Journal of University of Babylon

Fragmentation is a computing problem that occurs when files of a computer system are replaced frequently. In this paper, the fragments of each file are collected and grouped, thanks to ant-colony optimization ACO, in one place as a mission for a group of ants. The study shows the ability of ants to work in a distributed environment such as cloud computing systems to solve such problem. The model is simulated using NetLogo.

In recent decades, and to this day computer technology has been used in applications and various fields including the medical field, which prompted many researchers to employ this technique in the design of decision support systems using many of the algorithms and methods for this purpose. In this paper, k-means and back propagation are proposed to classify medical datasets and then compare the performance of these methods, practical experiments show back propagation has best results than k-means.

The most important features of our time is to compete and development in all fields of life, among the most important these fields is building and construction, although the important role that represents construction projects in real life, but it is exposed to a number of problems and most of these problems are the delay in the completion of the non-receipt of the project on schedule,The reasons for this delay were not to using the scientific planning and review the projects like the method of networking analysis. By this paper, we tried to show new technique to estimate the time of achievement of activities of the project depending on the properties of prime numbers for fuzzy network.

Keeping the fineness of data is the most significant thing in communication.There are many factors that affect the accuracy of the data when it is transmitted over the communication channel such as noise etc. to overcome these effects are encoding channels encryption.In this paper is used for one type of channel coding is convolutional codes. Convolution encoding is a Forward Error Correction (FEC) method used in incessant one-way and real time communication links .It can offer a great development in the error bit rates so that small, low energy, and devices cheap transmission when used in applications such as satellites. In this paper highlight the design, simulation and implementation of convolution encoder and Viterbi decoder by using MATLAB- program (2011). SIMULINK HDL coder is used to convert MATLAB-SIMULINK models to VHDL using plates Altera Cyclone II code DE2-70. Simulation and evaluation of the implementation of the results coincided with the results of the design show the coinciding with the designed results.

In this paper, we study and introduce the notion of -identification function which is a function from a topological space to another topological space and be two operators associative with respectively, then is called -identification function if and only if is onto and is -open set in if and only if is -open set in .

The important science tools in a different kinds and specialties , that considered the basic mainstay of ( the set theory ) and because of huge development in all life fields. This causes great problems , that need solution and parallel tools for those developments , so the scientis become responsible to work on the development of number theory and open new horizons , that a new science had appeared which is
( soft figures theory ) which is considered the important tool to solve most difficult problems or overcome them ,in these sciences and their specific life specialization, economy, medicine , geometry and others. Also the theory of soft numbers had entered in general topology in power full and active way. The last years a new science has appeared is (soft topological space).
The main idea of this research is to define the separation axioms in (soft topological space) and practically in certain point , and to study the most important properties and results of it .

In this paper we introduce and study another types of functions in a topological spaces namely , -compact and -coercive by using the concept of -open sets . Also we investigate some properties of these concepts and the relation between them.

We give a new map named (Rabinovich-Fabrvikant equations) and find five fixed points we study only one fixed point x0(0,0,0), and all general properties of them We prove that the contracting and expanding area of this point , thought the study of the chaotic of the point by use the Wiggins defined and we proof that the lyapunov exponent of the point (0,0,0) is positive .We use matlab program to show sensitive dependence on the initial conditions and transitivity of (R-F).

In this paper we introduce a Jackson type theorem for functions in LP spaces on sphere And study on best approximation of functions in spaces defined on unit sphere.
our central problem is to describe the approximation behavior of functions in spaces for by modulus of smoothness of functions.

In this paper the concept of nano topology is studied in a different way . The notation of nano -open is established. Also the concept -covering dimension is defined. The aim of this paper is to introduce and define a new type of covering dimension by using nano -open sets namely, a nano -covering dimension in a nano topological space and find some relations to other concepts. Some properties and characterization of this covering dimension are obtained.

This study aimed to investigate the possible presence of BRAF V600E mutation in the Iraqi female patients who diagnosed with breast cancer in different ages, in which Blood and tissue samples were collected from 46 female patients with age (46.73±3.54);Those were divided into two groups; who took chemotherapy (31 persons) as treated group and without chemotherapy as an untreated group (15 persons) and from (23) healthy person with age(47.93±3.05). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were done with newly designed primers. The results revealed no correlation between breast cancer occurrence and BRAF V600E mutation in the Iraqi patients enrolled in the current study.

