Journal Of the College of law /Al-Nahrain University

The right to vocational training is one of the basic human rights that have received very important legislative attention at the internal and external levels, as it has been confirmed by many international conventions and recommendations in addition to national constitutions and laws as one of the basic civil rights related to the right to life and this natural right. which maintained their permanence and existence through those legislations after their approval as man-made rights, which derived their mandatory force after organizing their provisions and legislative rules. and society in order to develop professional competence and obtain decent work opportunities in all areas of life It is not possible to find an ideal organization that protects it, ensures its existence and independence, and regulates work with it outside the framework of legislation, as it is a natural, social and legal human right linked to the right to work. There is no decent work without training or training without the availability of job opportunities calling for it .

This research examines the most prominent peculiarities of litigation in workers ’social security lawsuits, by explaining the dispute and limiting it to specific parties. This is on the one hand, and it highlights three main features approved by the legislator for this type of lawsuits, which are exemption from litigation fees, speed in resolving the case, and the extent of enforcement Accelerated the judgments issued in it, in addition to the statement of the claim for compensation for work injuries and the claim of payment of social security contributions as the most common cases in the corridors of the courts and the promotion of study in the judicial decisions of the Federal Court of Cassation.

The federal experiment in Iraq did not achieve the success that was entrusted to it. On the contrary, its application was accompanied by many manifestations of failure. Therefore, we tried in this research to study and present the manifestations of the failure of federal experiments in general and the Iraqi experience in particular, including some manifestations of failure specific to the nature of the federal state itself. In terms of its origin and its constituent units, and then how this state is established? Was it done voluntarily based on the desire of its various components? Or was its formation due to circumstances beyond the control of its components? And the answer to these questions is through identifying the constitutional regulation of these issues and the political reality in the federal state. In addition to that, there are some manifestations of the failure of the federal experience related to the failure of the federal units themselves, through their failure to embody the principle of autonomy for those constituent units of the federal state on the one hand, and their failure to achieve the effective and required participation in the general authorities of the federal government on the other hand.
We have shown in this research the gaps and shortcomings that exist in the Constitution of the Republic of Iraq for the year 2005 with regard to the organization of those manifestations and the basic principles of the federal state, as well as between us the existing political reality in Iraq and overshadowing the constitutional reality, which undoubtedly resulted in many problems and dangers with regard to the future of the federal experience And thus its slide towards failure and collapse. At the end of the research, we reached a number of results and proposals, where we see that adopting them and working according to them leads to saving this experience, but rather it leads to the success and consolidation of the federal system in Iraq, and on the contrary, failure and collapse will be the share of this young experiment in the future..

The merger process between banks is one of the mechanisms most used by large,medium,and smaal banks in order to enhance their ability to provide the best banking services and in a way that strengthens their ability to survive and continue in the banking competition market which leads to the organization of their profitabie resources as much as possibie.Given the privacy of banks in tearms of incorporation ,management,and the activity they dealt with the merger processis of great importans that justis studying it to identify the concept of banking merger,its types and methods.It is necessary to study the conditions for banking merger.

The right of members of society to participate in public environmental protection is of particular importance in the nuclear field, especially in the last decades of the last century, As that period witnessed some serious nuclear environmental disasters, which negatively and significantly affected the international environment, In addition to environmental damage resulting from the disposal of waste from these activities, Therefore, the right to public participation has become an important element of preventive measures against the harm of nuclear activities devoted to peaceful purposes, as it is one of the main environmental rights enshrined in many declarations and international agreements, the most important of which are the Rio Declaration of 1992 on Environment and Development, and the Aarhus Convention of 1998 related to making available Opportunities for obtaining environmental information and public participation in taking decisions related to it, This right is explained in light of the information provided by the competent authorities in each country to citizens regarding the environmental impacts of nuclear activities, as well as ensuring their participation in the formulation of decisions issued by them regarding the fate of these activities.
Despite the widespread international recognition of the right to public participation, its effectiveness in the nuclear field is still fraught with many obstacles, some of which are related to the subjectivity of the right, some of which relate to the available mechanisms or methods of participation and the extent of the response of states to activate it in their national legal systems.

