Journal of Educational and Psychological Sciences

The current study aimed to explore the community’s beliefs towards mental health services and counselors/ psychiatrists. In addition, the study attempts to explore the level of public stigma towards the mentally ill people and the possibility of predicting the public stigma through the community’s beliefs towards mental health services. It also examined the existence of statistical differences in these variables based on demographic variables (i.e., gender, previously getting a psychological disorder, the contact with a person with a psychological disorder, and the benefit from mental health services). Also, the study discovered the reasons behind the avoidance of seeking mental health services in a group of the study’s sample. The study utilized the correlational descriptive design. The study population was represented in community members whose ages ranged between 20 to 40 years old and who live in Muscat governorate. The study sample consisted of 315 individuals (31.7 males and 68.3% females). Three measures were used to collect the data: (1) Beliefs About Psychological Services (BAPS), (2) Public Stigma Towards Mentally Ill People, and (3) The Reasons Behind Not Seeking Mental Health Services Scale. The study findings showed that there are high levels of the study sample’s beliefs towards mental health services in all the three dimensions and low level of public stigma. Moreover, the results indicated that the “intent” and the “stigma tolerance” dimensions were able to negatively predict the public stigma. Also, some statistically significant differences were found in public stigma and on beliefs towards the mental health services based on the variables related to the study sample. The findings were discussed based on the nature and culture of Omani people. The study recommended executing some counseling programs that targets Omani people of different age groups to encourage seeking counseling and mental health services when needed.

Employees approaching retirement and retirees lack meaning as a result of the lack of the work environment and emotional participation between groups that share the same ideas and responsibilities. Their loss becomes a loss that leads to the emergence of some problems, and therefore an existential threat may appear. Therefore, the presence of meaning and hope is extremely important, because it makes it possible Dealing with, adapting to, or managing extreme and dramatic situations and changes. The present study aims at identifying the following:
1. The existential threat felt by the employees and the retirees.
2. The difference significance of the existential threat according to the (female) variable, and educational background (pre-or an equivalent to secondary school BA graduate or postgraduate).
To achieve all of the above, the researcher designed a scale for existential threat relying on the adopted theory of Sullivan (2016), which consists of “33” item and the five-part alternatives on into two levels, the research community consists of (400) employee and retiree to extract the psychometric features via SPSS program.
The study has come up with the following findings:
1. The employees and the retirees have an intense level of existential threat of statistical significance.
2. There is no difference in existential threat according to gender variable, there is difference of statistical significance according to the educational background in favor of (pre-or equivalent to secondary school). Then, a number of suggestions and recommendations are given.

The aim of the research is to identify the effect of the Presley model on the acquisition of psychological concepts among students of the College of Basic Education in the subject of Developmental Psychology.

The researcher used the design of two groups with a post-test. The sample of the research was (60) students, with (30) students in each group. Lecture Hall (A) was chosen to represent the experimental group taught by the Presley model, while the control group was the lecture hall (B) taught in the traditional way. The two groups (experimental and control) were equivalent in chronological age calculated in months for students of the College of Basic Education, and the variable of intelligence using a special test to measure it. To achieve the aim of the research, the researcher prepared the research tool, which is the test of acquiring psychological concepts. The researcher verified the validity and stability of the acquisition test. To process the data, the researcher used the (T-test) for two independent samples. The results revealed the superiority of the experimental group that studied according to the Presley model in acquiring concepts according to the acquisition processes of definition, discrimination and classification.

The aim of the current research is to identify the effectiveness of the double situations strategy in improving academic achievement and developing relational thinking among fourth-grade female students in mathematics. The research employed a quasi-experimental design and was applied to a sample consisting of 68 students. The experimental group included 34 students who were taught using the double situations strategy, while the control group also consisted of 34 students who were taught using the traditional method. The researcher prepared an achievement test consisting of 40 multiple-choice questions and a relational thinking test consisting of 24 multiple-choice questions. The validity and reliability of both tests were verified. The results showed that the experimental group outperformed the control group in both the achievement and relational thinking tests in mathematics. When calculating the effect size, it was found to be very large, and the gain ratio in developing relational thinking was statistically acceptable.