The present study aims studying the influences of treatment with methanol watery leaf extracts of Calotropis procera on Fasting blood glucose and Insulin level in alloxan induced diabetic male rats. phytochemical analysis of leaves extract reveals presence of Glycosides, Tannines, phenols compound, Flavonoids, Coumarins, Resins and terpenes. Also methanol watery leaf extracts of Calotropis procera dose 250 and 500mg/kg body weight showed significant lowering in the blood glucose from 348.16 ± 36.67 to 169.33 ±21.80 after 45 day of treatment. While showed non-significant enhancement in fasting serum Insulin level.

The study was conducted on 30 patients and 20 healthy people to determine the influences of infected with Treponema pallidum on levels of IgM , IgA, IgG ,Complement4 ,complement 3 and some Blood parameters in infected with T. Pallidum also relation disease with blood factions in compared with healthy group who have visited Al-Sadder Medical City and Al-Hakeem Hospital in Al- Najaf governorate during the period from August 2014 till February 2015 in Al-Sadder Medical City Laboratories .The results showed significant increase (P<0.001) in IgM , IgG ,Complement4 in T. pallidum infected patients in compared to control group. Furthermore the results showed C3 was significant decreased (P< 0.05) in Treponema Pallidum infected patients in compared to control group also the results showed significant increase in WBCs, RBCs ,MPV and HCT level and significant decrease in MCV in patients compared with control group . The study also showed that the people of blood type A are more prone to infection, followed by blood type B and O, while there are no injuries to the blood type AB.

Copolymer { p-hydroxybenzoic acid urea formaldehyde}(PUF) was prepared from the reaction of {p- hydroxybenzoic acid}(P) + {urea}(U) + {formaldehyde}(F) using HCl as a catalyst.
Formation of Pb(II),Zn(II) and Cd(II) polymers were obtained from the reaction of the copolymer (PUF) with some ions. The polymeric structures were elucidated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Atomic Absorption spectroscopy (AA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and derivative of the thermogravimetric analysis (DTG) has been carried out to ascertain relative thermal stability of copolymer and its polymeric complexes and the pat of H2O in the structure. Form the obtained data an octahedral geometry around Pb(II),Zn(II) and Cd(II) )ions have been suggested.

The spectra, B(E2), B(E2) branching ratios and Potential energy surface are studied in the Interacting Boson Model (IBM-1). It is found that146,148Nd are in the transition region U(5)-O(6). The values of B(E2) are increased and quadrupole moment are decreased when the neutron number increased, the branching ratios showed the isotopes in transition region U(5)-O(6). The potential energy surface (P.E.S) shows that 146,148Nd deformed and conductance of U(5)-O(6) and have vibrational mfeature.

The spectra, B(E2), B(E2) branching ratios and Potential energy surface are studied in the Interacting Boson Model (IBM-1). It is found that146,148Nd are in the transition region U(5)-O(6). The values of B(E2) are increased and quadrupole moment are decreased when the neutron number increased, the branching ratios showed the isotopes in transition region U(5)-O(6). The potential energy surface (P.E.S) shows that 146,148Nd deformed and conductance of U(5)-O(6) and have vibrational mfeature.

The spectra, B(E2), B(E2) branching ratios and Potential energy surface are studied in the Interacting Boson Model (IBM-1). It is found that146,148Nd are in the transition region U(5)-O(6). The values of B(E2) are increased and quadrupole moment are decreased when the neutron number increased, the branching ratios showed the isotopes in transition region U(5)-O(6). The potential energy surface (P.E.S) shows that 146,148Nd deformed and conductance of U(5)-O(6) and have vibrational mfeature.

This papers ,study properties of the laser beam in the different condition, By using optical system consist of the (He- Ne) laser ((λ =632.8nm , p=1.04mw)), the parameter beam laser(spot, shape, intensity) were study and also study the attenuation and turbulence for the laser mentioned above and with following environmental condition.(1) in the air (2) in the pure ,slate (seawater)water with concentration 10-5Ml (still, turbulence) at different distance. Measurement were obtained by using a CCD camera and silicon detector type(Silicon PIN) in fast response (.0.4-0.7)A/W, absorption coefficient value of all cases was calculated.

