AL-Mostansiriyah journal for arabic and international studies

Digital diplomacy has played an important role since its emergence in recent years, as it has become increasingly closely related to human daily work, and political work in particular, and with the technical development that has led to the collapse of all geographical barriers that made the world just a small village, this development has been exploited politically, in an attempt to fuse cultures and traditions between countries by addressing peoples, bypassing governments, using digital media and smart phone applications, which are among the most important mechanisms and means of digital diplomacy (soft power), that countries use it to promote it values, ideas, heritage by addressing millions of people through this unlimited space directly and with influence. In addition to building bridges of communication between peoples and nations , creating spaces for understanding and dialogue, this has enabled the development of traditional diplomacy , the provision of digital tools and platforms to carry out diplomatic activities , build international relations in crisis management and conflict resolution . Solid tools are no longer dominant or decisive in any conflict, so it is necessary to the Arab countries and the Iraqi state to work at an accelerated pace to develop it political methods , tools , keep pace with technical development and exploit it optimally in the Iraqi ministry of foreign affairs.
Key words :-Digital diplomacy , technical development , Ministry of foreign affairs , soft power , communication platforms .

Diplomacy is considered as one of the most important tools of foreign policy for countries within the framework of regional and international interactions. This is due to the intersection of interests and common issues among international entities, as well as a result of the significant evolution witnessed in international relations on political, economic, cultural, technological, and military levels. The important changes and developments in the field of state relations, whether in their nature, objectives, or means, have made them different in the standards, concepts, and values that prevailed for a period of time. These changes have left clear effects on the foreign policy of countries, especially diplomatic instruments as an important means of implementing foreign policy. Several factors have contributed to enhancing the performance of Iraqi diplomacy, including the emergence of new political forces and a new political movement based on the conviction towards change. Additionally, lessons learned from previous stages, especially the experience gained by Iraqi institutions responsible for making and implementing foreign political decisions during the past period, are sufficient to qualify them to correct their paths in the upcoming phase. This pushes them towards more balance , openness in relations with the external world and shows more flexibility towards strategic issues. Finally, achieving balance in Iraq's regional and international foreign relations will bring a kind of stability and equilibrium to its external relations, giving Iraqi diplomatic performance a greater margin of freedom to confront various challenges, such as terrorism, and increases the possibility of achieving more positive gains in the interest of the Iraqi state. On the other hand, directing Iraqi diplomatic performance towards employing diplomacy in combating terrorism will enable Iraq to create a favorable regional environment to confront threats to national security and enhance cooperation with neighboring countries in the fight against terrorism .
Keywords:- diplomacy, terrorism, security, decision-making, external environment .

Abstract :-
The process of settling conflicts has appeared since the emergence of human societies that witnessed situations of competition and cooperation, which highlighted the importance of settling it by peaceful means, in order to avoid the use of coercive military force or entering into situations of war and direct confrontation, given the great damage that may result from resolving it by military means. However, the concepts of the settlement historically focused on conflicts between states, and ignored internal conflicts due to the principle of sovereignty, as the state had to first agree to intervene. The situation differed greatly with the end of the cold war and the rise of the principle of intervention for humanitarian considerations or the principle of humanitarian intervention, which allows intervention even without a request. States concerned in the event of genocide or war crimes against humanity ,or an internal crisis that threatens international peace and security. Therefore, preventive diplomacy that appeared later is not a synonymous expression for preventive action in its general manifestations, nor is it purely political behavior. Rather, it falls on the state’s responsibility.
Keywords:- preventive diplomacy, conflict management, foreign policy, security.

This study focuses on Iraqi diplomatic performance in the context of the global energy crisis resulting from events and developments taking place in the international arena, such as the crisis of the Russian-Ukrainian war, whose effects were reflected in various geographical regions. The study also presents the strategic changes in Iraqi foreign policy and their role in strengthening Iraq's position and ensuring reconciliation in global energy markets. The study was divided into three axes: The first presents: international variables and the escalation of the energy epilepsy crisis. The second displays the effectiveness of diplomatic performance in the map of energy transformations. The third deals with the complexities of the external environment and its repercussions on diplomatic performance.
Keywords: geopolitics, energy, diplomacy, Iraq.