The current research aims to identify the effect of using the spiral method of communication on the achievement of philosophy among fifth-grade literary students. To achieve the goal of the research, it was developed
The researcher made the following null hypothesis:
- There is no statistically significant difference between the average grades of the female students of the two research groups, the experimental group that studies the philosophy subject using the spiral method, and the control group that studies the same subject using the traditional method in obtaining the philosophy subject.
20-024 To achieve this, the researcher adopted an experimental design with partial control, which is the design of the experimental group and the control group with the post-test. The researcher chose fifth grade literary students from Al-Muhaj Preparatory School for Girls affiliated with the General Directorate of Education in Baghdad Governorate - Al-Rusafa II, Baghdad for the academic year (2023-2024). For the purpose of implementing the experiment, the sample consisted of (80) female students, with (40) female students in the experimental group taught according to the spiral method and (40) female students in the control group taught according to the traditional method.
The researcher prepared teaching plans for the topics to be taught, and the two research groups studied them. As for the research tool, it was an achievement test prepared by the researcher consisting of (50) items of the type (40) multiple-choice thematic items and (10) essay items. Its validity, reliability, and psychometric properties were confirmed.

The water problem is one of the most threatening problems to society and its security. The current research aims to measure university students' awareness of the phenomenon of water waste and compare students' awareness of the phenomenon of water waste according to the gender variable and according to the academic specialization variable. The researcher built a scale to measure university students' awareness of the phenomenon of water waste? It was applied to a sample of (100) male and female students from the University of Baghdad. The results showed that university students have a low level of awareness of the phenomenon of water waste. And there are no statistically significant differences in the level of awareness of this phenomenon according to the gender variable and the academic specialization variable.

Negotiation is an essential part of daily life and human relations. Nowadays, it has become an indispensable skill in many fields, whether at work, personal relationships, or even in conflict resolution. It is a process of communication between two or more parties to arrive at an agreement that meets their common interests, whether it is related to a salary increase, dealing with difficult co-workers, or discussing matters related to work contexts or other issues. Negotiation at work can help us increase opportunities, flexibility, and support in the field of work. Employees at work or on the other side of the negotiation process benefit from negotiation skills with managers who have emotional intelligence, and can better gain the trust of others.
Is there a Negotiation skill of the heads of the departments?
To achieve these goals, the researcher built a tool to measure negotiation skills that is characterized by validity, reliability, and objectivity in accordance with the theoretical framework adopted by Nierenberg (1998), consisting in its final form of 34 items and classified into eight areas: (deliberation in decision-making, surprise, realism, withdrawal, graduation, participation, agency, camouflage)
These were answered through three alternatives (always, sometimes, never). The sample was composed of (200) heads of departments from 4 Iraqi ministries: (Interior, Oil, Planning, Labor and Social Affairs). The reliability coefficient for the negotiation skills scale according to the retest method was (0.727), while the Cronbach’s alpha method was (0.724).
The present research was summarized into the following results:
1-The members of the research sample had significant negotiation skills.
2-There were no statistically significant differences in negotiation skills according to the gender variable.

The current research aims to investigate the effect of the Edja model on developing teaching skills among middle school mathematics teachers. The researcher employed an experimental methodology with a partially controlled design, utilizing a single experimental sample with pre- and post-tests. The sample consisted of thirty (30) male and female teachers from secondary and middle schools affiliated with the Karkh Directorate First in Baghdad Governorate. The researcher matched the participants in the research group based on several variables and prepared the necessary teaching objectives and plans, taking into account the opinions of experts and specialists. The research tool used was a teaching skills assessment (observation checklist). Appropriate statistical methods were employed, and the results indicated a statistically significant difference at a significance level of (0.05) between the mean scores of the experimental group teachers in the pre-test and their mean scores in the post-test on the systemic thinking assessment, favoring the post-test scores.

