Journal of University of Anbar for Humanities

Aims: This study aimed to examine the political circumstances that led to ‎the establishment of the monarchy in Iraq after World War I. It also aimed to ‎investigate the role of local, regional, and international factors in the selection of ‎Prince Faisal bin Hussein as the first king of Iraq. It also highlighted the impact of ‎the 1920 Revolution on changing British policies and the significant role of the ‎Dulaim tribes in granting legitimacy to the new monarchy. Methodology: The ‎research adopted the analytical historical approach to study documents and ‎references related to the period of British occupation (1918-1921) and analyzing ‎the impact of the 1920 Revolution on British policies, the process of Faisal I's ‎coronation, and the role of the tribes in it. Results: After analyzing all the data ‎and the historical information, the results showed that after the British occupation ‎of Iraq in 1917 and the imposition of the mandate, Britain faced widespread ‎popular rejection, culminating in the 1920 Revolution, which forced the British ‎government to change its policy. Therefore, Britain decided to establish a ‎constitutional monarchy to secure its influence, so Prince Faisal I was chosen for ‎his political experience and his role in the Great Arab Revolt. Tribal support was ‎essential to Faisal's rule, and the Dulaim tribes played a pivotal role in pledging ‎allegiance, which finally strengthened his legitimacy. Then, on August 23, 1921, ‎Faisal I was proclaimed king, ushering in a new phase in the construction of the ‎modern Iraqi state under the British influence. Conclusions: It can be concluded ‎that the 1920 revolution forced Britain to seek an indirect system of rule. The ‎selection of Faisal I was part of a British strategy to ensure control. Tribes, ‎particularly those of the Dulaim, also played a key role in legitimizing the ‎monarchy. However, Iraq remained under British influence until its full ‎independence in 1958‎‏ .‏

The military coup in Lisbon in April 1974 occurred as a result of political ‎turmoil in the country and strong criticism of the Portuguese government's policy ‎in Africa. The coup put an end to four decades of dictatorship (1926-1974) in the ‎midst of the Cold War, a severe oil crisis, and simultaneous processes of ‎decolonization in Africa. The military coup was faced with a counter-coup by ‎elements of low-ranking army officers on November 25, 1975, supported by ‎extremist Portuguese leftist elements who wanted to control the government in ‎favor of the communists. However, this coup failed, which directly affected the ‎internal situation in Portugal. So, dialogue with enemies were held. A joint effort ‎between the military and civilians to develop a constitution for the country that ‎guarantees freedom and pluralism. Aims: The study aimed to shed light on the ‎internal political events in Portugal during the Cold War and the dispute that ‎occurred between Portuguese political groups, which led to several coups, ‎disturbances, and demonstrations during the research period. Methodology: The ‎study adopted the descriptive historical approach, which monitored historical ‎events in order to determine the real reasons and developments that led to the ‎coup. Results: After analyzing the gathered data, the study showed that the ‎military coup in 1974 was an important event in Portugal, as it was considered a ‎transition between the republic and the dictatorship. It also created a political, ‎military and social crisis and generated a division in the armed forces movement ‎between the moderate right and the extreme left and the coup leaders tried to seize ‎power but failed. Conclusion: The study concluded that the military coup failed to ‎achieve its goals, which prompted the military and civilians to work to draft a new ‎constitution for the country that guarantees a pluralistic liberal democracy.‎

