Journal of Al-Farabi for Humanity Sciences (JFHS)

Summary
The Holy Quran is the primary source for deriving Islamic rulings for our jurists. They refer to the Quran to derive and extract Islamic rulings. Therefore, this Holy Quran is the Quran revealed by God Almighty, and it is the Quran that our Imams (peace be upon them) have paid attention to. They cite its verses, adhere to its verses, and use them as evidence in their various statements. This is what we find in their narrations transmitted in the authentic hadith books. However, despite all of this, we see the interpreter Shihab al-Din al-Alusi pooling his energies to attribute the claim that the Holy Quran was distorted to the Twelver Shiites. He used evidence that revolved outside the realm of science and logic, and he was unable to prove his claim in his interpretation (Min Ruh al-Ma'ani). From this standpoint, he endeavored with all his might to accuse the Imamis of distortion.

Abstract
The aim of this study is to clarify the meaning of the term "Sheikh" in the Qur'an and its semantic development. The study is divided into three sections: the first section explains the concept of the word "Sheikh" in the Arabic language, the second section discusses the term "Sheikh" and "Shaykha" in the Qur'an, and the third section reveals the semantic development of the term "Sheikh" and "Shaykha." The study concludes with the key findings, which are as follows:
1. The study clarified that the term "Sheikh" and "Shaykha" in the Arabic language refers to the following: a. A Sheikh or Shaykha is someone who is elderly, typically over the age of fifty. b. A Sheikh refers to someone who holds a high position and status among the people.
2. The study demonstrated that the term "Sheikh" in the Qur'an carries the following meanings: a. A Sheikh is an elderly person who is physically incapable of performing tasks normally. b. A Sheikh refers to someone who holds a high religious or worldly status. c. A Sheikh can also refer to a married man.
3. The semantic development of the term "Sheikh" includes: a. It is used as a presidential title in some Gulf countries. b. It refers to someone with a distinguished position in knowledge, virtue, or leadership.

Abstract
This research examines the relationship between modern scientific discoveries and their implications in the Quran, focusing on the concept of scientific miracles and their role in affirming the cosmic truths embedded within the Quranic text. The study aims to analyze this issue by investigating the scientific references in the Quran and their alignment with contemporary discoveries while establishing the legal and methodological principles governing this field. The research seeks to address fundamental questions, including: How can the scientific references in the Quran be understood? To what extent do these references align with recently discovered scientific facts? And what role does this alignment play in strengthening faith and affirming the divine origin of the Quran? The study adopts an analytical and critical methodology, examining classical exegetical interpretations and comparing them with modern scientific findings, providing well-supported conclusions based on both scientific and theological evidence. The research yields several key findings, including the observation that the Quran contains precise scientific references that preceded contemporary discoveries. Additionally, it highlights the necessity of reassessing certain traditional interpretations in light of recent scientific advancements. The study also underscores that reconciling scientific facts with Quranic texts should adhere to a balanced scientific and theological framework, avoiding exaggerated interpretations that lack empirical grounding. The research concludes by emphasizing the importance of fostering dialogue between scholars of Quranic exegesis and experts in the natural sciences, as well as ensuring rigorous scientific verification before adopting any scientific interpretation of Quranic verses. This approach aims to achieve a profound understanding of the Quranic message without imposing interpretations that go beyond the intended meaning of the text.

Summary
The research came under the title: The silent call and its applications in the Sunnah of the Prophet, and it was organized into an introduction, two topics, and a conclusion. The first requirement: dealing with the definition of the call in language and terminology, with an explanation of the sections of the call and its means, which include: means of verbal call, and means of practical callThe second requirement addressed: applications of silent advocacy in the Sunnah of the Prophet, one of its contemporary applications is advocacy by example and preparing leaders It emerged from the study: Dawah based on a good example in the Prophetic Sunnah is the most successful and truest of the silent advocacy methods recommended by the Holy Qur’an andthe Sunnah of the Messenger of God

Abstract
This research addresses several jurisprudential issues related to purity, prayer, almsgiving (zakah), pilgrimage (hajj), marriage, and sacrificial slaughter In the Book of Purity, the study examines the ruling on urinating in the place of bathing, as the Prophet ﷺ prohibited it. Jurists have also differed on the ruling regarding performing ablution after touching one's private part In the Book of Prayer, the discussion includes making up missed prayers. Some companions held that it must be performed immediately, while others permitted a delay. The study also explores the brief pause after reciting Al-Fatihah during prayer Regarding almsgiving, in the Book of Zakah, the companion Imran ibn Husayn (may Allah be pleased with him) opposed transferring zakah from one place to another and debated whether the donor could benefit from his own charity In the Book of Hajj, Imran ibn Husayn allowed assuming the state of ihram before reaching the designated station (miqat), despite Umar ibn Al-Khattab’s (may Allah be pleased with him) disapproval The Book of Marriage discusses temporary marriage (mut’ah), highlighting a transmission discrepancy regarding Imran ibn Husayn’s stance. It also examines marriage to a woman and her daughter, ruling it prohibited if the mother was married first. Additionally, it delves into the issue of previous divorce when a woman marries another man and then returns to her first husband In the Book of Slaughtering and Food, the study mentions the permissibility of slaughtering with a sword, even if it results in complete head separation, as narrated from several companions.Keywords: Purity, Ablution, Prayer, Zakah, Hajj, Marriage, Sacrificial Slaughter, Ihram, Temporary Marriage, Making Up Missed Prayers, Slaughtering with a Sword.

Summary
Praise be to God, and may blessings and peace be upon the Messenger of God. Whoever contemplates the treaties concluded by the Prophet, may God bless him and his family and grant them peace, will see in them his wisdom, the sublime nature of his thinking and planning, and how he preserved the status of the Islamic nation, elevated its position, established rights and duties in them, and guaranteed freedom of thought and belief for non-Muslims, whether they were among the People of the Covenant who had a treaty or among those who had been granted protection. (There is no doubt that these treaties had a great impact in strengthening the resolve of the Muslims and protecting Medina from the ambitions of the aggressive polytheists. Had the Jews not been treacherous, betrayed the covenant and agreements, and initiated aggression against the Muslims, the Messenger of God, may God bless him and his family and grant them peace, and the Muslims would not have taken a hostile stance towards them, and Medina would have remained filled with harmony and serenity.