The current research aims at knowing Confrontation Skill of the educational counselor, and the significant difference indication in Confrontation Skill of the educational counselor according to the gender (male and female) and the significant difference indication in Confrontation Skill of the educational counselor according to the variable of service (1-5 years) and (6 y and more). To verify the aims, the Two researchers have depended on the scale of Confrontation Skill of the educational counselor based on Prepared by researchers (A.D. Saadia Karim Al-Bayati - Hassanein Ali Hussein Al-Sharaa) the theory of Rogers, the scale consists of (46) items and its characteristics have been confirmed. The scale has been applied on a sample of 30 male and female counselor has chosen randomly cluster. The results of research have appeared that the sample has Confrontation Skill according to the hypothetical mean and there are not statistically differences in the confrontation skill according to the gender (male and female) for female, while there are not statistically differences in the Confrontation skill according to the services (1-5 years) and (6 y and more than that).

Domestic incivility is among the important problems and is a widespread issue that affects many high school students, and has far-reaching consequences for individuals, families, and society as a whole. This type of behavior can have severe emotional and psychological effects on students. In addition, it has been found that incivility Familyism is linked to lower academic achievement among students.
The current research aimed to measure family incivility among secondary school students, and to identify differences in family incivility according to gender (males and females) and economic status (poor - good) among secondary school students. To achieve the objectives of the current research, the researcher built a family incivility scale consisting of ( 25) items, with alternatives and four-alternatives in its final form, and after extracting the psychometric properties (discrimination, validity, and reliability of the items, the reliability coefficient according to the Cronbach’s Alpha method reached (0.80). This sample was selected by a stratified random method with a proportional distribution. The sample consisted of (384) male and female students from governorate education directorates. Baghdad, and after processing the research data statistically, the results of the research showed that the research sample has a low level of family rudeness, and there is a statistically significant difference in family rudeness according to the gender variable and in favor of females, and there is no statistically significant difference in family rudeness according to the economic status variable, as well. There is no significant interaction between the variables (gender and economic status), and in light of these results, the researcher reached a number of recommendations and proposals.

لا يكمن جوهر تكوين الكلمات في عملية واحدة فقط ، ولكن في التفاعل بين المورفولوجي وعلم الأصوات. توضح المرحلة الأولى من التحليل كيفية ارتباط الهياكل المورفولوجية (البادئات واللواحق) بالنتائج الصوتية (تغيير النطق / الإجهاد) بطرق يمكن التنبؤ بها. تدعم هذه العلاقة الادعاء بأن عددا غير قليل من القواعد الصوتية حساسة للبنية المورفولوجية ، وعلى هذا النحو ، تظهر أنه لا ينبغي التعامل مع تكوين الكلمات لاستبعاد أي من الهياكل البارزة. علاوة على ذلك ، فإن هذا التفاعل المورفولوجي الصوتي له تأثيرات على اكتساب اللغة ، حيث تظهر البيانات التجريبية أن الأطفال الذين يعتمدون على معرفتهم المورفولوجية المستثمرة يستغلون التعقيد الصوتي للكلمات الجديدة. أخيرا وليس آخرا ، تشير النتائج الى انه يمكن أن يؤدي الوعي بهذا التفاعل إلى تحسين الكفاءة اللغوية ، وبالتالي إبلاغ الأساليب التربوية لتعليم اللغة ( Inkelas,, 2014). تسلط هذه التعميمات وهذه البيانات أخيرا الضوء على الحاجة إلى مقاربة الظواهر اللغوية من المنظورين المورفولوجي والصوتي ليس فقط من حيث المقاربات النظرية ولكن أيضا من حيث قابلية تطبيق البيانات.

Background and Objectives: Health behaviors of individuals are intertwined with social environments and influenced by social connections. this study aims to investigate the differences in health behaviors of high school female students according to their socioeconomic status
Methodology: A descriptive correlational design was used to guide this study which included a simple random sample of 390 high school female students who were recruited from female high schools in Al-Basra City. The study instrument includes participants’ sociodemographic data body mass index, Motivators and Barriers to Health Behaviors scale. The data were analyzed by using statistical package for the social sciences.
Results: The study results display that there is a statistically significant difference in health behaviors among grade groups.
Conclusions: The researchers conclude that the younger the age, the greater the barriers to a healthy breakfast, the greater the motivators to consume it. Students whose fathers hold master’s degree enjoy healthier behavior in terms of healthy drinks.

