Journal of Basra researches for Human Sciences

People use language to express their ideologies and cultures in social interactions. Because listeners and readers add their viewpoints to language, words can have meanings beyond what speakers and writers intend. One of the tasks of authors must be to persuade their readers of the truth of their fundamental arguments. Presupposition is essential in distributing given and new information in conversations. Implicit meaning is derived from the sender's assumptions, the premises indicated in the speech, and the recipient's prior knowledge and experience in the world. As a result, the current study attempts to identify the key presupposition triggers employed in diverse scientific writings. It is hypothesized that English scientific texts contain numerous presupposition triggers. According to a methodology devised by the researcher and based on Yule 1996, the present study explores the presupposition triggers employed in scientific texts extracted from British and Iraqi English journal articles. This study aims to examine presupposition triggers of 12 randomly chosen English scientific texts. In order to demonstrate a comparison, these excerpts from two academic journals of linguistics represent a variety of cultural and regional distinctions among researchers. It reveals that the articles in the British journal acquired the most occurrences, 657 (51.89%), while the articles in the Iraqi journal receive 609 (48.10%). The findings also indicate that 'existential' and 'factive' presupposition triggers are employed most frequently, while 'lexical' and 'counterfactual' presupposition triggers are employed the least. When the two situations are compared, it is clear that, although there are differences, there are also numerous similarities. The few differences attributed to authors' attitudes towards certain information and linguistic constructions are insignificant.

Shakespeare holds the distinction of being among the English language authors most extensively translated into Arabic. His works have consistently captivated the interest of translators and scholars specializing in literary translation. The current research project focuses on examining the translation strategies employed in the Arabic rendition of "Macbeth," specifically those employed by Salah Niazi and Husain Ahmad Amein, emphasizing their alignment with Newmark's (1988) model. Translating Shakespeare into Arabic presents many challenges, including effectively conveying the intended meaning to Arabic-speaking readers. Given the significance of cultural elements in literary translation, the current study addresses a fundamental question: What strategies are most commonly employed when translating particular expressions and elements within the play? The findings indicate that both translators primarily strive to ensure that the target text effectively conveys its intended meaning.

Crucial contributions have been made to major areas of literature generally and novel specifically by the Russian scholar and thinker Mikhail Bakhtin. Polyphony and dialogism are among many fundamental concepts that Bakhtin has examined and analyzed through his study of and writings on Dostoevsky’s works of art. Bakhtin in his book, Problems of Dostoevsky’s Poetics, considers Dostoevsky as the founder and the creator of the polyphonic novel, a novelistic genre that differs fundamentally from the monologic novel. In the current study the focus will be on the most salient features of the polyphonic novel, i.e., the concepts of polyphony and dialogism will be traced and analyzed in Gods Without Men, a contemporary novel by Hari Kunzru. These two concepts are interrelated and their coexistence in any text can categorize the text as polyphonic.

It is evident that drastic changes occurred in societies after the Second World War. Modern society, as always before the twentieth century, has struggled against evil forces that spread very fast, yet they take on different forms. One of the forms, or let's say, shapes is the misuse of inventions and technology that kills innocent people or enslaves them one way or another. Unfortunately, dictators worldwide control such kinds of inventions and use it for their benefit; hence they play with the people's lives as they wish. In this case, Golding's Lord of the Flies becomes a moral lesson that must be continuously and consciously studied and used a cure to treat evil power in society. This paper, in the main, aims to illustrate the impact of evil on generation and how the misuse of inventions leads to inevitable death. People must be educated to protect slavery and submit themselves against tyranny.

This research paper delves into the intriguing realm of informality elements within the academic writing of L1 and L2 M.A. theses. In academic landscape, where native English language writers and non-native English language writers contribute significantly to the multicultural academic community, understanding the nuances of informality in their written discourse is imperative. This study aims to scrutinize the presence and patterns of informal language features, such as anaphoric pronouns, contractions, and personal pronouns, in the academic writing of advanced academic writers. To achieve this goal, ten L1 M.A theses and ten L2 M.A. theses are selected randomly from various universities, produced by advanced academic writers. The last chapter of these texts are meticulously analyzed using both quantitative and qualitative methods. This study follows Chang and Swales’ (1999) model of classifications of the informal features. The findings reveal a complex interplay of informality elements in both L1 and L2 texts, shedding light on the factors influencing their choices, including the learners' cultural backgrounds, English language proficiency levels, and prior exposure to formal academic convention. It also discusses the pedagogical implications of these findings, offering insights into how educators can effectively guide learners in striking the delicate balance between formal and informal language in academic writing.