Abstract
The research dealt with pricing and its relationship to theology, as we find that this topic has a simple reference in this science, and that it has many references in the science of jurisprudence, and pricing is one of the renewed issues that people need in every time and place, as it deals with this relationship with the issues of theology in determining the nature of the topic from the theological perspective, and clarifying the position of the theological schools on these topics, and what is related to the topic of pricing, by referring to theological writings, and extracting these issues related to it, and how to present them through this study, and solving this problem through these theological opinions. The research aims to identify the truth of the connection between these two sciences, and the launch of the concepts of the jurisprudential concept through the theological approach in that, like the influence of the science of interpretation on theology, as fate, destiny, cause and action, where we find them related and theological launch in this regard, and not only that, as we reach through this study to solve the problem of pricing from the theological perspective, and the reason for solving this problem; because it has serious effects on the reality and future of society, and removing doubts in the perception of this topic, and knowing Also, the methods of applying pricing in this science, for which I did not find an independent topic through the theological study of the relation of pricing to the Creator, or the authority from the concept of divine justice, and the injustice of servants from this aspect; because a topic will emerge from this study, the concept of free pricing, which is related to God Almighty, and forced pricing, which is related to the authority as we understood that from the science of theology

Abstract
This research came to answer the question that is that the philosophy of Islamic law is merely a theoretical research in the virtues of Islamic law and its advantages and its rule, or is it a general spirit in the law that aims to achieve goals and purposes that can be activated in building an integrated vision that has influence in the actions of man and its destinies to achieve the purpose of his existence, And this is through the presentation of the intellectual proposals on the philosophy and aims of Islamic legislation.The science of Ashraf after the Koran is the talk of the Messenger of Allah - peace be upon him- , And the greatest closeness to God after his book, is to draw close to the servant of the year of the Prophet, May God have come from this nation of men of science, God save them Sunni, and these of the senior of the eighth century in the graduation and explanation and clarification He was one of the most distinguished, and was one of the imams who gathered between the jurisprudence and the Hadith , and this research entitled objections because of talk in the narrator, where the researcher studied ten objections, according to the origins of scientific research.

Abstract:
Monotheism is considered the greatest pillar in Islamic thought, as the Holy Quran presents two integrated paths to attain certainty in the oneness of Allah: the psychological path, i.e. contemplation of the self, and the horizon path, i.e. contemplation of the universe. These two paths are prominent in his philosophy, to which he adds a third essential path: from the purpose to the intended, i.e. from the rational created human being to the absolute true Allah. In this research, we review these three approaches through the views of Al-Amili in his books, as he highlights the integration of the mind and the heart, instinct and proof, to establish a comprehensive vision that combines the depth of knowledge and the accuracy of reasoning, emphasizing that knowledge of the self and the horizons are nothing but gateways to knowledge of the One Creator.

Abstract:
This research examines the concept of hypothetical jurisprudence among the Shafiʿis, which is considered part of hypothetical ijtihad aimed at studying assumed issues that have not yet occurred but may arise in the future. It also highlights the importance of hypothetical jurisprudence and its grounding in anticipating legal solutions for emerging issues, demonstrating the flexibility of Islamic jurisprudence and its ability to adapt to modern developments. The study clarifies that hypothetical jurisprudence is not merely an intellectual exercise; rather, it constitutes an integral part of the Islamic heritage, thereby enriching Islamic legal thought while outlining the criteria that render it an effective tool within the objectives of Sharia.

Abstract
The Sirat is one of the key concepts in the Islamic faith, and refers to the bridge that will be erected over Hell on the Day of Judgment, and that all of creation will cross on their way to Heaven or Hell. It has been described as thinner than a hair and sharper than a sword, and people will cross it according to their deeds. It is a concept that reflects God’s justice and mercy, as people are judged based on their deeds in this world. It reminds Muslims of righteousness and commitment to obeying God, as crossing it is linked to one’s deeds and faith.

Abstract:
The Islamic approach requires that things be called by their true names, and this is represented in the scientific research approach. The approach is what accurately draws the scientific map and determines its cognitive path. The analysis of expressions, the preference of dilemmas, the identification of problems, and other technical terms were addressed by the approaches in the books of the arguments of readings. What is exposed to a reading that requires explanation, presentation, and evidence in accordance with the language, the authenticity of the chain of transmission, and the Uthmanic copies of the Qur’an, has found acceptance and fame in the reading, and the definition of the approach and the control of the chains of transmission in text and chain of transmission has become the specific approach in the books of the arguments of readings

summary
alnahy ean al'iikhtilaf fi aldiyn fi daw' maqasid alshariea almuqadima fala yakhfaa ealaa almuhtamiyn bialeulum alshareiat 'ahamiyat eilm almaqasid fi hayaat al'afrad walmujtamaeati, fabifadl hadha aleilmi, tatajalaa aleilal wal'ahkam walmaeani alkaminat wara' tashrie alqawanini, kama yabriz min khilalih samahat al'iislam waeadlahu, wayuakid 'anah min eind allah taealaa, wa'anah salih likuli zaman wamakanin.w'in min 'ahami alaihkam alati yajib 'an taerif maqasiduha hi alnahy ean alaikhtilaf fi aldiyn; wadhalaka, li'ana alkhilaf ghalbaan ma yawuwl 'iilaa alfirqat waltanazueu, waltabaghud waltadaburu, walbaghy walaietida'i, waghayriha min shurur alkhilaf alati la tanqadi.sabab aikhtiar almawduei:hunak eidat 'asbab dafaeatni liaikhtiar hadha almawduei, min 'abraziha 'iimaniun bi'ahamiyatih wadarurat 'an yakun ladaa alnaas fahum wadih lilmaqasid alshareiat alati min 'ajliha nuhy ean alaikhtilafi, faltafaruq yuetbr min 'akhtar altahdidat alati tuajih aldiyn wal'umata, hayth yuadiy 'iilaa alainhiraf ean almanhaj alsalimu, wayutih almajal lilaibtidae waltashwih fi almafahim al'asasiat lildiyni.bial'iidafat 'iilaa dhalika, fa'iina qanaeati bi'ahamiyat hadha aleilm alnaafie kanat min aleawamil alrayiysiat liaikhtiari lihadha almawduei, walaqad lahazt 'ana dirasat almaqasid tawasue alafaq, hayth tuathir bishakl mubashir ealaa hayaat al'afrad walmujtamieati.