The study explores the assessment of life orientation among patients undergoing hemodialysis, emphasizing its critical role in their psychological well-being and treatment management. Renal failure, influenced by conditions such as diabetes and hypertension, progresses to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) , necessitating life-sustaining treatments like hemodialysis. Optimism, measured using the Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R), is a key determinant in how patients cope with the challenges of their condition. The study involved 167 hemodialysis patients from Al-Hussein Teaching Hospital and Al-Rifai General Hospital in Dhi Qar Governorate, Iraq, assessing their demographic characteristics and life orientation levels.
Results indicated that patients generally exhibited moderate levels of optimism, with significant variations based on educational background, presence of other chronic diseases, and duration of kidney failure and hemodialysis. Higher levels of optimism correlated with better treatment adherence and improved mental health outcomes. The findings underscore the importance of integrating psychological assessments into the care of hemodialysis patients to enhance their overall quality of life and treatment outcomes. Future research could focus on longitudinal studies to explore the dynamic nature of optimism and its impact on patient outcomes over time.

The study aims to determine the demographic data and the lifestyle behaviors of patients with OP. A descriptive study design was implemented on (60) non probability purposive sample with OP. The findings revealed the mean age was (54.2) years old with standard deviation (11.7) years, the females accounted (83.3%), the obese sample represented (48.3%), and the primary educational attainment formed (40%). Living style reflected that (93.4%) were used carpet, (85%) weren’t using cane during walking, and (96.7%) were used slipless shoes. Also, using of general transportation methods represent (81.7%), all of the sample were used lightening at homes, and (83.3%) complaining from dizziness. As well, (55%) evaluate themselves with low physical activity level, (75%) walking regularly, (55%) didn’t have recreational activities, (40%) have performed activities three times a week, and (61.7%) percent have (1 – 2) hours duration of activities. The study recommended to disseminate the awareness about OP, perform a continuous workshops to enhance the knowledge, behaviors, and practices, improving early detection and management of OP, and implementing further interventional studies.

Background: Prolonged stress can be a risk factor for weight gain or its worsening. Moreover Clinical psychological interventions and psychotherapies are essential components for motivating patients to change their lifestyles and lose weight with the assistance of multidisciplinary teams, as obesity is linked to psychological factors. To evaluate the impact of nurse-led educational intervention on obese adults’ knowledge about the effect of psychological stress on obesity. A pre-experimental (one group pretest-posttest design) study design was applied for one group of samples during the period of January 19, 2023, to April 11, 2024. A non-probability (purposive sample) of fifty-three participants in the obesity and therapeutic nutrition center at Baghdad Teaching Hospital in the medical city complex. The researcher use cognitive-behavioral theory to design the intervention for the present study. The analysis of the data was done using SPSS version 22.0.The findings from paired t test demonstrated a highly significant mean difference (0.724) between the pre- and post-test periods regarding obese adults’ knowledge toward the effect of stress on obesity (p 0.000) furthermore this table reported that the effect size of the educational intervention was large as indicated by (Cohen's d) D=2.75.Conclusions: Based on findings of the current study, the nurse-led educational intervention was effective in improving obese adults’ knowledge about the effect of psychological stress on obesity according to Cognitive behavior therapy. It is highly recommended to increase the obese adult’s knowledge regarding the impact of psychological stress on obesity through applying nurse-led educational intervention which is beneficial tool for obese population who are attending in the obesity and therapeutic nutrition centers guided by Cognitive behavior therapy

Background: Interprofessional collaboration (IPC) has proven its effectiveness in improving the quality of care provided to the patient in intensive care units through many studies. However, there are many factors that may hinder the achievement of effective interprofessional collaboration (IPC) among members of the critical care team, which need to be investigated.
Objective: Examining which subjects’ qualities have the potential to predict inter-professional team collaboration.
Methods: This study employed a cross-sectional design to investigate of the factor that impact on interprofessional collaboration (IPC). Place of study was critical care units and cardiac care units. Total participants in the study were 364 of critical care staff from eight various hospitals in the Najaf city. Assessment Interprofessional Team Collaboration Scale II (AITCS-II), was employed in the study. Data collection done through self-report method. Descriptive and inferential statistics were use in the study.
Result: Many socio-demographic and professional qualities have predicted the inter-professional team collaboration, including but not limited to: sex (F (161.45) =8.94, p value= 0.00, R2 = 0.024), educational level (F (161.45) =28.93, p value= 0.00, R2 =0.074), specialization (F (161.45) = 104.30, p= 0.00, R2 =0.224).
Conclusion: The Interprofessional Team Collaboration is a multi-faceted constrct that may explain the relatively high number of socio-demographic and professional qualities that have predicted the inter-professional team collaboration.

