Journal Of the College of law /Al-Nahrain University

The study aims to shed light on the reality of maritime work in Algeria, the amount of legal protection provided by the current legislative frameworks to recognize legal gaps that prevent the promotion of decent work in the maritime labor sector and to call for improving the working and living conditions of seafarers because of its impact on development in all its dimensions.
The study concluded that investing in the human resource in the marine work sector would positively reflect on the workers and improve their performance in addition to protecting ship owners who are committed to providing decent work and living conditions for seafarers according to the criteria of the maritime labor agreement from unfair competition for ships that do not respect the same standards. In addition to avoiding the danger of holding ships in foreign ports.

The States have been concerned that there is no way to combat and reduce the phenomenon of corruption through their unilateral efforts. They are trying to do so as long as globalization with its ramifications and the information revolution has done it, and it has dropped the geographical and political borders of the countries, and they later realized that it is inevitable to coordinate their efforts to fight its fruits, thus pushing for bilateral agreements and other international ones that finally culminated in the criminalization of corruption in the United Nations Convention against Corruption of 2003

This study urged the fight against the possession and use of weapons of mass destruction by non-state entities in the light of international law, where contemporary thought has become a trade-off of many concepts of multiple dimensions and meanings, the most important of which is to prevent the possession of weapons of mass destruction by non-international entities in the light of international law in view of its contact with international peace and security, where this situation was addressed in the presence of threats, devastating damages and serious dangers to human beings.
This study has reached several conclusions, the most important of which is that the impact of combating the possession and use of weapons of mass destruction by non-state entities in the light of international law is one of the important and complex topics in international law, especially in light of the rapid developments and fluctuations taking place in the international arena that are linked to this subject

Despite the great importance of the state's land, which was supposed to be surrounded by a wall of legal protection that was divided between constitutional protection, civil protection and criminal protection, the practical situation in Iraq witnessed the conditions and circumstances of the frequent excesses on the state land to ensure the need for housing because of the inability of individuals To meet this need for limited annual income, and the work of general rules that prohibit the violation of the territory of the state requires the removal of such abuses and prevent recurrence. However, the Iraqi legislator came out on these general rules by adopting legislation and exceptional decisions of the public origin, sometimes by legitimizing abuses on state lands, and then ending with the ownership of those who transgressed the sections over which they have exceeded. Sometimes they are strict in removing abuses and sometimes insisting on the matter. Which reveals the volatility of the position of the Iraqi legislator regarding the encroachment on the territory of the state. These legislation and exceptional decisions of the general origin were surprising because of the repetition of their publication, which is feared to void the general rule that prohibits the violation of the state's territory of its content

The penal provisions are especially important among the rest of the civil, administrative and legal provisions as they apply penal provisions aimed at special deterrence and public deterrence. However, some exceptions may be made under domestic laws or under the rules of international law,
These exceptions are due to the status of the person to whom the sentence has been pronounced, such as the state of international official and what has from independence , In the face of all States, including his own country . As well as because of special and different immunity from the rest of the immunity of the diplomatic corps and the representative of States in the organizations.
Therefore, there are cases where there is no effect of the penal rule on the international job association and despite the issuance of the judgment and its acquisition of the authoritative

A person may need a sum of money and find no one to lend to him, especially if he is dependent on his income. In this case, others hesitate to lend him for fear of losing their money, either because he is unable to pay or to die before fulfilling their rights and their debt can not be fulfilled by his heirs. The person may resort to a contract of insurance on himself, and bet on the insurance policy with the creditor lender, so as to reassure the latter to fulfill his debt to the existence of a guarantee that guarantees him to meet his right when the solution.
This mortgage may be made by organizing an annex to the insurance policy signed by the insured and insured, and includes it under the insurance policy, or through an independent contract and declaration of the insured, or accept the latter to the implementation of the right and the right of others.
If the insurance policy is issued to the insurer's order, then the mortgage will be executed against the insured and the third party without the need for a declaration.
If the secured debt was settled and the amount of the insurance together, the mortgagee secured his right from the insurance amount and the remainder to the current debtor. If the amount of compensation against the mortgagee was not met, he would have recourse to the other current debtor's funds.
Either the solution to the secured debt before the amount of compensation, the mortgagee had to ask for the liquidation of the insurance policy when the conditions of liquidation. However, if the amount of compensation is settled before the secured debt is settled, the insured can only pay the amount of compensation to both the current and the mortgagee together. They may request the deposit of the amount of insurance to a third person or a bank, and they may agree to invest it until the secured debt is settled

After 2017 witnessing the enactment of the Iraq State Council Act, grate , 2017 for a year that allowed the chief Prosecutor to appeal to the interests of the law harms the interest in the aftermath of public order , and the characteristic of this provision that he did not make the examination of the appeal of the law before the five – year body of the Federal Court of Cassation , as in the law of the intestines