Abstract
The fragmentary interpretation is the basis from which the various interpretations began, with their different approaches and trends, which continued to develop and diversify, but they did not deviate from the basics of the fragmentary interpretation in clarifying meanings, linking sentences and verses, and conveying the meaning to the Muslim reader and others.The importance of the topic is evident in explaining the importance of the method of partial interpretation, as it is the starting point for all interpretive approaches and trends. Focusing on the first departures in the Imami school of the method of fragmentary interpretation, and how to do so

Summar.
It discusses the importance of directing and understanding what is specifically mentioned regarding time and place in the Prophetic Hadiths. The focus is on explaining the wisdom behind mentioning specific times or places, such as the virtue of Friday or Mecca and Medina, and their role in legal rulings and religious guidance, along with understanding the prophetic intentions behind this specification

Abstract:
This research aims to explore manifestations of renewal in the sciences of Prophetic Hadith, emphasizing the dynamic nature and evolutionary adaptability of this discipline across eras. The study addresses multiple domains, including innovations in presenting Hadith texts (thematic, biographical, alphabetical arrangements) and the use of modern technologies such as computers for cataloging Hadiths. It also discusses advancements in exegetical methodologies, highlighting contributions by Indian scholars in enriching commentaries and annotations. The work further analyzes scientific miracles within the Prophetic Sunnah, such as descriptions of embryonic development and cosmic phenomena, which align with modern scientific discoveries. Additionally, the research examines systematic responses to Orientalist critiques, demonstrating that the methodology of Hadith scholars in evaluating chains of transmission (Sanad) and content (Matn) is characterized by precision and objectivity, supported by practical examples. The study concludes that Hadith scholarship remains a vibrant and evolving field, reflecting its capacity to adapt to contemporary demands, while underscoring the importance of documenting renewal efforts and formalizing them into systematic scholarly frameworks.Keyword: Renewal in Hadith, Scientific Miracles, Critique of Text and Chain

Abstract:
This research focuses on studying the differences and similarities between the concept of faith and the concept of Islam, and how each of them is interpreted in the Qur’an and Sunnah, especially in the Qur’anic texts and noble hadiths, according to Sheikh Abdul Qadir bin Malahwish Al-Ani (d. 1398 AH), as Sheikh Abdul Qadir bin Malahwish (may God have mercy on him) highlights how faith forms the internal foundation of Islam, as the two aspects are linked in building the believer’s personality

Abstract
The importance of studying the formal structure of Mu'tazila interpretations is increasing for reasons including: the fact that they are interpretations that reflect an important intellectual current, in accordance with their theoretical and methodological foundations. It is an attempt to explore the depth of the methodological mentality within the limits of a line of knowledge that is interpretation, and not within the line of theology as is usual from this theological sect.We can say: The major obstacle facing research in this field is the nature of the material studied itself, because it is largely compiled, bearing the imprint of the comprehensive investigator, and is not the result of the efforts of the Mu'tazila authors themselves.This encyclopedia book is originally a collection of ancient texts according to the language, expressions and styles of the ancients. What the contemporary author has done is a good attempt to link these texts together. The contemporary author has been able to produce this encyclopedia by imitating ancient works, and his attempt was based on restoring the texts and arranging them in a way that is judged to resemble the experiences of the ancients in their form and content in the way of presenting the scientific material.This is enough to solve this problem and resolve this objection; the final image of these collected texts is almost close to their original if they existed. This research studies this structural vision for building an encyclopedia of Mu'tazila interpretations and resolving the problems of research in it

Abstract:
Astronomy has a close relationship with jurisprudence. Astronomy affects the jurisprudential rulings related to performing acts of worship, or preserving one’s lineage or money, and astronomy is mentioned in the Holy Qur’an, and God Almighty has shown that the movement of the planets affects the Earth, and therefore it must affect man, his worship, and his dealings. Hence, this research aims to clarify the jurisprudential rulings related to astronomy, and to what extent this science affects the science of jurisprudence. For that purpose, the research followed the descriptive and analytical approach

Research Summary;
The research dealt with an aspect of grammatical thought when Ibn Malik, namely measurement in his book Explanation of facilitation, indicating the extent of his care measurement very care; Although the original has: The rules are based on correct hearing, but he resorts to analogy - if he does not find the acceptable witness - in setting the rules of grammar and morphology, and benefiting from it in applying these rules to what is expelled and correct.

Study summary
The morphological structure of the word comes in the first rank, prior to its arrangement in its grammatical structure. If the word does not disclose its meaning placed opposite it in the Arabic tongue before it is included in a grammatical rule, then the grammatical structure cannot give it some kind of synthetic connotations. The connotation of the individual word It is what establishes the initial meaning Please. Deletion and substitution come as the most prominent measures of the meaning of a single word. It helped us to know the origins from which these words emerged that were included in morphological deletion or substitution. With this aim, it was proposed to me to study and analyze these two phenomena by explaining their effect on the morphological scale, because of the change they reflect on the weight of the word. It is tangible in the form, and the laws that these changes are subject to in terms of morphology and methods of arriving at the origin of the word before it is introduced by deletion or substitution, through The different etymological patterns and forms that enter the word.