International relations between countries and entities are one of the distinguishing features of political activity between these entities and organizations, these relations have passed through many historical stages and great experiences that have brought it to the present day. The new world order as we see it today with all its complexities is nothing but the result of those historical stages and the accumulation of knowledge on how to organize public affairs internally and externally, that the existence of relations between countries is not a new thing, but the laws that govern these relations are constantly renewed due to the development of countries , the urgent need to manage common interests between it and abroad. Many changes have occurred in international relations, including the introduction of new factors, concepts and issues. It gives regional or local administrations the right to engage in cultural, commercial, and sometimes even political activity with abroad. During the last century, the concept of Para diplomacy emerged in international relations and became an important tool as a result of the need for regional and local administrations to organize their activities with abroad .
Key words:- Iraq, Kurdistan Region, Para diplomacy, diplomacy, Iraqi constitution.

The creation of a sovereign and strong state with its weight in the regional and international environment requires the use of influential strategies in one way or another to form an image among other countries about the possibilities that the state possesses and the extent of its ability to influence the existing balances of power in the international and regional community, a year after Prime Minister Mohamed Shiaa Al-Soudani Take control reins of affairs his government program, we see that his government has pursued a foreign policy different from previous governments through the use of a strategy (productive diplomacy and sustainable partnerships) which, in turn, invests bilateral relations to achieve political and economic profit and reactivate cooperation .Its policies were based on the expansion of regional and international relations through productive diplomacy, partnership with the countries of the world, to restore the role and status of Iraq due to its size by exercising the role of an effective mediator in regional and international crises that affect in one way or another the stability of Iraq, the Iraqi government is moving to decipher the complexities of the axes (Washington – Tehran – Riyadh) as a neighbor and friend of the three parties to establish the principle of political goodwill, which brings them closer .
Productive diplomacy considered as a starting point for economic alliances instead of political ones with the rest of the world and contributed to economic openness and building bilateral relations, taking advantage of Iraq's strategic position, its regional weight and its impact on the world economy, which gives it the right to play an important and significant role that shows its true size and establishment of mutual relations with the countries of the world, the Iraqi government began to reap the fruits of its efforts through Iraq's participation in the Arab summit –China, the remarkable presence at the Jeddah summit and the conclusion of strategic partnership agreements with France , Germany, as well as understandings that serve development and restore Iraq's leading role in the region by initiating similar agreements with Arab and neighboring regional countries.
Key words:- Iraq, productive diplomacy, Iraqi government, political behavior, international relations .

Abstract:-
The world has witnessed an amazing development in the field of artificial intelligence, which is a field that aims to develop systems and programs capable of simulating human intelligence. Artificial intelligence has had a significant impact on many fields, including diplomacy, which is a complex field that essentially involves a process of communication and communication between countries. Due to the tremendous progress in the field of artificial intelligence, there is the possibility of using artificial intelligence techniques to enhance diplomatic practices. As artificial intelligence provides new capabilities for analyzing big data , achieving a deeper understanding of patterns and trends, countries can employ it in diplomacy, which will enhance it diplomacy in general.
Key words :- Artificial intelligence, diplomacy, data, Iraqi politics

Abstract:-
Diplomacy has a major impact on the formulation of political decisions. It settles crises and conflicts that occur between countries. It has a role in promoting and strengthening international relations. It is also a means of negotiating performance for a diplomat. It works to bring closer and agree viewpoints between countries, and this is represented in accordance with(negotiations, good offices and mediation), negotiations are a tool of diplomacy to implement foreign decisions and resolve political crises, and one of the most important crises facing Iraqi diplomacy is the water crisis, which created a water crisis in Iraq, because of what Turkey is doing in its water policy as it is a source country, the secret goal is aiming at is an attempt to wrap the water issue in a political framework through its constant efforts to procrastinate and procrastinate, in addition to prolonging the negotiations in order to allow it to continue the policy of building projects on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers without paying attention to the rights of Iraq.
Key words :- negotiation , water , diplomacy , crisis , turkey .