Microteaching technique employed in undergraduate level has received recognition in research conducted in the field of teacher education recently. The aim of this research is to elicit EFL students’ perspectives in College of Basic Education at Salahaddin University toward implementing microteaching technique during the academic year (2022-2023). Fifty-five fourth year students were randomly chosen as the sample of the study. A questionnaire was used to collect the related data. Moreover, an interview was carried out with four teachers who taught microteaching module at the department in the previous three years.
The results revealed that the teacher candidates expressed positive attitudes toward microteaching module. It resulted in the development of a cluster of teaching skills that are essential for their growth in their future profession. Besides, the teachers expressed their dissatisfaction of not receiving enough training on microteaching and they reported that teaching microteaching was challenging for them. The most common challenges were time restriction, inconvenient physical setting, and technical problems.

Global pandemic status was given to the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020. Those working in healthcare who directly diagnose, treat, and care for patients infected with COVID-19 are susceptible to developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The purpose of this study was to assess risk factors and look into the prevalence of PTSD among hospitalized nurses. At Baghdad Hospitals, a descriptive study was carried out using the Impact of Event Scale - Revised (IES-R). From November to December 2022, 101 questionnaires were distributed as part of the data collection process. Of the total sample, 44.6% of nurses perceive mild levels of post-traumatic stress and 22.8% perceive moderate levels. The study findings showed that there is significant relationship among perceived stress among nurses with regard to their socioeconomis status at p-value= .015. The study's findings demonstrated that a significant amount of psychological distress was present in the sample. Monitoring the immediate and long-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic is necessary, as is putting early intervention strategies into action

Background: CCHF is an occupational disease that mostly affects individuals such as butchers, slaughterhouse workers, , livestock workers, animal husbandry professionals, veterinarians, and healthcare workers who are at high risk of contracting the disease in places where CCHF is prevalent (1).The disease is geographically distributed in regions where the hard tick vector, primarily Hyalomma marginatum, is found, including Africa, Asia, and Europe, Turkey and Iran, located to the north and east of Iraq, have a high prevalence of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) (2). The Iraqi Ministry of Health reported that more than 250 cases and more than 35 deaths due to hemorrhagic fever have been recorded in all governorates of the country since the beginning of 2023, the highest percentage of cases of hemorrhagic fever was recorded in Dhi-Qar governorate with 67 injuries, including 10 deaths, then Basra, Maysan, Rusafa in Baghdad, Muthana, Wasit, Babil and Karkh in Baghdad.

The advocacy for breastfeeding lead to a rise in family income through the preservation of infants' growth and development, as well as aiding in the recovery of women following childbirth. Consequently, this could result in increased labor force participation and demographic benefits for society.Moreover, it can contribute to the reduction of family and social medical costs by lowering the likelihood of short-term and long-term illnesses in women and infants.

There is no doubt that every language in the world has its own phonological system in general and accordingly its own syllabic system in particular, and according to this system it constructs its utterances and weaves its words.
This research is regarded as a linguistic phonological study that deals with the core building block of speech formation, which is the sounds that are linked together to form syllables and words, as from the sounds we enter the internal structure of the syllable and the word.
There is always a need for a new approach that is different from what came before, which in turn contributes to adding something new or correcting shortcomings. This is what motivated the researcher to present this study, which relies on the descriptive analytical approach. The research came in two parts: a theoretical part that tracks synonyms on the one hand and the phonological syllables and their internal structures on the other hand. As for the second part, it includes the analytical aspect that deals with analyzing synonyms phonologically in terms of the syllabic system to know their distinguishing features and studying the relationship between sounds, arriving at the phonological structures of syllables that form these synonyms. It is concluded that synonyms in general tend to have simple syllable structure and the most prevailing pattern in the pairs of synonyms or between the members of each pair is (cvc) pattern with all its derivatives, i e, (ccvcc), (ccvc), or (cvcc).