Abstract
In accordance "with Almighty Allah ,s saying in alsajda verse "No one knows what they will be bestowed of bless and comfort" , the current study intends to foucus on the rhetoric in the expressions implied in the vers . The vers contains much eloquent vocabulary that stimulates the mind to meditate in its meanings and indicatisons. The vocabulary that appears in this vers appear in various linguistic indication . Besides, the deep significance implied in the verse and the edvient miraculous style instigate researchers to meditate over its meanings and take them all into account

Abstract:
This research is an introduction to the Andalusian poet, Abu Abdullah al-Bari al-Tilmisani, and a study of his poetry collection according to the theory of speech acts, the foundations of which were laid by Austin, and which is based on the rhetoric of accomplished acts. The accomplishing act is the act through which the features of usage considerations emerge.The reality of the internal language of literary discourse is a set of relationships that exist within each member of a group who speaks it, in addition to its importance in shaping meaning Linguists have focused on the usage aspect of language, as they believe that meaning is not formed from words only, but extends to actions. People who speak words and perform actions do not isolate language from the social groups in which it exists.Request methods (speech acts) are social-literary methods that writers resort to in constructing their social discourse, as they refer to the relationships between the external environment and social structures and between the social artistic methods that affect the use of words or structures and the changes they are exposed to asa result of their transition from one context to another, and this is what Known as the phenomenon of social metaphors.taqum nazariat alafeal alkalamiat ealaa fardiat sulb mufaduha an alkalam an jawhar alkalam la tuzhar qimatuh fi tabadul almaelumat fahasb bal hu athibat fieliun lilhadath alaijtimaeii, athabat tahkumuh al'usus watuajihuh almaqasid alaijtimaeiatu, fa'iin tatakalam yaeni anak tafeal fiel aijtimaeiin li'ajl 'ahdaf wamaqasid aijtimaeiat ka'an nukhbir 'aw nas'al 'aw natawaead 'aw naelam , wan hadhih alkalimat alati nalfazuha laha qawanin tunazimuha shanuha shan sayir alafeal alati laha qawanin aijtimaeiat munazamatin, wali'ana alfiel alkalamia eadatan yasdur min allisan lidha fan nazariat afeal alkalam tartabit biallisaniaat altadawuliat alaijtimaeiat artbataan wthyqaan, lan kula ma yusdur minaa min alfaz mahi ala aineikas lilbiyat aw almujtamae aladhi nantami alyah

Abstract:
The phenomenon of verbal homonym is one of the most important phenomena that reflects the expansion of our language because it contains many meanings in few words. The use of verbal homonym in speech requires eloquence and knowledge of the words of our language. The best person of his time in knowledge, eloquence and wisdom was Imam Al-Kadhim (peace be upon him), who inherited his knowledge from his father Imam Al-Sadiq (peace be upon him). Therefore, his narrations were chosen to be models for this study, so I extracted the words of verbal homonym from them. I learned what this phenomenon is and mentioned what the ancients said about it and reached their opinions, which were between those who confirmed it and those who denied it, in addition to mentioning the opinions of the moderns on it. I found that the most important reasons for the emergence of this phenomenon are the multiplicity of Arabic dialects and the use of words metaphorically in addition to the morphological changes that occur to words.

Study summary:
The research deals with the innovative attempt of Imam Ahmad Al-Sirhindi - one of the imams of the Naqshbandi order in the Indian subcontinent - to renew Sufism and purify it from some of the deviant ideas that have seeped into the scope of Sufism, such as the theory of unity of existence, by creating a method that combines the law with the truth, the apparent and the hidden. He tells us About the existing Sufi approachOn Sufi revelation with its various tools of visions, dreams, insight, imagination, and thoughts, and all of that is controlled by the Sharia, as it makes the final word for this upright Sharia represented by the Qur’an, the Sunnah, consensus, and the sayings of the predecessors.

Abstract
The research aims to read the collection of “An Invitation to the Moon” by the Iraqi poet Anfal Kazem, published by Dar Al-Ebdaa for Printing and Publishing in 2019, and to identify the aspects of its narrative and dramatic structure, as well as to shed light on the poet’s experience in her first poetry collection, in which she became a poet and narrator at the same time, and to reveal About the artistic and creative aesthetics in the texts under study

Abstract –
This research aims to identify the impact of the use of digital stories in developing social values among the second -grade students in the subject of the Holy Quran and Islamic Education. The sample consisted of two experimental groups and the control of the number of its members (50) students. The researcher used the (Abu Umrah) scale and made a number of modifications, which is a photo measure to measure social values such Statistics as a T-Test test for two independent and interrelated eyees, and in addition to the statistical bag program (SPSS) for educational sciences, and reach the following results: There is a statistical significance difference at the level of significance (0.05) between the average degrees of the experimental group students who were studied with digital stories And the average grades of students of the control group that studied in the usual way to develop social values in favor of the experimental group in the post -test. There are statistically significant differences at the level of significance (0.05) between the average degree of the experimental group students in the pre -test and post tests for social values and in favor of the post -test.

Research Summary
Art education is one of the main subjects in developing conscience and is a primary focus of attention for primary school students because it allows them to play and be active and contributes to building their personalities and developing their artistic skills. Therefore, the research aims to identify the effect of the Schwartz model on the achievement of primary school students in the subject of art education.The researcher applied his experience to the two groups selected for the purpose of the research and using the achievement test (T-test) he concluded that the experimental group that studied with the Schwartz model excelled in its performance with its results. Therefore, the researcher recommends using the model because of its positive impact on achievement

Abstract
The study aimed to explore the role of active teaching strategies in enhancing the interaction of secondary school students and building their social and cooperative skills in social studies from the teachers' perspective. The research followed the descriptive-analytical approach. The findings revealed a strong, statistically significant relationship between the three dimensions (cognitive, behavioral, and emotional) and the enhancement of secondary students' interaction in social studies, according to the teachers' viewpoint. The study recommended training teachers on strategies that enhance the cognitive dimension, such as interactive discussions and the use of educational technology, to improve student interaction and understanding of the material

Abstract:
This study examines the impact of deep thinking on teaching genetics to high school students. Many students struggle with understanding genetics due to traditional teaching methods. Using a descriptive and experimental approach, a sample of 50 students was selected, with 4 incomplete responses excluded. The findings indicate a positive correlation between deep thinking and comprehension of genetics, as students taught with deep thinking strategies showed better analytical skills. Cooperative learning and problem-solving proved effective in enhancing students' understanding. The study recommends integrating interactive teaching methods and discussions to improve learning outcomes, especially in schools with limited resources.