Sol-gel auto combustion technique was used to prepare nanoparticles of magnesium-cobalt ferrites with the chemical formula Mg1-xCoxFe2O4 for (x=0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1), where x added as weight percentages, and sintering at temperature (1100 oC). The X-ray patterns of prepared powder has confirmed the structure of cubic spinel structure (fcc). The prepared samples were composed of nearly spherical nano particles .An average particle size of magnesium-cobalt ferrite were calculated using Debye Scherer’s relation is equal 53.12 nm. The surface structure of the samples was investigated by Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM). The electromagnetic properties for prepared samples were investigated using Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) in X-band microwave region.

Sol-gel auto combustion technique was used to prepare nanoparticles of magnesium-cobalt ferrites with the chemical formula Mg1-xCoxFe2O4 for (x=0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1), where x added as weight percentages, and sintering at temperature (1100 oC). The X-ray patterns of prepared powder has confirmed the structure of cubic spinel structure (fcc). The prepared samples were composed of nearly spherical nano particles .An average particle size of magnesium-cobalt ferrite were calculated using Debye Scherer’s relation is equal 53.12 nm. The surface structure of the samples was investigated by Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM). The electromagnetic properties for prepared samples were investigated using Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) in X-band microwave region.

Background: the measurements of chest expansion are performed to appreciate a patient’s treatment efficacy, standard status, and evolution of disease in relation to respiratory muscle function and chest wall mobility .
Methods: In this study random collection of 1020 persons (530 male and 490 female) aged between 20 to 70 years old from Baghdad and Al-Najaf city, Participants have no history of orthopedic, neurological, rheumatologic or respiratory diseases , the smokers were excluded from this study.
The chest expansion measured in 2 sites, the first site is the upper thoracic excursion, at the level of the fifth thoracic spinous process and the third intercostal space at the mid clavicular line.
The second site is the lower thoracic excursion, the tape measure was placed at the level of the 10th thoracic spinous process and the tip of the xiphoid process by using tape measure.
Results: The men group shows a significant larger chest expansion than women group in upper thorax (5±0.6cm, 4.2±0.7cm) for men and women respectively and at the chest expansion in the lower thorax (4.5±0.6cm, 3.7±0.6cm) for men and women respectively (p< 0.05). Chest expansion of men and women groups at the upper and lower thorax is highest at ages 20-29 year and declines thereafter with older ages. In women group, chest expansion was considerably correlated with BMI, which is decreased in the obese female.
Conclusion: Chest expansion in the upper and lower thorax rise with age upsurges until the fortieth years of life, Men group have chest expansion larger than women group.

Background:Sleep plays a very important role in a human health. Poor sleep quality remains as a frequent feature of student life. Quantity and quality of sleep in addition to average sleep time are strongly linked with students’ learning abilities and academic performance.
Subjects and method:The study was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted to assess sleep quality among medical college students – University of Babylon using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). This study was done during April 2016.
Results:Mean age of students was (20.63 ± 0.65). Majority was female. According to PSQI(60.4%) of students were poor sleeper. Significant association between quality of sleep and academic performance was found in our study, (72.9%) of those fail in one or more subjects have poor sleep quality.
Conclusion: Poor sleep quality was regarded as an important problem among medical college students. Majority of students (60.4%) was poor sleepers. Our study shows significant relation between sleep quality and academic performance among students of Babylon University –College of Medicine.