Aims: The research aimed to investigate the emergence of the Islamic ‎Navy during the Rashidun Era. It also aimed to shed light on the role of early ‎Muslim sea admirals in establishing a naval force capable of confronting enemy ‎fleets, especially the Byzantine fleet. It also reviewed the factors that contributed ‎to the development of the Islamic Navy and the challenges it faced. Methodology: ‎The current research adopted the historical and analytical approach to study the ‎stages of the establishment of the Islamic Navy. The historical analytical approach ‎helped the researcher to analyze the reasons of the emergence and development of ‎Islamic navy and follow the naval operations carried out by Muslims. The ‎researcher also studies deeply the used military tactics. Results: After analyzing ‎all the data and information, the results showed that the emergence of the need for ‎a naval force led to expanded the Islamic state and necessity of establishment of a ‎naval fleet to protect coastal cities and secure maritime trade. Regarding the role ‎of sea Admirals, the results showed that Abdullah ibn Sa'd ibn Abi Sarh and ‎Mu'awiyah ibn Abi Sufyan played a pivotal role in laying the foundations of the ‎Islamic navy and leading campaigns against the Byzantines. The Battle of Dhat al-‎Sawari represented the first major Islamic naval victory against the Byzantines in ‎‎34 AH/655 AD, paving the way for the establishment of a powerful Islamic fleet. ‎The results also focused on the challenges and developments of the Islamic navy. ‎Despite the lack of naval expertise, Muslims were able to develop new naval ‎strategies and utilize shipbuilding techniques. Finally, navy had a significant ‎impact on the Islamic state expansion, in which the Islamic fleet contributed to ‎coastal protection and the conquest of Cyprus and strengthening Islamic influence ‎in the Mediterranean. Conclusions: It can be concluded that the establishment of ‎the Islamic navy was a decisive strategic step in the history of Islamic conquests, ‎breaking Byzantine hegemony and strengthening Muslim control over the ‎Mediterranean. The study recommends further studies on the development of the ‎Islamic navy in later eras and its impact on naval conflicts.‎‏ .‏

Abstract: Aims: The current aims to investigate the nature of the imported ‎goods to Baghdad's markets during the Abbasid era and their impact on the ‎economy and society. The study also focusing on Baghdad's role as a global ‎trading center that attracted goods from various regions due to its special ‎geographical location at the crossroads of trade routes. Methodology: The current ‎study adopted the historical analytical approach. More precisely, the study ‎focused on the historical references that documented Abbasid trade. The study ‎also analyzed the nature of imported goods and their economic and social role. ‎Results: After analyzing all the data and information, the results showed that ‎Baghdad's Commercial Status at the time of Abbasid Era became a global center ‎of trade, importing rare and luxury goods from the East and West via land and ‎river routes. There was a diversity of imported goods included food commodities ‎such as spices, wheat, and dried fruits, as well as luxury goods such as silk, ‎perfumes, and precious stones, which came from India, China, Yemen, and ‎Andalusia. The results also showed that the impact of trade on Baghdad's ‎prosperity was significant, in the commercial activity contributed to create wealth ‎and jobs opportunities which finally led an urban and cultural renaissance ‎reflected in arts and handicrafts. The results also showed that this era had a ‎significant impact on regulation of trade, in which the Abbasid state imposed laws ‎to regulate markets, supervised the quality of goods, and prevented commercial ‎fraud through government offices. Conclusions: It can be concluded that Baghdad ‎was the heart of global trade, as its geographical location and state support ‎contributed to making it a center of civilization and commercial exchange. In the ‎light of the results of the current study, the research recommends a deeper study ‎of the Abbasid trade systems and their impact on society and culture‏ .‏

Aims: This study aims to investigate the political and administrative ‎circumstances in Deir ez-Zor after the Ottoman withdrawal in 1918. It also ‎analyzes the experience of the provisional government formed by the residents ‎and the role of prominent figures in managing the transitional period. It also ‎highlights the reasons for the residents' shift from supporting the Arab ‎government in Damascus to seeking British intervention. Methodology: The ‎research adopted the historical and analytical approach to study the political ‎events after the Ottoman withdrawal. The researcher also analyzed the historical ‎documents and references using a descriptive approach to trace the follow up the ‎evolution of the situation within the city and the impact of political ‎transformations on its residents. Results: After analyzing all the data, the results ‎showed that the Ottoman withdrawal led to a political chaos which prompted the ‎locals to form a temporary local government headed by Fadel al-Aboud, known as ‎the "government of lawlessness". Despite the local government's attempts to ‎restore law, it was unable to address the administrative and economic challenges ‎which enforced the government to request to join the Arab government in ‎Damascus, which sent Mar'i Pasha al-Mallah to be the mayor of the city. ‎Conditions quickly deteriorated under the new administration, leading to ‎discontent among the population and a loss of confidence in the Arab government. ‎As propaganda about the improvement in conditions in Iraq under British rule ‎mounted, the notables of Deir ez-Zor began to view the British as a more ‎acceptable solution, prompting them to invite the British into the city. ‎Conclusions: It can be concluded that the period followed the Ottoman withdrawal ‎was turbulent, as local and Arab governments failed to achieve stability, leading ‎residents to seek British protection. The study recommends studying the long-term ‎effects of this shift on Deir ez-Zor and the extent to which British policies fared ‎compared to those of the Arab government.‎‏ .‏