The general rule regarding the minor`s eligibility to join commercial companies is that not permissible to establish a company contract by himself because he does not have the required capacity for that . As for the minor who is authorized to trade in part of his money, a wide doctrinal dispute between supporters and opponents has been raised regarding his eligibility to conclude the company contract in person, as some jurists allowed him to establish a company of people or a money company within the limits of the permission granted to him , while another group tended to distinguish between companies , so allow him to join money companies without personal companies to protect him from the dangerous consequences of joining this type of cpmpany . And in cases in which the minor has a share in his inheritor, according to the Iraqi Companies Law in force ,he replaces his inheritor in the capacity he was . Before death ,as apartner in solidarity with the rest of the partners, he treats the partner`s transaction with full capacity , contrary to what is the case with regard to the laws of the rest the countries promised the minor`s joining the company as a trustworthy partner who does not jointly protect him.

The phenomenon of corruption is characterized as an international and regional phenomena in addition its primarily a national phenomenon, reports of international organizations indicate that the annual losses of developing countries, especially due to corruption, range from 20 to 40 billion dollars. Because the issue of combating corruption requires an integrated international effort to know the reasons behind this phenomena, its emotive, treatment by sufficient means. In Iraq, we should refer to a case warning by Religious reference in a statement, How dangerous is the spread of this lesion in the Iraqi body, where he said " All efforts, all constitutional and legal methods must be combined to combat corruption for fear of reaching a dangerous stage, God forbid". These organizations have made confronting corruption and limiting its effects at the priority of their goals, The United Nations has worked seriously to combat corruption, Through decisions issued by the General Assembly and decisions of the Social and Economic Council, besides international conferences, In addition to international conventions, most notably the United Nations Convention against Corruption, as well as other organizations.

This research deals with cases of synchronization between the tenure system And the in kind registration system by monitoring some necessities The process that demonstrated this simultaneity was an encroachment on state property And protect the real record from the risk of abuse and protect the right The future of the holder, which raises with him a state of conflict between the law Iraqi civil necessities, especially that legislation Iraqi legislation that follows the real registration system The tenure system was suspended from a legal but practical point of view Possession still has a prominent effect that may lead at times To enable the holder to acquire the property and register it in his name as it is The case in the phenomenon of overrun and some applications of the recording system Renewed, which generated a state of mixing in some concepts, therefore, requests From us stand to discuss these necessities under the in kind registration system

Climate change discussions used to focus on scientific, environmental and economic aspects, and with the development of scientific understanding of the causes and consequences of climate change and the clarification of its effects on people and living conditions. The focus of discussions has gradually expanded, and the human and social dimensions of climate change are receiving increasing attention. The widening consequences of climate change and its impact on conflicts are a matter of concern to humanitarian workers, as the debate is now going on about the extent of the impact of climate change on the outbreak or exacerbation of armed conflicts.

The Iraqi legislator criminalized prostitution and established legal models for this crime according to the Anti-Prostitution Law No. 8 of 1988, where there are multiple images of prostitution crimes committed in different ways and methods, so prostitution may be practiced in an individual way by various means that may be via the internet, phone, or even by standing in places Certain frequented by those who seek illegal pleasure or any other method, such as advertising for themselves in certain sites, that is, women exercising on their own without being subject to any authority controlled by them, or prostitution may be practiced by private agencies that publish advertisements as providing health services or massages, or it is just Don's marriage offices The intention of prostitution, but originally that these agencies (brokers) aim to announce their prostitutes and other different forms by which prostitution is promoted and practiced, the crime of prostitution falls within a number of sexual crimes that the Iraqi legislator has handled in a special and independent law which is the Iraqi Prostitution Law No. 8 of 1988.

The subject of the research (International Protection of Endangered Species Under the light of International Agreements) is summarized by several attempts to know the international legal framework that guarantees the protection of endangered species in the world, until it became the subject of endangered species in most of the advanced and developed countries in the world the same, It also has an important position among researchers and scientists interested in the environment, It seems to us that the endangered species today make the biggest part of contemporary environmental policy where it can be considered a rational development pattern that deals with economic activities that aim at growth on the one hand, With measures to conserve the environment and natural resources on the other hand, until the right to endangered species became one of the internationally recognized human rights.

