Psychological Science

The current study aims to identify (Moral Injury and its relationship to Emotional Blindness of feelings among medical college students) and the type of relationship between them. To achieve the goal of the study, the researcher adopted the Moral injury scale by (Abdul Rahman, 2023), and the scale in its final form consisted of (14) items. She also constructed a measure of Emotional Blindness of feelings, which in its final form consisted of (20) items. The researcher confirmed their psychometric properties, as they verified the validity and reliability of the two scales. Then, the two scales of the study were applied to a sample of (200) male and female students, who were selected randomly from students of the College of Medicine at the University of Diyala, and after statistical analysis of the data and processing it using statistical methods, which are: : A t-test for one sample, and a t-test for two samples. The study produced results that are:- The sample members have an average level of Moral Injury. There are statistically significant differences between the two stages (first and sixth) in Moral Injury. There is no study on Emotional Blindness in his sample. There are no statistically significant differences between the stages (first and sixth) in Emotional Blindness. It also found. There is correlation between the variables of Moral Injury and Emotional Blindness among college of medicine student.

The study aimed to identify the productive thinking skills of middle school students in outstanding and ordinary schools. It also aimed to identify the significance of statistical differences in productive thinking skills among middle school students according to the variables of gender (males - females) and school type (distinguished - ordinary). The basic research sample included (160) students, male and female, who were randomly selected from two middle schools in the in the Second Rusafa District, for outstanding students and the same for ordinary students. The distribution was equal according to gender and type of school. As a research tool, the productive thinking skills scale prepared by the researchers was used, which consisted of (28) items distributed equally among the seven productive thinking skills adopted in this research, after extracting their validity and reliability. To analyze the data statistically, Pearson correlation coefficient, Cronbach\'s alpha, one-sample t-test, and multiple analysis of variance were used. The results showed that the distinguished secondary school students and their ordinary peers possessed productive thinking skills, whether in the total score of the scale or in its fields, except for the field of (originality). It also showed that there were statistically significant differences in the arithmetic mean of the productive thinking skills scale and in its fields at a significance level of (0.05) and higher for males, except for the two areas (deduction and interpretation), in which the difference appeared to be insignificant. While there were no statistically significant differences according to the type of school (distinguished - ordinary) in the total score and all areas.

The research included four sections. The first section contained the introduction to the research and its importance. It addressed measurement, testing, and the great impact in determining and knowing the level of female students and the extent of development they have reached through knowing their abilities and physical and skill potentials and examining them by the female teachers in the classroom by representing them with specific grades and levels. It helps teachers identify the physical and motor needs of female students As for the research problem, the researcher noted that most teachers rely on internal measurements and self-experience to evaluate students while performing lessons and exercises to determine the level, which made interest in solving this problem and the goal of the research was to determine standard grades and levels, not the static balance and moving balance tests among middle school students. And on a sample Of (155) female students, they conducted the tests with the help of the assistant work team to obtain the results. The researcher concluded by reaching standard grades and levels for the static balance and moving balance tests for middle school students in Baghdad. The researcher recommended adopting standard grades and levels for the static balance and moving balance tests for middle school students.

The current research aims to identify cognitive perfectionism and its relationship to academic procrastination among university students. The researcher used the descriptive approach, and the sample was selected from the original community of colleges at Anbar University in a random manner, consisting of (400) male and female students from the humanities and scientific colleges, and then the perfectionism scale was applied. The cognitive scale was constructed and consists of (24) items with three alternatives. It has psychometric properties and a scale for academic procrastination, which the researcher adopted (Moselhi and Nadia Al-Husseini 2004) to achieve the objectives of the current research. After processing the data statistically, the results showed that university students have cognitive perfection to a degree. It is high, and university students do not have academic procrastination, and there is an inverse correlation between cognitive perfectionism and academic procrastination, that is, the more students enjoy cognitive perfectionism, the less academic procrastination they have. In light of the results, the researcher recommended suggested educational recommendations.

The study aimed to identify the effect of using concepts maps on the achievement of second-year intermediate students in the English language subject in Nineveh governorate in Iraq, the study used the experimental method, the study sample consisted of (92) students, who were divided into groups, one of which was experimental, consisting of (45) students who received lesson using concept maps, the other was a control group consisting of (47) students who received lessons in the usual manner, the study tool, the post-test was chosen and its validity and reliability were verified, and the test was applied to the two groups, the study found an effect of using concept maps on the achievement of second- year intermediate students in the English language subject, as the experimental group outperformed the control group. The study recommended the need to train English language teachers to use concept maps.

The current research aims to build a measure of self-management among workers with people with special needs and measure it for them, and then identify the significance of statistical differences in the level of self-management among workers with special needs according to the variables (gender, academic achievement, housing, number of years of service). A sample was formed. The research included (425) male and female employees working with people with special needs in government departments in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. They were chosen randomly. To achieve the research objectives, the researchers built a self-management scale and extracted the psychometric properties of the scale’s validity and reliability. The scale in its final form consisted of: (60) items distributed across the scale areas, The data was treated statistically, and the results indicated that the sample members have a positive level of self-management, and that there is a statistically significant difference between the average scores of the sample members for self-management according to the gender variable and in favor of females. There is no statistically significant difference between the average scores of the sample members for self-management. According to the achievement variable, there is a difference in self-management according to the residence variable, in favor of Dohuk and Sulaymaniyah Governorates, there is a difference in self-management according to the job variable, in favor of teachers, and there is no difference in self-management according to the years of service variable.
In light of the results, a set of recommendations and proposals were presented.