Background:Platelet parameters are significant, especially in diagnosis of causes of thrombocytopenia. The platelet parameters are widely available as part of full blood count with no extra cost. Thrombocytopenia is of varying etiology, it is broadly divided into three major categories (1) as increased destruction (ITP), (2) decreased production and (3) splenic sequestration/abnormal pooling.
Aims of the study: To investigate the indices of the platelets which include
( MPV,PDW,PCT) and to signify its role in the diagnosing the etiology of thrombocytopenia,, if there is any correlation between platelet count and platelets indices and to determine cut off point of MPV for the diagnosis of ITP.
Materials and Methods: 104 cases of Thrombocytopenia (TCP) and 50
control cases having normal platelet count were selected. TCP was defined as platelet count <150 x 109/L. Analysis was done by Diagon cell counter and every case was reassessed by Peripheral Smear (P.S.) examination and if necessary also by manual method. Only those cases that had sufficient clinico-hematological work -up and the causes of low platelet count had been reliably established were included in the study.
Results: The study was conducted on 104cases they were broadly categorized into three groups Group A with reduced production, Group B with increased destruction and Group C with abnormal pooling(splenomegaly). In group A, mean platelets count 64.98 x 109/l ± 36.5, mean MPV 9.3 Fl ± 1.1 , mean PDW 16.33 Fl±0.73, mean PCT 0.094% ± 0.157, M:F ratio1:1, there were a significant statistical difference in platelets count with control group (P value 0.000) and with group B (p value 0.0420), mean MPV shows significant difference with all control, B and C groups (P value 0.000, 0.000, 0.01 respectively), PDW also shows significant difference with control and C groups ( p value 0.000, 0.001 respectively), PCT shows significant statistical difference with control and B groups ( p value 0.000, 0.04) respectively.
There was a negative correlation platelets count and PDW.
In group B, mean platelets count 44.51 x 109/l ± 33.9, mean MPV 10.3 Fl ± 1.5, mean PDW 16.22 Fl ±0.86, mean PCT 0.049% ± 0.042, M:F ratio 1:4.5, there were a significant statistical difference in platelets count with control group (P value 0.000), with group A (p value 0.0420) and with group C (p value 0.006), MPV shows significant statistical difference with all groups (P value 0.000 for all), PDW shows significant difference with control and C groups (p value 0.000, 0.008 respectively) , PCT with control and group A (p value 0.000, 0.04) respectively. There was a negative correlation platelet count and MPV and PCT.
A cut off point for the diagnosis of ITP is 9.9 with 100% sensitivity and 100 % specificity.
Regarding group C, mean platelets count 80.0 x 109/l ± 27.1, mean MPV 8.5 Fl ± 0.84 , mean PDW 15.67 Fl ± 0.84, mean PCT 0.1007% ± 0.139, M:F ratio 1:1.1, there were a significant statistical difference in platelets count with control group (P value 0.000) and group B (p value 0.006), mean MPV shows significant difference with group A and B groups (P value 0.01, 0.000 respectively), PDW shows significant difference with group A and B groups (p value 0.001, 0.008 respectively), while PCT shows significant statistical difference with control and B groups only (p value 0.000,0.08) respectively. There was no correlation between platelet count and its parameters.
Conclusion: Platelet indices are useful method to distinguish immune thrombocytopenia from hypoproductive thrombocytopenia and can provide significant data about the underlying causes of thrombocytopenia. MPV can discriminate ITP from hypoproductive thrombocytopenia and cut off point is 9.9 FL and they may postpone ITP patients from doing bone marrow aspiration and to ovoid platelet transfusion, there is negative correlation between MPV and platelets count in ITP patients.

Background:Malnutrition in children under five years of age is high priority public health problems especially in middle and low income countries including Iraq, it is +associated with high morbidity and mortality among infants and young children
Objectives:To identify the prevalence and the correlates of under nutrition (underweight, stunting and wasting) among children under 5 years of age living in Babylon province, Iraq.
Methodology:A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted, to collect primary information from mothers of1000 children attending ten randomly selected primary health care centers (five rural and five urban centers) in Babylon province during the period from January through June 2016 ,a scientific questionnaire, anthropometric measurements (weight for age, length/height for age and weight for height), were used to assess the nutritional status of the child .
Results: The study revealed that the prevalence of underweight , stunting and wasting were 7.6%, , 20.6%, and 6.6% respectively . Significant statistical associations were found between all types of under nutrition and the following independent variables p<0.05 ; age,( gender , more common in boys ), low level of mother education , types of breast feeding and family income.
Conclusion:The study concluded that chronic malnutrition in the study area is still a concern that needs timely intervention by governmental and non-governmental organizations. We conclude that improvements in child feeding, and better maternal education are needed to maintain the children's nutritional status.

Background:The color stability of aesthetic arch wires is an important factor in the success of an aesthetic orthodontic treatment, but the color of these arch wires tends to change with time.This study was performed to assess the effect of two types of mouth washes on the color stability of different types of aesthetic arch wires at different time intervals.
Materials and methods:Four brands of nickel titanium coated aesthetic arch wires were used: epoxy coated (Orthotechnology and G&H) and Teflon coated (Dany and Hubit).Thirty six samples were prepared, each sample contains ten halves of the aesthetic arch wires. They were divided into three groups according to the immersion media (distilled water as a control media, Listerine with fluoride and Listerine without fluoride) and immersed for 30 seconds twice daily according to manufacturer's instructions to measure color change after 1 week, 3 weeks and 6 weeks by using spectrophotometer VITA Easyshade Compact according to Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage L*a*b* color space system.
Results:It was found that there were highly significant differences in color change values of aesthetic arch wires among all immersion media at different time intervals and color change value increases as the time of immersion increases.Additionally, Listerine with fluoride mouth wash caused higher color change values of aesthetic arch wires than Listerine without fluoride and Hubit aesthetic arch wires were the least color stable while Orthotechnology aesthetic arch wires were the most color stable.
Conclusions: We can conclude that the daily use of Listerine mouth washes could affect on the color stability of aesthetic arch wires. Although all tested aesthetic arch wires revealed color changes at variable degrees but some of these changes were not visible and the others were clinically acceptable while the remaining were clinically unacceptable.