Law regulates person’s actions with a view to reach peaceful and justice community which is dominated by security and tranquility. Law is not by itself an aim, but his goal, however, is to establish balanced relationships between persons free from conflicts. Conflict of interests between person's leads to huge problems, which requires establishing legal rules to ensure that a right will can be returned back to his owner easily, quietly and ensuring a satisfaction even by the wrongdoer.
So, law often encapsulates rules contain fairness from a side, and flexibility in its application from the other side. The Iraqi Civil Code contain a considerable amount of legal rules characterized by these features, which involve granting the aggrieved person or the wrongdoer in the tortious liability some options in order to choose the best between them according to circumstances. The provisions of law may grant the court itself the power to give one option the priority over the other with a view to reach justice and ensure returning a right to his owner peacefully, easily and to ensure the satisfaction of the legal relationship parties.

Robot manufacturing is not like travel over time. Or any other science to manufacture missiles. We simply have to agree that these machines are the ones that will decide who lives or dies in the future.
It is a matter of great concern to the world in our time. These are simpler techniques than we imagine, only a few years away from achieving their goals. These are only semi-independent weapons. A UAV can fly itself most of the time and fortunately the soldier is still making the final decision about life or death to launch the missile at the target. However, the robot industry to replace the guided soldier is a small technical leap to replace that soldier with a computer, and it is a prototype of this future, which now and for many years is flying into an uncertain future.
The techniques in a fully independent drones will be invented, and they are largely the same as those used in today's independent cars. An algorithm that identifies and tracks pedestrians can be easily changed to avoid identifying, tracking and targeting fighters. Life, then these machines will control our lives, our destiny and the fate of the future of all humankind.

The object of the Research is to overview of the Applecations of decentra Administration in Iraq and its dimentions on The organilation and Legal stutas in The leight of The Iraq`s constitution The experemet of Local counciles of goverenans in spite of The Newing of the aproch , concepts , and the application of the Decentral on Local Level

With the rise of armed conflicts in the modern era, the conflicting parties, countries or groups, resort to a policy of the siege of countries and cities populated by civilians as a form of collective punishment or as a means to pressure the adversary to achieve the goals and obtain concessions. International humanitarian law emphasizes the prohibition of the use of starvation as a means of warfare against civilian persons and the prohibition on attacking, destroying, seizing or disrupting the indispensable objects for the survival of the civilian population. The forcible displacement of the civilian population is a general prohibition, since this displacement often leads to the spread of famine. International humanitarian law emphasizes the need to commit to the humanitarian and impartial relief work for the civilian population, in accordance with the conditions set forth in international humanitarian law, when basic materials are about to be implemented. The law urges the parties to the conflict to maintain conditions that allow the civilian population to secure their pensions, in particular by refraining from taking any measure aimed at depriving them of their supplies, access to their crops or arable land, or generally depriving them of the indispensable materials for their survival. The principle of protecting civilians and not being considered the site of any attack during military operations is one of the fundamental principles of international humanitarian law

Securitization is a modern banking process. In the aftermath of the financial crisis, securitization activities were ongoing. In particular, in the wake of the crisis, the debate over whether risk-taking mechanisms were in place before the crisis was effective intensified. The idea of securitization is to match the profits of the originators (operators and investors) in order to prevent the negative impact of this banking process. Accordingly, if the effective objectives of this new financing instrument are met with respect to risk retention and diligence, the securitization contract may continue to provide benefits to investors and enhance mutual trust in markets and business transactions. On the other hand, securitization has emerged as a new financial system that serves financial institutions and mortgage-based banks.
In addition, banking securitization is a new financing process for guaranteeing bank loans and reducing the risk of the loan, which legislators have created to encourage banks to grant credit without fear or hesitation. Securitization of loans will enable the financial institution to recover the loan amount without any risk. Loans will be transferred to investors in the financial market.
Finally, there are many reasons behind the study of securitization as a tool for guaranteeing bank loans, which is reflected mainly in the increasing importance it currently plays. This is considered to be an effective way to prevent the problems of financial management in banks, as well as the modernity that characterizes it and the desire to contribute to enriching and to enrich the researchers and scholars and specialists in financial and banking matters with reference to securitization

One of the main objectives of governments in different countries of the world is to provide a better level for their citizens, which entailed the necessity of achieving economic development. The exaggeration of donor or lending countries in their conditions, all the obstacles and difficulties to achieve the target rates of economic development, In view of this, most countries tend to conclude contracts for construction, operation and transfer of ownership of B.O.T because of the monetary returns and contribution to economic development and the establishment of infrastructure projects and job opportunities, in addition to the use of technology and in front of these data show many problems in the implementation These contracts require decisive legal treatment.