Abstract
The research aimed to determine the statistically significant role of pedagogical skills in the use of teaching methods for social studies from the teachers' perspective. The study followed a descriptive-analytical approach. The results revealed a statistically significant relationship between the pedagogical skills possessed by teachers and their effectiveness in using teaching methods for social studies, highlighting the importance of developing these skills to enhance educational performance. The study recommended the necessity of developing continuous training programs to strengthen teachers' pedagogical skills, with a focus on modern teaching strategies that promote interaction and deep understanding among students

Abstract
The right to health is one of the fundamental rights that everyone must enjoy. s rights ", as affirmed in the 2005 Iraqi Constitution, as well as closely attached to everyone since birth In order to regulate this right in all circumstances and for all individuals, the Iraqi legislature legislated the Health Insurance Act No. 22 of 2020, under which the Health Insurance Authority, an independent moral body providing health services to Iraqis at home, foreign residents and visitors, was established. By contracting with institutions and specializing in the provision of health care and services necessary to advance the health reality in Iraq, The Authority's management has terms of reference based on the notion of public authority and the need of the general facility. and that the legal basis for the management's authority to amend the health insurance contract is the privileges of the public authority and the idea of the general facility to achieve the beneficiary's goal, The Administration may not waive this right, and the health insurance contract is one of the contracts in which the legislator has granted the Administration the right to modify the amount of the obligation, modify the means of implementation and modify the time of execution.

Abstract
The protection of human rights is one of the central issues in the international system, as it plays a crucia role in achieving justice, equality, and ensuring human dignity. To promote these goals, the United Nations has established many mechanisms and institutions concerned with protecting and promoting human rights at the international and regional levels, the most prominent of which is the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights.The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights was established in 1993 by a resolution of the United Nations General Assembly. It operates as an international body dedicated to promoting universal respect for human rights, monitoring violations, providing support to states in fulfilling their international obligations, and providing mechanisms for dealing with complaints and violations. The office has several key characteristics, the most important of which are independence and impartiality, in addition to having a broad mandate that includes supporting national institutions, providing technical assistance, and following up on the implementation of international treatie

Abstract
Fraud is a crime as old as history, but it has witnessed continuous development in its methods and means of implementation over time. Although it is classified as traditional crimes such as theft and breach of trust, it has a special nature that relies on resourcefulness, innovation, and mental skills.Fraudsters use sophisticated methods of deception that are in line with technical progress and economic, cultural and social changes, exploiting the greed of victims and their desire to get rich quickly. Victims often fall for scammers as a result of false lures and deceptive appearances that persuade them to voluntarily give up their money and information, especially if they are gullible or well-intentioned.The Internet has led to the emergence of new challenges that threaten the privacy of individuals, as it has provided an environment rich in data and information, and has contributed to the globalization of communications without geographical or sovereign restrictions. As these developments become increasingly exploited, electronic fraud has turned into a lucrative business, generating hundreds of millions of dollars annually, making it one of the most serious challenges facing modern societies.

Abstract:
This study examines the topic of compensating legal entities for moral damages, with a comparative analysis of various legislations. The introduction highlights the significance of civil liability and its evolution, focusing on differing views regarding the fundamental elements of civil liability, especially concerning moral damages. The study explores the concept of legal entities and moral damages and discusses jurisprudential and judicial stances on compensating legal entities for such damages. The research employs a descriptive, analytical, and comparative methodology to infer and analyze legal texts and propose appropriate solutions.Keywords:Moral damage compensation, legal entity, civil liability, material damage and moral damage, civil legislation, jurisprudential and judicial perspectives, Arab civil law, comparative legislation, Islamic jurisprudence, Arab courts, European Court of Human Rights.

Abstract
This research aims to study the impact of Iraqi legislation on regulating trade between the public and private sectors, focusing on how these legislations affect the enhancement of economic partnership between them. The research highlights the importance of legislations in providing a legal framework that contributes to improving the business environment and enhances cooperation between the two sectors in various fields such as infrastructure, energy, education and health. The research also reviews the challenges facing the implementation of these legislations, such as bureaucracy, procedural complexities, and the instability of the political and security environment, in addition to weak implementation mechanisms that may lead to the disruption of joint projects and delay the results of cooperation.In the first section, the research analyzes the impact of various legislations such as the Commercial Law, the Companies Law and the Investment Law, and shows how these laws can contribute to facilitating the establishment of partnerships and stimulating private investments in joint projects with the public sector. In the second section, the research addresses the challenges that may hinder effective interaction between the two sectors, in addition to the opportunities provided by legislations to enhance cooperation between them, such as stimulating investments and supporting small and medium enterprises, and the public sector benefiting from the expertise and technology in the private sector.Finally, this research presents strategies to overcome challenges, such as reforming bureaucracy, enhancing political and security stability, and stimulating financing for joint projects, which enhances the ability of legislation to drive economic development. The research concludes the necessity of reviewing and improving the current Iraqi legislation to activate the role of the public and private sectors in sustainable economic development.

