type.

A genus of Salmonella was isolation and identification from 40 stool samples of patients at different hospitals in Baghdad, during the period between June 2001 and July 2002. The following serotypes were isolated: - S.typhimurium (69%), S.enteritidis (10%), S.typhi (8%) and (13%) of other Salmonella species. All isolates were screened for their resistance to amoxicillin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, co-trimexazole, cephalexin, cefotaxaime and ciprofloxacin, using disc diffusion method. Salmonellae typhimurium isolates (80%) were multidrug resistance (MDR) for six antimicrobial agents. Screening of plasmid content revealed that the presence of single mega plasmid was found in 72.7% of multidrug resistance Salmonella isolates and presence of small plasmid in all tested isolates was detected. High frequency molecular weight was observed in the range between 2.1-2.93kb (1.33-1.86Md), in Salmonella isolates.

In this study, and over three years from 2008-2010 evaluation of the radioactivity of the areas around the former Tuwaitha nuclear site (which is 20 kilometers southeast of Baghdad) in addition to the villages of Ishtar and AL-Ta'mim which are located inside the Tuwaitha site, to protect the environment and residents from the potential hazard of ionization radiation.
Measurements of Gamma rays were carried out in the outdoor at high one meter from the surface of the ground using a portable radiation detectors with high sensitivity, the radiological surveys showed the outdoor dose rates range from ( 0.08 - 0.11 ) μSv/hr,with an average of 0.9 μSv/hr for the regions Ishtar , AL-Ta'mim villages and inside Tuwaitha site by using Ludlum. While the dose rates outdoor range from (0.12-0.16) μSv/hr , with an average of 0.13 μSv/hr for the regions surrounding Tuwaitha site by using FAG. These values are comparable with other regions in the Baghdad city, which indicates there is no significant increase in reading rates of activity.
The radiological analyses of the collected soil samples were done in the laboratory of the center of Radiological Researches / Ministry of sciences & Technology according to the international specifications and by using gamma spectrometry (which consist of High- purity Germanium Detector) with a efficiency of 40% and resolution 2 keV for at 1.33Mev gamma ray photo peak of Co-60 source,. The Laboratory results of 5 soil samples indicated there were no significant levels of radioactivity for the natural radionuclides in the series of 238Uand 232Th,as background levels, in addition to the presence of low concentrations of an isotope 137Cs. The values are comparable to those for other regions in Baghdad city ,and thus can considered normal concentrations.

In this work, an approximate indirect method to solve some variational problems is proposed in terms of shifted Legendre polynomials. The operational matrix of differentiation for shifted Legendre polynomials is first derived. Using the operational matrix of differentiation, the variational problems are reduced to the solution of system of algebric equations with unknown shifted Legendre coefficients. Numerical example illustrates the efficiency, simplicity and accuracy of the proposed method.

Countables have two numbers in English : singular and plural ; and three numbers in Arabic: singular , dual and plural.
The singular is the form to which suffixes are added to form the dual and the plural .These suffixes denote duality and plurality in reference .However , there are nouns which do not follow this rule . These are singular nouns that have plural reference such as team, family, army in English and قوم ,رهط ,جيش in Arabic . Such nouns are called collective nouns in English and أسماء الجموع in Arabic .
The collective noun refers to a collection of living beings or lifeless things. The research in hand deals only with collective nouns of human multitude or simply human collective nouns as they are called throughout the research .
Human beings all over the world need to be gathered in groups in different aspects of life , in different circumstances , and for different purposes . This leads to certain similarities when referring to these gatherings, however , there are factors such as culture , religion , and geography that may result in diversities . The study in hand aims at finding the similarities and differences between English and Arabic in expressing the idea of collectivity, classifying and deriving nouns to name human groups .
The glorious Qur'anic verses have been a great aid for the study in illustrating and clarifying certain characteristics of human collectives especially when Arabic grammar books do not discuss or illustrate certain features of these nouns owing to the fact that Arabic do not talk about اسماء الجموع as a distinct subject but rather under the plural .

Our time is the current scientific and technical progress and the tremendous contributing to the many changes in the various fields of life, social, cultural, economic, educational, and others. Our society has entered the era of techno–logy is one of the widest doors to consumers diverse products, to develop the state itself and its members keep up with the other developed countries and civilized.

Two techniques for solving nth order boundary value problem using continuous Legendre wavelets on the interval [0, 1] are presented. The first algorithm solves the boundary value problem BVP directly use the operational matrix of derivative of Legendre wavelets while the second algorithm converts the BVP into a system of Volterra integral equations then using the operational matrix of integration for Legendre wavelets, the system of integral equations is reduced to solve a set of linear algebraic equations, some examples are presented to illustrate the ability of the algorithms.
Keyword:- Legendre wavelets, boundary value problem.

The aim of this work is to introduce new definition of fuzzy pre-Hilbert space (fuzzy inner product space) and discussed the relation between fuzzy pre-Hilbert space and ordinary pre-Hilbert space.
Much attention is paid to the concepts of convergence of sequence (for example Cauchy sequence of fuzzy point) and the concept of boundness of these sequences.