The current research came to reach knowledge of the etiquette behaviors of kindergarten children. Accordingly, the researcher prepared a scale of etiquette behaviors, which consists of 27 items distributed into 3 areas, each area has 9 items. In order to apply it to the research sample (children), the researcher chose (200) male and female children from Kindergarten children in Baghdad Governorate. Then the researcher re-extracted the validity and reliability coefficients for the scale, and after this procedure, the study data was entered into the statistical portfolio program (SPSS), and the results showed the following: -
- Kindergarten children enjoy etiquette behaviors.
- There are no statistical differences between male and female kindergarten children in etiquette behaviors.
- There are statistical differences between kindergarten children of employed mothers - housewives on the etiquette behavior scale, in favor of children of employed mothers.
- There are statistical differences between kindergarten children of parents (employee-earner) on the etiquette behavior scale, in favor of children of employee parents.
- There are no statistical differences between kindergarten children who are children of mothers with middle school, diploma, bachelor’s, master’s, or doctorate levels.
- There are no statistical differences between kindergarten children and children of parents with intermediate education - middle school, diploma - bachelor’s degree, master’s degree - doctorate

The current research dealt with a common social problem, which is behavioral disorders among children in primary school. The current research aimed to identify the prevalence of behavioral disorders in children aged (9, 10, 11) and to identify the statistically significant differences in behavioral disorders according to the gender variable (males, females).
The current research was applied to a sample of children students in public primary schools in the General Directorate of Education of Baghdad Al-Karkh/3, for the third, fourth and fifth grades in the academic year 2021/2022.
The current research approach dealt with the descriptive, correlational approach. The researcher used each of the following statistical methods (Chi-square / Pearson correlation coefficient / T.test for one sample / T.test for two independent samples). In light of the results of the current research, the researcher recommends some recommendations and suggestions.

The current research aims to prepare a measure of receptive language for children with autism spectrum disorder and verify its psychometric properties. After reviewing foreign and Arabic studies and language-specific measures, the dimensions of the measure were determined in light of the levels (components) of the language, represented by (the phonetic level - the semantic level (meanings). (-The grammatical level--The usage level of the language). (32) phrases were formulated distributed over (4) sub-dimensions. To achieve this, a random sample was selected consisting of (86) male and female children with mild autism spectrum disorder in Erbil Governorate, Iraq. Their ages spanned between (6-9) years. The significances of the internal consistency indicators were calculated by calculating the correlation coefficients, and they were high (0.859) to (0.931) and statistically significant at the level of (0.01). The validity significances were also calculated through confirmatory factor analysis, and they were extended Its saturation on the factor ranged from (0.797) to (0.928), which is a high value. Indicators of validity were also used using the test (Ibrahim, 2020), and the correlation coefficients were high and statistically significant at the level of (0.01), and the indications of the scale’s reliability indicators were calculated using the Alpha-Cronbach method ( 0.950), while the second Gutman equation (0.952) and the sixth Gutman equation (0.976), while the McDonald method (0.951). The results showed that the scale had good psychometric properties and validity of application.

he current study aimed to identify the effect of narrative exposure therapy in relieving post-traumatic stress disorder among survivors of trauma. To achieve this purpose, the researcher chose a random sample consisting of (5) individuals from psychiatric clinics. The researcher used the Harvard University scale consisting of (16) items. After extracting its validity and reliability, the program was presented in its general framework to a number of experts to see its validity and the suitability of its objectives for the study, and they agreed on the validity of the program at a rate of (100%.(.
The program was applied in the first half of 2022 and lasted for two and a half months with a follow-up period. The results showed that the level of the disorder was reduced to mild or less, and the effect of narrative exposure therapy in reducing the level of the disorder. Accordingly, the objectives of the research were discussed and explained according to the results that were reached. To it and compare, it with the results of previous studies, and according to these results, recommendations and proposals were identified to serve the benefit from them.

The role of play in improving the educational process in children
Cooperation, freedom and competition are a model
The current research aims to identify the role of play in improving the educational process, with the adoption of games of cooperation, freedom and competition as the basic models for endoscopy, and helps play in the formation of educational attitudes, the child acquires new behavioral skills that help to re-adjustment and discharge emotional charges and negative feelings, The game is an informal school of social relations. The research identifies a collection of literature of contemporary Arab heritage.
After presenting the theoretical framework based on contemporary Arab literature, we were able to come up with a proposed educational model based on cooperative, free and competitive games, which was presented to a group of judges for honesty.
We have reached a number of conclusions, such as play that leads children to teach the rules of behavior and methods of communication and adaptation and to set them acceptable standards of behavior within the group in the case of being organized and directed. We recommended a number of recommendations, including attention to play in kindergartens because of its significant role in the social development of children socially and emotionally, to teach teachers the importance of play and give them lectures on how to use them. In addition to the research and development, we have proposed subsequent studies, such as: study the effectiveness of the game in the modification of abnormal behavioral manifestations in children, and a study showing the relationship between toys and types of growth such as mental, physical, motor and linguistic.

The research aims to identify:
1- Foreclosure identity of middle school students.
2- Imaginary shyness among middle school students.
3- The correlation between Foreclosure identity and imaginary shyness among female middle school students.
To achieve the research objectives, the researcher selected a random sample from the research community, which were female students in the middle school/fourth year of middle school for the academic year (2023/2024), morning study in the Babylon Governorate Center, and used the Thomson equation to extract the sample size. The result of the equation was that the sample size amounted to (378) female students from Fourth year middle school female students. The sample was distributed randomly with a proportional distribution. The two research tools were applied, and by using appropriate statistical tools and extracting the validity and reliability values of the two research tools, the results were reached, and in light of them, the researcher developed several recommendations and proposals.