Summary
The preamble of the Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC) affirms that the ICC, established under the Rome Statute, shall be complementary to national criminal jurisdictions. The significance of the principle of complementarity is highlighted in the context of the ICC’s relationship with national judicial systems. This principle is one of the key foundations of international criminal justice in general and the ICC in particular. The study aims to examine the compatibility between national and international justice, considering the latter as a complement and counterpart to the former. The ICC exercises its jurisdiction only when national courts are unwilling or unable to prosecute cases.The study addresses the issue that many states regard national sovereignty as a highly significant matter and perceive the prosecution of their nationals by an external court, even an international one, as a sensitive issue and an infringement on their sovereignty. The study concludes with several key findings, the most important of which is that the principle of complementarity is one of the fundamental pillars of the Rome Statute, as it delineates the boundaries between national jurisdiction and the ICC’s jurisdiction. Moreover, the ICC does not recognize immunities granted to individuals, including heads of state, despite such immunities being provided under national laws.The study also presents several recommendations, the most notable of which are: urging non-signatory states to respect the fundamental principles upon which the ICC was established and encouraging them to join the court. Additionally, Arab states and governmental organizations should initiate legal proceedings against Israel for crimes falling within the jurisdiction of the ICC. This can only be achieved by submitting complaints to the United Nations Security Council or the ICC Prosecutor

Abstract
The study addressed the legal framework for appointments to senior positions, identifying clear violations of the legal provisions governing this process. The most significant of these violations was the reliance on administrative orders rather than presidential decrees as the method for appointments, which undermined the legitimacy of these appointments. Furthermore, the study highlighted the lack of adherence to the required legal procedures, which weakened the organizational and administrative goals. It also discussed the absence of clear regulations for determining the duration of acting appointments, which impacted the performance of public institutions. Additionally, the study emphasized the inconsistency between the governing legal texts and their actual implementation mechanisms, leading to a disruption of the intended goals of these texts
The study concluded that correcting the legal process is essential by adhering to the use of presidential decrees as the legitimate method for appointing senior positions. It also emphasized the need to regulate acting appointments by setting clear timeframes and legal controls to ensure justice and transparency. Moreover, the study called for a review of legal texts to ensure their consistency, achieving the objectives of administrative organization without any violations or exploitation, and reinforcing the principles of equality and the rule of law while restoring the integrity of legal texts.

Abstract
One of the important issues which has an effect on human life it is the environ,ent and what it contains of biodiversity, which is different living organisms miscellaneous animal, plant and microorganisms, which have an effect in the continuity of human society Among the characteristics of these beings it cannot be divided and losing of one of them leads to the decrease in other species, biodiversity depicts the multiplicity of public life on the globe for all living creatures through the communication between them in ocean environmental starting with small creatures and ending with large creatures Diversity plays a role in the environmental balance process and his entry in to many service industries Food and medicine, however, scientific progress achieved by man which provides luxury for human life, impact on the natural system and his balance was lost, the temperature rose and earthquakes and floods occurred and various natural disasters which man cannot control, it led to the loss of many living organisms and the destruction of the ecosystem

Abstract:
The State of Kuwait is one of the Arab Gulf countries that has tried with all its capabilities to introduce modern developments in various vital fields and sectors of the state. It was helped in this by two important factors, the first of which is the important strategic geographical location overlooking the Arabian Gulf and its coasts, as the geographical location had an important role in Kuwait’s trade, and thanks to this Location: Trade has shifted from trading goods and goods in markets and ports to trading goods and goods with a large financial resource.
The second factor is the large and effective contribution of oil wealth. Oil resources had an effective role in bringing about modern developments and development in the sectors of education, health, economy, industry, the army and its institutions, the purpose of which was established to protect the ruling authority and provide security for members of society. Kuwaiti women had a share in the modern developments of the social structure through their demand for equality. With men in rights and duties and the right to participate in elections, and that modern developments in Kuwait have been crowned with success through full cooperation between Kuwaiti society and the government in an effort to keep pace with modern developments with the aim of building the modern, advanced state of Kuwait The foundations of the administrative, organizational, and financial policy and modern devices followed by the State of Kuwait have played a prominent role in the occurrence of modern and comprehensive developments in Kuwaiti society, and the recent developments in Kuwait have been classified as a distinct and unique experience at the Arab level.

Arab Muslims have also been interested in education since it is crucial to guiding their religious and secular lives. Education is a significant part of civilization in the evolution of human intellect. Through it, man gains the ability to comprehend religion and its laws, plan his life according to these facts, and climb in society. He also achieves a respectable position by helping to create his society and influencing other societiesThe glorification of the role of scholars, their actions, their attendance in councils, and their counsel on a range of public issues was one of the most notable displays of the Andalusian rulers' interest in science. In order to use their scientific and cultural skills to educate the people of Andalusia in general and their own children in particular, they also brought some of them from within the region or from outside of it, primarily from the East. They took care of them and kept an eye on their material needs. Because of this, the Andalusian princes benefited the most from the advancement of science and culture.The support of the princes of Andalusia for education encouraged the spread of the scientific movement, especially in giving their scholars the freedom to practice their educational activities, and not preventing them from traveling outside Andalusia. Rather, the princes supported travelers with money to bring scientific and intellectual products from the centers of science in the Levant and the Maghreb, and allowed scholars who brought some writings in various sciences to present their sciences with complete freedom. Because they saved the Andalusians the trouble of traveling and journeying in search of knowledge, this interest was crucial in providing a qualified scientific cadre to teach the princes' sons and in disseminating sciences and knowledge that were unprepared for them.