Security of data communication becomes a crucial challenge due to the rapid development of computer and information technologies. To ensure security of resource transmission, computer engineers have proposed numerous schemes for protection among them, the remote user authentication schemes using smart cards are regarded as very efficient.
Remote user authentication has been adopted as one of the most commonly used solutions in network environments to protect resources from unauthorized access. As a result, smart-card based authentication schemes has become a popular research topic in recent years. So we propose a system about remote user-authentication that aims to achieve more functionality these schemes is secure and works like a close channel because ID user and password is required to authenticate the user, so we fulfill the basic need of authentication schemes. Furthermore, the proposed scheme provides the following properties: establish a session key, mutual verification, easy-of-use, without verification table and based on public key encryption.

Efficient and inexpensive ways for the preparation of conductive PVAFilms were developed via a simple solution dispersion method. Multiwall carbon nanotube was used as filler in this research to achieve conductivity in PVA films. Well dispersion was achieved with the PVA solution. The conductivity increased from 10-13(Ω-cm)-1 to 9x10-12 (Ω-cm)-1 with filling ratio 3wt% and 6wt%. High conductivity was achieved at 12%; it reached 8.7x 10-4(Ω-cm)-1. The activation energy was decreased with ratios 3% and 6% and it became negative at 12wt% which indicates a metallic behavior of the films.

A descriptive study, was carried out from March 15th 2004 to April 20th 2006 in all departments to assess waste management in teaching and non-teaching hospitals in Baghdad. Non probability sampling is performed. A purposive sample of (32) managers who were responsible of waste management in hospitals, including (13) teaching hospitals consisting: (5) general hospitals (8) specialized hospitals consisting of all teaching hospitals in city center (urban) and (19) non-teaching hospitals consist of (6) general hospitals (3) of it in district (Rural), (13) specialized hospitals all of in city center.

L’orthographe se définit pour nous comme un système de transcription par rapport à l’oral. Ce système transcrit les sons ;il permet en même temps au lecteur d’identifier les idées que les mots transmettent.
L’orthographe constitue pour l’enseignement F.L.E. le complément obligé du langage oral. L’apprenant a plus que jamais besoin de cet outil de communication écrite qui assure des fonctions de socialisation. Enfin, l’orthographe présentant un aspect de la culture française exerce des fonctions d’enculturation.
Notre but ici n’est pas de proposer une théorie d’ensemble sur la pédagogie de l’orthographe ; il s’agit d’un domaine particulièrement étendu, où les données pédagogiques doivent converger avec les propositions de linguistique appliquée. Nous nous contenterons ici de proposer un jalon en partant d’un domaine limité : notre point de départ se base sur notre expérience avec les élèves irakiens, dont le français n’est pas la langue maternelle, mais la langue à apprendre. Nous nous situons donc ici dans une perspective de « rattrapage » qui convient à des élèves apprenant le français

In this paper, the formula of second order parabolic problems with finite difference method (mesh method) has been presented and we used the spectral method to investigate the stability for parabolic problems.

The proposed system is a new approach to compress audio files, by converting an audio file in to a text file and then compressing the new text file by using the common compression techniques. Two proposed coding methods (4-bit) and (6-bit) are used to convert a digitized Audio file into a text file by using the (4-bit) coding method, it is show that the results are not satisfactory, which make the researcher suggest the other coding method of (6-bit) instead. The proposed system has suggested and carried out the algorithm for audio compression by using CFG after convert the audio file into text file then the production rules have been got and using them for compression instead of the text, which perform a good compression rate 15% and some times it gets to 35% at the expense of time.

In the present work, we have determined the bulk-etch rates of lexan polycarbonate (C16H14O3)n nuclear track detector at different temperatures to deduce its activation energy, the effects of gamma irradiation on this detector in the dose range of 23 – 71.3 kGy have been studied by using the etching technique. The bulks etch rates increase and the activation energies for bulk etching decrease with the increase in gamma dose. These results have been explained on the basis of chain scission of the detector due to gamma irradiation.
Keywords: Lexan polycarbonate, Gamma radiation, etching technique, Bulk-etch rate, activation energies for bulk etching

In this study the interaction between Iraqi Bentonite clay and Melamine was estimated by using FT-IR and XRD methods these methods indicate the Melamine molecule form interlayer complex with Bentonite unit crystal sheets through Hydrogen bonding and electrostatic forces this interaction increase the space dimension among clay sheets, the obtained complex was used to prepare the second complex by reaction with formaldehyde. The XRD pattern and FT-IR spectra show that the formation of the polymer was happen inside the space among clay sheets and the formatted polymer cause an irreversible change in the crystal structure of Bentonite that form the complex with polymer.

In this paper, we will prove some fixed point theorems for single valued self contractive mapping satisfying special conditions in complete cone metric space by using a vector valued altering function (Ms-function) with the assumption that the Cone is not normal. Our results generalize some recent results.