Conclusion the investigation courts impose liking the precedents of the accused in criminal registrations system, and therefore the (business sheet of the accused and the convicted) and the form (statement of precedent) are organized by those working in the criminal registry. The release decision is indicated in the same newspaper that was organized during the preliminary investigation stage. Registration in the criminal registration system arranges legal consequences in terms of criminal and civil according to the type and severity of the criminal committed.
In practice, the criminal registration system is more than just information in an official record, because it is in fact a burden on the reputation of the citizen accompanying it throughout his life, the obstacle to enjoying his rights, privilege, and even public official.

This research deals with the rights, privileges, and financial entitlements of the university service employee who has been referred to retirement, which is represented by the pension salary, end-of-service gratuity, or accrued regular vacation salaries. This is equal to addressing these provisions in the University Service Law No. (23) of 2008 amended, or the Unified Pension Law No. (9) of 2014, or Law No. (12) of 2012 on Rewarding Teaching and Teaching Staff Members, as well as a statement of the judicial trends followed by the Iraqi State Council

The relationship between the legislative and executive branches takes several forms and patterns according to the system of government applied in each country, which reflects the characteristics and characteristics of the presidential, parliamentary or mixed system where the shape of the system applied necessarily affects the nature of the relationship between the authorities, noting that the importance in determining the relationship between the legislative powers The executive may not be confined to the theoretical formulations alone, but is more affected by the practical application of the relationship of authorities and their competencies. Here is cooperation between the two authorities to achieve mutual control between them there is almost parallel and equal in power and competence of the principles that confine The relationship between the two authorities in the neglect of other facts led by the role of political parties effective as institutions.The importance of studying this research through clarifying and demonstrating the methods adopted by the constitutional legislator in organizing the work of the federal judiciary by explaining the constitutional provisions that regulated the work of the judiciary and all related organs and bodies because the judiciary is characterized as being the main focus to ensure and protect the rights of individuals through the application of the law and the source Attention to the judiciary is highlighted by the prestigious status of the judiciary among society as a guarantor of their rights and because the effective exercise of this constitutional and legal functions is through its granting of independence, which in itself is a principle

Legislation is one of the most important functions of the legislative authority historically and politically. It is the basic function of democracy. Historically, the values of democracy have been embodied in the establishment of a system of government based on the representation of the people and the realization of freedom of participation and equality among citizens, And the most important of which is the establishment of rules that must be followed by all in order to protect the values of freedom and equality, so the role of the first parliament has become the development of those rules (laws), and politically, although the initiative to propose draft laws come mostly from the executive, It does not negate the role of the parliament in discussing and amending it before approving it, as well as proposing new laws. It is important to know that the laws are not just texts issued by the legislator, but rather an expression of the will of society embodied by the legislator in the form of general rules .
It is also important to know the scope of the legislative function exercised by Parliament in issuing laws. The general rule is that the legal framework has many components, foremost of which is the legislative framework, Constitution, laws, regulations and instructions, as well as international conventions and treaties signed by the State .

The countries of the world have settled on the principle of restricting the authority of parliament when legislating the general budget law, regardless of the nature of the restrictions, their extent and the place to be stipulated, and in Iraq the House of Representatives was not an exception. Enact the budget law, Whereas the House of Representatives has consistently exercised its maximum legislative powers upon the enactment of this law without the observer realizing that there are limits at which COR should respect when enacting the budget law, we have preferred to highlight the texts that represent apparent and definite restrictions in their significance that the Parliament is restricted in this, It is based on constitutional and legal texts and in the internal system of the council, and ignoring these restrictions is what established the council’s responsibility and allowed stakeholders to challenge the constitutionality of budget laws in many financial years, which disrupted interests and wasted time and efforts. This research is a message to the legislator to pay attention to the limits contained in the legislation