Aims: The research aims to analyze areas of vulnerability and landslides ‎along Road No. (12) using fuzzy logic and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) ‎techniques. The study also seeks to identify the factors affecting slope stability, ‎classify risk levels, and suggest preventive measures to improve public safety and ‎reduce damage caused by landslides. Methodology: the current study employed ‎the descriptive and analytical approach. This approach was adopted to study the ‎geological and topographical factors affecting road stability, using remote sensing ‎techniques and a digital elevation model (DEM) to analyze the terrain. ‎Geographic Information Systems (GIS) were also applied to create maps ‎identifying risk areas and analyzing the spatial distribution of landslides. Results: ‎After analyzing the data, the results showed that there are changes in: Climatic ‎and hydrological factors: this represents heavy rainfall leads to soil weakness and ‎the separation of rock masses, especially in areas with steep slopes exceeding 35 ‎degrees; Geological and topographic factors which represents fragile rock ‎formations and the presence of cracks and faults contribute to an increased ‎likelihood of landslides; Human Factors which represents cutting and leveling ‎operations during road construction and maintenance affect the slope balance and ‎increasing the risk of landslides; Finally Slope Angle which represents steep ‎slopes cause rock masses to fall due to gravity and posing a danger to road users. ‎Conclusion: it can be concluded that road No. (12) suffers from frequent ‎landslides due to natural and human factors, threatening infrastructure and public ‎safety. The study recommends enhancing slope stability using engineering ‎stabilization techniques, constructing rock barriers, and improving water drainage. ‎It also recommends the use of continuous monitoring and early warning ‎techniques, and conducting periodic geomorphological studies to reduce risks and ‎achieve road sustainability.‎‏ .‏

Aims: The current study aimed to investigate the severe weather ‎phenomena in the study area (Baghdad) during the period 2011-2021, including ‎heat and cold waves, dust storms, and thunderstorms, in light of accelerating ‎climate change. It also examined the temporal and spatial patterns of these ‎phenomena and assess their environmental and societal impact. Methodology: A ‎descriptive, quantitative, and analytical approach was adopted to study severe ‎weather phenomena using climate data recorded during the period 2011-2021. The ‎temporal and monthly frequency of these phenomena was analyzed to determine ‎their distribution, severity, and impact on the region. Results: After analyzing all ‎the data, the study revealed a high frequency of severe weather phenomena, with ‎‎56 heat waves recorded. The year of 2015 was the highest with 11 waves, while ‎June was the most affected (10 waves). As for cold waves, there were 19 waves, ‎year 2014 being the highest with four waves, and December the most affected (7 ‎waves). The study also recorded 35 dust storms, noticing that the year 2021 have ‎had the highest number of storms with 10, while April and May were the most ‎affected (9 storms each). Dust storms continued for 506 days, and 2021 have had ‎the highest number with 58, July being the most affected month (91 dusty days). ‎Conclusions: The results indicated an increase in extreme weather events in the ‎region, particularly heat waves and dust storms, with varying annual and monthly ‎distributions. Accordingly, the study recommends improving early warning ‎systems, increasing vegetation cover, and taking measures to protect the groups ‎most affected by heat and cold waves.‎