Background:The color stability of aesthetic arch wires is an important factor in the success of an aesthetic orthodontic treatment, but the color of these arch wires tends to change with time.This study was performed to assess the effect of two types of mouth washes on the color stability of different types of aesthetic arch wires at different time intervals.
Materials and methods:Four brands of nickel titanium coated aesthetic arch wires were used: epoxy coated (Orthotechnology and G&H) and Teflon coated (Dany and Hubit).Thirty six samples were prepared, each sample contains ten halves of the aesthetic arch wires. They were divided into three groups according to the immersion media (distilled water as a control media, Listerine with fluoride and Listerine without fluoride) and immersed for 30 seconds twice daily according to manufacturer's instructions to measure color change after 1 week, 3 weeks and 6 weeks by using spectrophotometer VITA Easyshade Compact according to Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage L*a*b* color space system.
Results:It was found that there were highly significant differences in color change values of aesthetic arch wires among all immersion media at different time intervals and color change value increases as the time of immersion increases.Additionally, Listerine with fluoride mouth wash caused higher color change values of aesthetic arch wires than Listerine without fluoride and Hubit aesthetic arch wires were the least color stable while Orthotechnology aesthetic arch wires were the most color stable.
Conclusions: We can conclude that the daily use of Listerine mouth washes could affect on the color stability of aesthetic arch wires. Although all tested aesthetic arch wires revealed color changes at variable degrees but some of these changes were not visible and the others were clinically acceptable while the remaining were clinically unacceptable.

Background:The color stability of aesthetic arch wires is an important factor in the success of an aesthetic orthodontic treatment, but the color of these arch wires tends to change with time.This study was performed to assess the effect of two types of mouth washes on the color stability of different types of aesthetic arch wires at different time intervals.
Materials and methods:Four brands of nickel titanium coated aesthetic arch wires were used: epoxy coated (Orthotechnology and G&H) and Teflon coated (Dany and Hubit).Thirty six samples were prepared, each sample contains ten halves of the aesthetic arch wires. They were divided into three groups according to the immersion media (distilled water as a control media, Listerine with fluoride and Listerine without fluoride) and immersed for 30 seconds twice daily according to manufacturer's instructions to measure color change after 1 week, 3 weeks and 6 weeks by using spectrophotometer VITA Easyshade Compact according to Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage L*a*b* color space system.
Results:It was found that there were highly significant differences in color change values of aesthetic arch wires among all immersion media at different time intervals and color change value increases as the time of immersion increases.Additionally, Listerine with fluoride mouth wash caused higher color change values of aesthetic arch wires than Listerine without fluoride and Hubit aesthetic arch wires were the least color stable while Orthotechnology aesthetic arch wires were the most color stable.
Conclusions: We can conclude that the daily use of Listerine mouth washes could affect on the color stability of aesthetic arch wires. Although all tested aesthetic arch wires revealed color changes at variable degrees but some of these changes were not visible and the others were clinically acceptable while the remaining were clinically unacceptable.

D. Annulatum F. and P. Distichum L., are grasses belongs to Poaceae family, they grow without any effort in the western plateau of Iraq in general and particulary in the southern part, located in the province of Muthanna. These grasses are commonly used as a forage for livestock. The present study was designed to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of D. Annulatum F. and P. Distichum L. methanolic extracts in vitro by using MTT assay (3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) on two cell lines (SR and L20B) by using different concentrations (3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100 and 200 μg/ml) for an incubation period of 24 hours. We found cytotoxic effect for methanolic extract of D. Annulatum F. against SR cell line in low concentrations (3.125, 6.25μg/ml) which was (55%, 46%), and against the L20B cell line was (60%, 59%) in the same concentrations. Regarding methanolic extract of P. Distichum L. the best effect was found with the lower concentrations which was (45%,44%) against SR and (49%,48%) against L20B. In conclusion, the two grasses have a good potential anticancer effects.