SUMMARY :-
This research revolves around the biography and life of a trustworthy, steadfast, and pious Imam of the Muslims, who is famous for his truthfulness, righteousness, and accuracy, namely the follower Zaid bin Aslamah, and his generation who narrated hadith from him. I spoke about his life and fragrant bIography, then mentioned the most prominent sheikhs from whom he took knowledge and understanding, then after that I mentioned the scholars' opinion of him, then I talked about the era In which he lived politically and socially, then I touched on mentioning the narrators who took from him and narrated many hadiths, and I translated for them and mentioned their conditions in a way that reveals to us the trustworthy among them from the untrustworthy and the people of truth from others. The research dealt with number of its narrators, which is the number I found, then I mentioned the details of each narrator separately, and I ask God for success.Introduction Praise be to Allah and peace and blessings be upon the Messenger of Allah and his family and companions and those who follow him. After that: This is a journey with a trustworthy, steadfast, and pious Imam from the Imams of the Muslims, who is famous for his truthfulness, righteousness, and accuracy, and he is the follower Zaid bin Aslam (d. 136 AH). The journey included the life of this Imam, then the biographies of those who narrated from him, which reveals that we are trustworthy among them from those who are not trustworthy, and people of truth from those who are not. The research included number of its narrators, which is the number that I have now found. The research plan was as follows:-
1- The biography of Zaid bin Aslam (d. 136 AH) and his biography, then I mentioned his sheikhs from whom he took, then I mentioned the statements of the scholars of criticism and authentication about him and focused on mentioning what would benefit us in the field of our research.
2- Then I talked about the political, social, and scientific life in the period in which Zaid bin Aslam lived.
3- Then I mentioned the most prominent narrators of his generation who narrated from him and translated for them what was mentioned in the books of biographies such as the book Tahdhib al-Kamal, the book Mizan al-I'tidal, and the book The Great History of Al-Bukhari and others and their arrangement according to the explanation of death
4- After this, I have provided a list in the most important results to give a quick picture of Zaid bin Aslam and the classes of narrators from him. As for the details, they have been mentioned under the name of each narrator separately. I have provided them twice according to the letters of the dictionary. Praise be to God first and last, and prayers and peace be upon his Prophet Muhammad, his family and his companions.

Abstract
The research aims to study traffic accidents in Anbar Governorate and the problems and traffic accidents it is exposed to, and to demonstrate the adequacy of this road to satisfy its users, as the number of recorded traffic accidents is (11,552) accidents in Iraq in general and in Anbar Governorate, with a percentage of (357) traffic accidents, collisions, a percentage of 53 rollovers, a percentage of (42) run-overs, and (10) miscellaneous and sporadic accidents during the year 2023 by car in 1 hour and 32 minutes, which represents A reflection of the economic activity and level of development the governorate has reached Through the field study, it was found that accidents on main roads were (345) accidents out of a total of (462) according to the type of road, while the number of accidents according to the state of light was (276) during the day out of a total of (462) accidents according to the time of the accident. Data were recorded for the number of accidents according to the type of accident (411) accidents caused by the driver out of a total of (462) accidents due to multiple reasons, including (road, car, pedestrians, passengers, others) and a percentage (362) The number of saloon cars in the accident out of a total of (829) vehicles involved in traffic accidents. In traffic accidents in Anbar Governorate ,Compared with the rest of the districts that are located on one or multiple lanes, due to the traffic momentum and the recent increase in the number of vehicles, for the time period of 2023-2024, in addition to the fact that most of the roads were suffering from cracks and erosion on their surfaces. In the end, the researcher reached a number of conclusions through which sound proposals and solutions are formulated to reduce traffic accidents.

Abstract
This study relied on the use of digital elevation models (DEM), satellite images from Landsat ETM+8, topographic, geological and hydrological maps, as well as geographic information systems techniques, to study the slope systems of the Qala Topzan drainage basin in northeastern Iraq. The slope systems in the study area were studied using four topographic sectors (longitudinal and transverse) that correspond to the stages of development of the geomorphological drainage basin according to the Davis erosion cycle. In addition, slope classes are defined based on the young classification, slope direction, slope parts and slope type (straight, convex and concave). According to the results, the area of slope class 2-7.9 reached 52.8%, which is the highest percentage in the region. In addition, the percentage of the southern slope direction, which has the largest percentage, reached 16.6%. With an estimated 248 slope segments, the maturity zone had the largest proportion of slope areas, and the data indicated a diversity of slopes, with all slope types represented in the central basin (maturity stage) of the geomorphological cycle

Summary of the research
Composition begins with the arrangement of the visual elements within the cinematic frame, and good composition works through good directorial treatment of the artistic and aesthetic elements of the composition, which allows the subject being filmed to interact with the environment surrounding it and within the framework of the narrative, or perhaps you can deliver a message independently of the action in the story that takes place. It contains events and the characters move within the framework of the action existing between the characters and through the subject that is depicted within the framework of the frame, which clearly affects the recipient in receiving the information and understanding the events taking place within the artistic and dramatic structure of the film story, as the director works to show the true artistic ability in Every shot is intended to convey a specific meaning through the cinematic composition of the elements of the artwork, according to precise directorial treatment from an aesthetic and dramatic point of view, and through the intervention of many compositional elements in the composition of the shot and the cinematic scene. Also, the creator of the work must have the ability to compose the shots through... A good understanding of the basics of cinematic composition and analysis of existing

Abstract
Writing mostly in Hebrew and Yiddish, Uri Zvi Grinberg was a Jewish writer whose writings mostly represented Hasidic philosophy. The researcher provides information on how Grinberg addressed the term Jesus in most of his poems and how he utilized it to persuade the reader of his religious beliefs by treating topics that enhance the concept of Jesus, which Grinberg split into two categories: The first notion is the term "Jewish Jesus," which represented the suffering of the Jews, their objectives, and their connection (to the Promised Land). In Grinberg's view, he is the real Jesus, who endured unbearable pain at the hands of society's cruelty and unfairness, which ended in his death by crucifixion on the palm tree. The second notion is the Christian Jesus, which symbolizes the deceit, deception, and duplicity of the Christian society, and how the Christian Church used this term to further its objectives. The Christian Jesus, according to Grinberg, is the false Jesus.
Throughout the second half of the nineteenth century, the argument raged between the historical Jesus, who was portrayed as a religious and national symbol, and the Christian Jesus, who was presented as a mythical pagan figure that contradicted the spirit of Judaism.Grinberg describes Jesus in some of his poems as a frozen, emotionless God, yet in other poems he takes Jesus from Christianity and brings him back into the embrace of Judaism. Through the presentation of Jesus in his own unique style and the way Christians saw both the Jewish and Christian Jesus (from Grinberg's perspective).The author of some poems attempted to capture the animosity that was felt toward Jews in Europe. As seen, Grinberg emphasized the East as a symbol of Israel, and a recurring theme in his poetry is the connection between the messianic aspect of the character of Jesus and the Zionist projectThe poet drew a comparison between himself and Jesus, emphasizing the significant turning points in Jesus' life as they are told in the New Testament and comparing them to his autobiography.He did this by bringing up Jesus' trial and expressing his disapproval of the punishment administered without a trial or evidence of his guilt. Grinberg's attempt to demonstrate that his destiny is the same as that of the Jewish Jesus is a sign that the poet is attempting to communicate the injustice that the Jewish people have endured throughout history