Aims: The current study aims to investigate the fragile population groups ‎in Anbar Governorate. The study also aimed to analyze the factors influencing the ‎spread of this phenomenon and determining the geographical distribution of ‎fragility. It also seeks to provide development strategies to reduce this group and ‎achieve economic and social stability. Methodology: the study adopted the ‎analytical approach to study population data and an inductive approach to extract ‎future trends. It also used a statistical approach to analyze the relationship ‎between the level of fragility and demographic and economic factors, adopting ‎Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to determine the spatial distribution of ‎fragile groups. Results: After analyzing the data, the study showed that Anbar ‎Governorate comprises 4.5% of Iraq\'s total population and fragile groups ‎constitute 3.2% of the total fragile population. The highest rates of fragile were ‎recorded in Fallujah and Ramadi districts, at 29% and 23%, respectively. This ‎high ratio could be to high population density and economic and security ‎challenges. In contrast, the lowest rates were recorded in Rawah and Rutba ‎districts (1.5% and 2.5%). The fragile rate in Anbar reached 60 per 1,000 people, ‎rising to 139 per 1,000 in Rawah district, while the lowest rate was in Haditha (38 ‎per 1,000 people). Conclusion: It can be concluded that population fragile levels ‎in Anbar vary according to economic and social factors and population ‎distribution. The current study recommends that local government should pay ‎more attention to develop economic and politic strategies to improve economic, ‎increase employment opportunities, and enhance social services to achieve ‎sustainable development and economic stability.‎

Aims: This research aims to provide an in-depth perspective to the role of ‎GIS in reshaping contemporary geographical thought in light of technological ‎developments. It also discusses how to integrate artificial intelligence into GIS ‎and the resulting philosophical shift in understanding space and time. ‎Methodology: The research applied a critical analysis approach, which includes ‎studying the works of pioneers in the field of GIS and geographical thought, and ‎analyzing the scientific suggestions and concepts related to the development of ‎these systems and their associated philosophical implications for contemporary ‎geographical thought. Results: The results of the current study indicate that GIS, ‎supported by artificial intelligence, has contributed to changing the concept of ‎space from a static entity to a dynamic space that interacts with time and human ‎experiences. Furthermore, critical approaches have raised new questions about the ‎role of GIS in achieving spatial justice. This has led to the emergence of ‎contemporary issues surrounding data availability in the context of GIS, such as ‎privacy and the potential for exploiting spatial data to bridge social and economic ‎gaps. Conclusions: It can be concluded that the need to employ geographic ‎information systems (GIS) to achieve a fair distribution of resources and services, ‎taking into account human and social aspects. Therefore, there is a need to ‎develop geographic information systems (GIS) to be more comprehensive and ‎equitable in representing and analyzing spatial data. On the other hand, GIS ‎integrated with artificial intelligence has opened new aspects for sustainable ‎planning and accurate analysis of spatial patterns.‎

Aims: This study aims to analyze the hydrological behavior of the valleys ‎located north of Lake Haditha, Anbar Governorate. The study also investigated the ‎impact of natural factors such as topography, discharge volume, and flow velocity ‎on flood risk. It also aimed to provide an accurate information base that will ‎contribute to improving water resource management and developing strategies to ‎reduce flood risk. Methodology: A regional and analytical approach was adopted ‎to investigate the hydrological phenomena and analyze the impact of ‎environmental factors on surface runoff. Satellite imagery and a digital elevation ‎model (DEM) were used to measure water basin characteristics such as waterway ‎length, slopes, and valley depths. A deductive approach was also used to examine ‎relationships between variables and analyze their impact on water discharge. ‎Results: Following an extensive analysis, the study showed significant differences ‎in discharge volume between basins. Al-Fayda Valley recorded the highest ‎discharge (197.14 m³/s), making it the most vulnerable to flooding, while Al-Ab ‎Valley recorded the lowest discharge (33.94 m³/s). The results also revealed that ‎Wadi Al-Takaka has a longer drainage time (1.04 hours), reflecting slow water ‎flow, while Wadi Al-Ab had the shortest time (0.57 hours). Furthermore, the ‎highest flow velocity was recorded in Wadi Al-Ab (0.27 km/h), and the lowest in ‎Wadi Al-Takaka (0.18 km/h), with a total flow volume of 65.28 thousand m³. ‎Conclusions: The study confirmed an inverse relationship between flow velocity ‎and basin length, as differences in discharge and flow velocity lead to varying ‎flood risks between valleys. Based on these results, the study recommends the ‎development of early warning systems, improvement of flood channel ‎infrastructure, and implementation of water harvesting projects to enhance the ‎sustainability of water resources and reduce flood risks in the region.‎‏.‏