Background: To assess the importance of Holter monitoring in evaluation of non-specific symptoms (like presyncope, dizziness, palpitations, syncope, etc.).
Patients and Methods: This is an observational , prospective descriptive study which was conducted at Shaheed Al-Mihrab cardiac centre at Babylon City - Iraq in which 100 patients referred from the consultation department for the assessment of non-specific compliants were included in this study . Holter monitoring was done for all patients after initial evaluation. Holter monitoring was accomplished using GE Holter system with two channels and five leads, attached to the anterior chest wall. The recorder was attached to a strap, which was attached to the patient shoulder. The recording was started in the morning at hospital working hours and the patient was allowed to go home and to resume his normal activities. He was advised to maintain his activity and asked to return back at the same time next day.
Results: 87% of patients have less than 10% premature ventricular ectopics as an isolated event while 90% of the patients have Supraventricular arrythmias less than 10% as isolated events. The mean minimum heart rate was 47 , mean maximum heart rate was 117 and mean average heart rate was 65 . 18 % of patients have ST segment Shift in which 4% were ST-segment elevation and 14% were ST segment depressions.
Conclusion: Holter monitoring was found to have no important role for the early diagnosis of arrhythmias or ischaemia as a cause of compliant in patients with non-specific symptoms

Background: Laparoscopic appendectomy(LA) has gained a wide safe acceptance and effective method for treatment of acute appendicitis and can be considered as a gold standard. The aim of the study was to evaluate the results of LA performed with the use of different techniques.
Method: Prospective randomized comparative study was carried out in a Babylon General Teaching Hospital. Patients diagnosed with acute appendicitis between December 2011 and December 2015 and agreed to do LA were included in this study. In Group A , the mesoappendix and the base of appendix is ligated using titanium clips while in group B ,the mesoappendix was cut with the application of monopolar diathermy very near to the appendix wall and the base of appendix is ligated using vicryle endoloop. In. Primary outcomes were assessed which include mortality ,intra and post-operative complication rate, reinterventions, and converted laparoscopic appendectomies to open .Secondary outcomes were time of hospitalization, duration of operation, wound infection and intra-abdominal abscesses formation rate, hospital charges.
Result: A total of 284patients underwent LA. 146 (51.4%) of them ,LA were done by clipping of mesoappendix and base of appendix by titanium clips, while the other 138 (48.6%) of patients LA were done by using monapolar diathermy to the mesoappendix and base of appendix secured by vicryle endoloop. The overall mean age of all patients with appendectomy was (26.42±11.05) years old and (38.7%) of patients were aged between 20-30 years. (52.5%) of patients were males. The overall mean weight, height and BMI for patients with appendectomy were (74.29±12.14) kg, (1.68±0.09) m and (26.68±8.84) kg/m2, respectively. (45.4%) of patients were overweight. The overall mean duration of operation was (31.01±12.48) min and (68.7%) of patients spent less than 30 min operative time, meanwhile, the mean of hospitalization after operation was (22.11± 17.96) hours and (71.8%) of patients stayed less than 20 hours in hospital. Only (8.5%) of patients had complicated appendicitis and complication post-operation, while, (4.9%) of patients had complicated appendectomy. (45.1%) of operations’ cost were 450 US $. There were significant associations between type of appendectomy with duration, complicated operation and price of operation.
Conclusion: Laparoscopic appendectomies can be considered a safe treatment of complicated and non complicated appendicitis. Application of monopolar diathermy very near to the wall of appendix to cauterize the small vessels of mesoappendix is useful and safe and considered costly effective and less complication rate than application of Titanium clips.

The effect of clearance between cylinders of machine husking rubber rolls (type Yanmar rubber roll – ST 50) on rice husk quality and breakage percentage was evaluated for two cultivars of rice. Tarm Hashemi (TH) and Daillman (DM) and clearance between cylinders of machine husking rubber at three different levels of 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8mm.The experiment was done in factorial experiment under complete randomized design (CRD) with three replications the results indicate that the TH cultivar is significantly better than the D M in all studied traits. There was a negative relationship between increased clearance with head rice percentage and brown rice percentage in addition to the positive relationship between the increased percentage of cracked grain ,broken rice percentage and husking efficiency.