Abstract-:
Diplomacy has an impact on the formulation of political decisions. It settles conflicts and crises that may arise between countries. It also promotes and strengthens international relations. It has an important role in the scope of foreign policy. It is a means of political negotiation and works to achieve harmony between the differing viewpoints of countries. This is in accordance with (negotiations, good offices, mediation...)that restores relations between countries, no matter how complex they are, before they reach advanced stages of complexity and then a crisis, thus that crisis is resolved in one of the ways, either peacefully or by using force and then war, so diplomat negotiation is an important and necessary tool in resolving all types and issues of conflicts, which requires the focus of the Iraqi ministry of foreign affairs on(developing a comprehensive plan for the development of the diplomatic corps, focusing on the procedures of diplomatic work, seeking assistance from political scientific research centers, restoring Iraq’s role in international forums and getting out of the crisis of decline in international relations ( .These mechanisms lead to the success of foreign political action, accompanied by the employment of available capabilities and capabilities, this can only be achieved in the presence of a true national will.
Keywords:- diplomacy , political negotiation, capacity building, crises

Abstract :-
The more diplomatic performance is based on a solid vision, the more mature it becomes in practice. This helps achieve an effective foreign policy. Iraqi foreign policy, with all the political changes, security unrest, economic fluctuations, and internal social changes it faced, led to its effectiveness in foreign policy in certain periods being very weak and in other periods relatively good. This is for several reasons, the most important of which is related to the Iraqi decision-maker, who must realize the extent of the risks and challenges that surround him internally, regionally, and internationally, which increase the possibility of them transforming and extending into the Iraqi interior to prevent his interests. This is what requires the decision-maker to adopt sober and balanced diplomacy in his relations. The objectives of Iraqi foreign policy must be clear , consistent, arranged according to national priorities , considerations in order to achieve its highest interests , enhance its influence and position regionally and internationally.
Keywords:- diplomacy, Iraq, foreign policy, means of making diplomacy successful.

Abstract: -
Ii can be said that Iraqi diplomacy was able to manage the electrical energy file, but it failed to guarantee the security of electrical energy, which was used as a pressure card against Iraq, in addition to Iraq’s wasted money in an attempt to ensure Energy supplies and related gas supply security are important for generating electrical power.
Keywords -: Energy diplomacy, Iraqi diplomacy, electric power file, energy management .

Abstract :-
After 2003, Iraq witnessed an unprecedented wave of terrorism and extremism. Governments worked to develop policies to address this phenomenon at several political, security, media, economic, and social levels. Based on the Iraqi reality and its various factors, the phenomenon of terrorism became an Iraqi obsession par excellence, which prompted the Iraqi state to following a set of policies to preserve its entity and future, both internally and externally, Iraqi diplomacy also has efforts in combating terrorism, as it is considered a major axis in achieving regional stability in the region, the Iraqi government has sought to confront security challenges effectively, especially after the year 2014, by coordinating efforts, international cooperation and enhancing regional cooperation. Diplomatic efforts cannot achieve what they seek without a legal regulation that directs the international community on how to deal with the phenomena of terrorism and religious extremism, which constitute a cross-border threat and a challenge to international peace and security in general.
Keywords:- diplomacy, terrorism, extremism, ministry of foreign affairs, international security.

Abstract:-
Iraqi diplomacy is one of the important topics because of its importance in representing Iraq and resolving local and regional issues. The more flexible and successful diplomacy is, the more it will enable Iraq to achieve the desired goals. Accordingly, Iraqi diplomacy was subjected to many changes after 2003, and faced many thorny files left behind by the defunct regime, which were left behind. Its negative effects on Iraq's relations and foreign policy, and one of the most prominent of these files was the debts borne by Iraq, in addition to its being placed under chapter Seven as a result of previous policies, including the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait.
Keywords: - Iraqi diplomacy, the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, chapter Seven, Iraq’s debts.

ABSTRACT
Diplomacy is one of the main tools in formulating political decisions through strategic negotiating performance. It settles conflicts and crises that may arise between countries, to achieve foreign policy goals of securing their vital interests, maintaining a state of peace, and avoiding wars, Negotiation has a major role in international relations from Through the diplomatic efforts undertaken by diplomats to achieve rapprochement between the disparate viewpoints of countries, it restores relations between countries, no matter how complex, at all political, military, economic, social, cultural and scientific levels.
Keywords [diplomacy, negotiation strategies, diplomatic capabilities, diplomatic immunities]