Aims: Psychological studies have indicated high prevalence rates of stress ‎resulting from life stressors, especially during and after the pandemic of Covid-‎‎19. None of these studies, however have addressed the nature of the psychological ‎stressors and recovery among Iraqis. This study aimed to address this gab in ‎literature by investigating the prevalence of the indicators for the psychological ‎stressors and recovery. The study also aimed to identify the nature of the ‎relationship between psychological stressors and recovery during and after the ‎conditions of psychological distress among a sample of Iraqi students. ‎Methodology: Five-hundred and forty-four students (225 male and 319 female) ‎were randomly selected from to participate in this study. The short-version (23 ‎items) of Recovery-Stress Questionnaire by Kallus (2011) was adopted. The ‎questionnaire was translated into Arabic language. Validity of translation and ‎other psychometric properties were extracted. Results: After analyzing the data, ‎the results showed that 16.24% had a high degree of psychological stressors and ‎recovery, while 15.7% showed a low degree. The results also indicated that 15.8% ‎of the participants had high-level psychological stressors compared to 13.36% ‎who had a low degree of suffering from stress. Too, 22.38% had a high rate of ‎recovery, compared to 14.62% who had a low rate of recovery from psychological ‎stressors. The results also indicated that there is a statistically significant ‎correlation between psychological stressors and recovery, and that (0.577) of ‎stress can predict psychological stressors and recovery. Conclusions: The clinical ‎and research implications of the findings are discussed.‎‏.‏

Aims: This research explores the online education studies in the Islamic ‎world through a comprehensive systematic review of the literature, employing the ‎PRISMA framework. It also investigates trends in yearly distribution, ‎geographical distribution, leading authors, and prominent educational institutions ‎in the field, as well as the perceived benefits and challenges of online learning ‎during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data was obtained from the Scopus database. ‎Methodology:
Data was systematically obtained from the included studies using a standardized ‎model. This included information about authors, publication year, study design, ‎methodologies, key findings, and conclusions related to online education in ‎Islamic education. The extracted data were then analyzed to identify themes, ‎trends, and common gaps in literature. The current research identified 125 initial ‎records, screened 114, and included 32 studies in the final review. During the full-‎text review, articles were assessed for relevance to the role of online education in ‎the Islamic world. Studies not specifically addressing this topic or failing to meet ‎quality standards were excluded. Ultimately, 32 studies were included in the final ‎review. Search Strategy: The research employed the following search strategy ‎using the Scopus database: TITLE-ABS-KEY (Islamic AND educational AND ‎online AND education) AND PUBYEAR > 2012 AND PUBYEAR < 2024 AND ‎‎(LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "English")) AND (LIMIT-TO (DOCTYPE, "re") OR ‎LIMIT-TO (DOCTYPE, "cp") OR LIMIT-TO (DOCTYPE, "ar")). The search was ‎limited to English-language publications, focusing on review articles, conference ‎papers, and journal articles. Framework Used in the Study (PRISMA Framework): ‎The PRISMA flowchart was used to document the selection process, providing a ‎transparent overview of the number of records identified, included, and excluded ‎at each stage of the review. The final dataset consisted of 32 studies, which ‎formed the basis for the comprehensive analysis presented in this review. By ‎adhering to PRISMA guidelines and utilizing the Scopus database, this review ‎followed a systematic and rigorous approach to gather available evidence ‎regarding the role of online education in the Islamic world. Results: The main ‎findings revealed that the peak of research activity occurred in 2023, with ‎significant contributions from Indonesia and Malaysia. Effective technological ‎tools such as Moodle and Google Classroom were identified, along with the ‎importance of ethical guidelines and professional development for teachers. ‎Conclusions: This review highlighted the significant impact of online learning on ‎teaching methods, providing insights into future research and practice in ‎education within the Islamic world, emphasizing the need for continuous ‎adaptation and innovation in educational strategies. The review emphasized the ‎need for ongoing professional development and ethical guidelines to ensure the ‎responsible use of these technologies. The insights gained from this review offer a ‎foundation for future research and practice in integrating online education in the ‎Islamic world, aiming to enhance educational practices and outcomes in the post-‎pandemic world.‎