Abstract:
The research sheds light on an Arab girl who is exposed to psychological and moral conflicts due to the societal circumstances surrounding her, whether in her family relationships or in her dealings with others, but the story is not limited to presenting challenges only, but rather sheds light on the inner strength that Latifa's character possesses to challenge restrictions and search for an independent identity.Through this story, the writer Smilansky reflects the daily life of the Jewish community in Palestine at the beginning of the twentieth century and reviews the social and economic conditions on individuals. Through the character of Latifa, who belongs to a poor environment, the writer focuses on social and human challenges.The story revolves around the character of Latifa, who is considered a model for a girl looking for ways to escape from the harsh reality. By narrating the events and facts in Latifa's life, the writer reveals the internal conflicts she experiences in addition to the complex human relationships that affect her life using an artistic narrative style that reflects the lives of characters who deal with a reality full of social and psychological pressures, which makes the story full of deep human meanings.In general, the story aims to stimulate thinking about issues of identity and social freedom and how to achieve a balance between the personal and the collective in the face of societal challenges.

Abstract
The focus of this research is the relations between trauma, memory, and Gothic Revival as represented in modern English literature; it addresses those contemporary texts dealing with psychological and historical traumas. The paper explores the representation of trauma as a continuous and mainly ghostly presence in individual and collective memory in Gothic fiction through such novels as The Little Stranger (2009) by Sarah Waters, Beyond Black (2005) by Hilary Mantel, Never Let Me Go (2005) by Kazuo Ishiguro, and The Daylight Gate (2012) by Jeanette Winterson. The paper makes use of trauma theory by Caruth (1996); Luckhurst (2008), and the work on memory studies by Radstone (2007) in analyzing the ways in which Gothic narratives externalize and negotiate a tenuous past-present relationship. Findings indicate that the Gothic serves as a literary mode in which contemporary authors address the psychic scars of historical events and cultural anxieties, especially those related to gender, identity, and the socio-political legacy of the past. It concludes by suggesting that the Gothic remains pertinent for engaging with the emotional and psychological implications of trauma in the modern world, and that the adaptability of the genre makes it a crucial tool for reflecting contemporary concerns about memory, history, and collective identity

Abstract
Colonialism as a movement was very popular in Europe more than two centuries before. It aimed at controlling and exploiting several countries in Africa and Asia in addition to imposing their power and control on uninhabited islands. It received adherence and criticism as well. There also appeared activists and nations who stood against it and its practices. English novels discussed this notion greatly by pointing out the bad practices of the colonizers and how the colonized received them. This paper explores two narrative fictions that tackle the different aspects of the term. While Defoe, in Robinson Crusoe (1719), shows a colonial European figure who expresses his superiority, Wells, in “The Country of the Blind” (1904), deconstructs the notions of colonialism and superiority and reveals the destructive consequences of imperialist attitudes. Simultaneously, the two narratives expose the problems of otherness and how to deal with it.

Abstract
This study explores the use of negative expressions in the Hollywood cinematic interpretation of a historical message, specifically analyzing the linguistic and stylistic roles of negation in Mustapha Akkad's "The Message." The research addresses how negative constructs contribute to character development and narrative tension, filling a gap in understanding the strategic use of negation in cinematic storytelling. Key questions include: What types of negative expressions are used, how frequently do they occur, and how do they impact character portrayal and narrative progression? The study aims to analyze negation as a narrative tool, assess its role in historical narrative and character development, and determine its stylistic and thematic contributions. Hypotheses suggest that negation defines characters, creates suspense, and enhances narrative progression. The analysis employs Leech and Short's Model of Style Analysis and Jespersen’s Negation Theory. Data consists of selected dialogues from "The Message," focusing on instances of negation. Results reveal that negation is used to enhance narrative depth and character development, reflecting personal and socio-political conflicts. This study demonstrates the strategic use of negative expressions in the film, contributing to its linguistic and stylistic richness

Abstract
This study aims to explain cognitive stylistically the metaphorical con-ceptualization of DEATH in Abd Al-Razzaq Abd Al-Wahid's ‘In Al-Hussein's Spaciousness’ . The poem is one of the most fabulous poems tackling the martyrdom of Al-Hussein (PBUH). The study attempts to identify DEATH conceptual metaphors (CMs) represented by each word of death occurred as a noun or verb in the poem, explain how the reader conceptualizes DEATH appropriately, and show if the poet successfully represents the conceptualization that suits Al-Hussein’s personality and prestigious religious status that in turn proves the relativity of CMs. To achieve these aims, the study adopts Lakoff and Johnson’s (1980) Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) and its developed version Kövecses’s (2010). It is hypothesised that DEATH is conceptualized metaphorically in all cases and differently and relativity due to certain contexts. The results show that the cognitive stylistic analysis is very applicable and the CMT can elicit the fertile metaphorical conceptualization of DEATH implied in the poem. A reader with appropriate informational background can identify different DEATH CMs that the poet’s conceptual information depicts. The poet maintains the ordinary metaphorical conceptualizations of some DEATH CMs, whereas he creatively converses others to suit the context. Finally, the relativity of the metaphorical conceptualization of DEATH is proved indicating the poet’s abundant and true informational background concerning Karbala incident. He perfectly glorifies DEATH in Al-Hussein’s martyrdom and humiliates