Aims: The current research aimed to identify the relationship between the ‎Big Five Personality Traits and Risku-Taking Behavior among Yemeni Police ‎officers in the capital, Sana'a, and to identify the level of personality traits and ‎risk-taking behavior among them. Methodology: The researchers adopted the ‎descriptive research method based on predicting correlations between variables. ‎The study sample consisted of (355) officers who were selected randomly. To ‎achieve the research objectives, the researchers used the Big Five Personality ‎Factors Scale prepared by Costa and McCrae in 1992 (Costa & McCrae) with 59 ‎paragraphs and five alternatives (strongly agree, agree, neutral disagree, strongly ‎disagree) and the risk behavior scale (prepared by the researchers) with 61 ‎paragraphs and five alternatives (always, often, sometimes, rarely, never). ‎Results: After analyzing the data, the results showed that the level of personality ‎traits among police officers was ranging from average to above the average. The ‎results also showed that the most common personality factors among police ‎officers are (conscientiousness), (openness to experience), (kindness-‎acceptability), (extraversion), and neuroticism. The level of risk behavior among ‎police officers was average. Conclusions: The study concluded that there is a ‎significant correlation between personality traits and risk behavior among police ‎officers. Conclusions: It can also be concluded that there is a significant ‎relationship between conscientiousness, openness to experience, and risk-taking ‎behavior. However, there was no significant relationship between extraversion, ‎neuroticism and risk-taking behavior neuroticism and risk-taking behavior. The ‎results also revealed that there was almost no significant relationship between ‎agreeableness-acceptability and risk-taking behavior. Basis on the results, the ‎researchers suggested some recommendations: 1) training officers on ‎conscientiousness and openness to experience to improve performance and ‎providing psychological support to reduce neuroticism and improve extraversion; ‎‎2) Rising salaries and providing incentives and rewards in a fair and objective ‎manner would be a significant reinforcement; and 3) analyzing jobs to ensure that ‎the right person is appointed in the right place‏.‏

Aims: This study aims to investigate the correlation between learning ‎English language via British virtual materials and the improvement of the ‎students' vocabulary and British chunks awareness. Methodology: Eighteen (18) ‎male and female students chosen from taken from 2nd grade at the Department of ‎English, College of Education for Humanities to take place in the study. A semi-‎structured- interview and ClassVR and Mondly VR tools were used for collecting ‎data. A rubric model was prepared to categorize the participants' answers. ‎Results: The results revealed that there was high correlation between the use of ‎British virtual materials and students' vocabulary improvement, the students ‎learned vocabulary from authentic British context that they did not expose to in ‎the syllabus and can last for life such as how to say "I am tired" (the levels of ‎tiredness): I'm tired to the bone; I'm exhausted; I'm dog-Tired; I'm dragging; and ‎I'm running on empty. These expressions will be different if the learner translates ‎from Arabic to English and vice versa. In addition, the results revealed that British ‎virtual materials have improved students' awareness of the British chunk and ‎understanding the culture such as engaging with the virtual guide of the British ‎Museum and gain good information‏.‏

Aims: The current research aims to identify the nature of teaching ‎literature and Arabic texts using the guided imaginary strategy and its effect on ‎the achievement of fifth-grade scientific female students and their future thinking. ‎Methodology: In order to achieve the aims of the current research, a sample of ‎‎(65) female students was selected randomly from Al-Shumoukh Preparatory ‎School for Girls in Anbar/Iraq. The researcher distributed the sample into two ‎groups; the first group is the experimental and the second group is the control ‎group. The experimental group included (33) female students, while the control ‎group included (32) female students. The experimental design with partial control ‎was chosen. The researcher conducted a statistical equivalence between the two ‎groups in the variables (age, previous achievement of the Arabic language, and the ‎future thinking scale). The researcher then prepared an achievement test of (40) ‎multiple-choice items, and a scale to measure the future thinking consisted of (24) ‎items. Then the psychometric properties of both the scale and the test were ‎verified, and the results showed that both have high validity and reliability. ‎Results: After applying the program upon the experimental group and analyzing ‎the data, the results showed that the students of the experimental group scored ‎higher performance in the future thinking and the academic achievement than the ‎control group.‎‏ ‏