Journal of The Iraqi University

Summary:
This study is concerned with explaining the dialectal impact in directing Qur’anic readings, in the book “Shawath Al-Qira’at” by Al-Kirmani, because the Qur’anic readings have a clear impact on linguistic and grammatical studies in their various types, both frequent and irregular. Being the original source for studying Arabic dialects, the method of readings differs in the way it is transmitted from all the ways in which other sources, such as poetry and prose, are transmitted. This study comes to reveal the dialect effect in directing Qur’anic reading through the book “Shawath Al-Qira’at” by Al-Kirmani. This book is considered one of the important books for researchers in Qur’anic sciences in particular and other researchers in Islamic sciences in general. The research was divided into three sections to address the morphological, phonetic and grammatical phenomena through the words mentioned in this book and to track the changes in one word and what happened to it in terms of substitution, assimilation, dilution, hamzah or introduction. Delay and other linguistic phenomena found in the dialects of Arab tribes.
Keywords: dialect effect, Kirmani, reading, morphology, phonetic, grammatical.
المقدمة:

Abstract
Those who deny any of the established definitive religious texts with evidence, such as the verses of the Quran and the authenticated sayings of the Prophet, or deem as permissible what has been unequivocally deemed impermissible by a definitive text, such as murder, theft, and adultery, they undermine the necessary faith affirmation. Consequently, they cease to be believers in the clear directives provided by these definitive texts and do not submit to their commands. The religious evidence and texts represented in the Quran and the Sunnah are what Islam affirms. As narrated by Al-Bukhari in his Sahih, from the righteous caliph Umar ibn Abdul Aziz, who said: "Faith consists of obligations, laws, limits, and traditions. Whoever fulfills them has completed faith, and whoever does not fulfill them has not completed faith. If I live, I will explain them to you until you act upon them, and if I die, I have no concern for your company" (Al-Arna'oot, 1983, p.185).

ABSTRACT

Praise be to God, Lord of the Worlds, and may blessings and peace be upon the most honorable of the sent prophets, our Prophet Muhammad, and upon all his family and companions, and furtherThis is scientific research in the investigation of a manuscript entitled: (The Heavenly Flood in the Reading of Al-Kisa’i) written by the reciter Sheikh Othman Suleiman Murad (d. 1382 AH). This research aims to introduce the author, shed light on his scientific personality, explain his reading efforts, and explain the status of his book and his approach to it. The research consists of an introduction, three sections, a conclusion, and an index

Summary:
The advanced fingerprint in our modern era is considered an extremely important topic, which does not need a lot of stdies and research to shed light on it, secially since it is still partially in the stages of deveopment, which is what asumes this imprtance for it, in adition to the need of our soieties in our advanced era to our modern era. Such a major revelation in the field of detcting and expsing crimes of adultery in order to peserve lineages from being lost, most of whch have become modern and rely on adanced details, especially after the great results it has chieved in several different fields, whether at the scientific or medical level, or at the level of jstice and its achivement. This is what prompted me to research tis title (the ruling on multilateral fingerprinting in the crime of adultery), and in that I fllowed the inductive aplication and the analytical approach, to shed light on it, trck it, and explain the opinions cotained in the conference on that, because the subject of fingerrinting is ready and is considered one of the geat scietific facts in our modern era. The reliance on it will not be spcific to specific periods, but rather inludes many aspects in various contextual areas of dfferent human life

Summary of the research :
This research dealt with the topic of the approach of Al-Aini (762 - 855 AH) in presenting the jurisprudence of hadith in his book Umdat Al-Qari. The research takes its importance from its connection to an important topic in the sciences of hadith (jurisprudence of hadith), which is one of the important sciences whose goal is to understand the text of the hadith. The researcher tried by studying this The topic is the answer to the following question: What is Imam Al-Aini’s approach in presenting the jurisprudence of hadith through his book Umdat Al-Qari’? The research relied on the descriptive historical approach, which is based on description and analysis. One of the most important results of the research is: If the jurisprudence of hadith is generalized, it is concerned with knowing what the hadith contains of rulings, rulings, benefits, principles, objectives, and the like. The scholars of hadith paid great attention to knowing the jurisprudence of hadith, and even made this matter one of the etiquettes of the student of hadith. Al-Aini relied on many sources in deducing the jurisprudence of hadith, and among the most important of these sources were the Holy Qur’an, the Sunnah of the Prophet, books of jurisprudence and its origins, dictionaries of the Arabic language, and dictionaries of countries. Among Al-Aini’s approach was to collect a number of rulings in one hadith under the title (Deriving rulings), which is a fixed paragraph. It comes regularly in the explanation of Al-Jami’ Al-Sahih. Al-Aini’s approach is to stipulate the benefits of hadith. Part of his approach was to cite the Holy Qur’an and the Prophet’s hadith to guide the meaning of the hadith of the chapter to be explained. Al-Aini benefited from the principles of jurisprudence in explaining the jurisprudence of hadith in his book Umdat Al-Qari. It was also part of his approach to present the opinions and sayings of the people of schools of thought. Jurisprudence in explaining the benefits of hadith, and he used to rely on the sayings of scholars in explaining the jurisprudence of hadith. His method also included responding and correcting the sayings of scholars, and reviewing and responding to the sayings of people of doctrinal sects and those of theological schools of thought. He may have mentioned subtle jokes and nice deductions through the jurisprudence of hadith, as he used to express his statement. What is more correct than words and opinions in deducing the rulings on hadith. The recommendations were represented in the necessity of directing students of knowledge and researchers to the importance of the science of hadith jurisprudence, urging them to read the literature that has been written in it, directing scientific research to study the applications of hadith jurisprudence in the books of explanations of the Sunnah, paying attention to the Sunnah of the Prophet, and studying its sciences with an accurate systematic study to extract its treasures.

ABSTRACT
Atheism is a philosophical belief based on the idea of nothingness which has in its roots the denial of the existence of God, the exalted, the high. Atheists claims are based on the eternity of the matter as its being the creator and that which is created at the same time.The phenomenon of atheism is a natural result for the rebellion against the status quo of the country for the absence of political, social and economic stability .This has led to many reactions in the heart of youths. So the most conspicuous factors leading to the appearance of the class of atheists were negative aspects of globalization, the huge technical openness in addition to the suffering of the masses frompoverty, loss and absence of religious and cultural background. This must lead to encouraging the spiritual doctors and the psychiatrists so that they can choose to address the depths of souls.The challenge imposed by the current period requires enriching the spiritual aspects of contemporary man who lives in the corners of bewilderment of the dark material life. This man currently abhors the style of traditional preachers and looks for real facts.In this regard the Alia Qadri order has a long history of success where its preachers have played a role in bringing lost youth to the fountains of true religion in which case the atheist is facing a witness saying the truth when the supernatural practices are revealed before the onlookers .There are many atheists who returned to the realms of Islam

Abstract
Economic and human resources are the basis for building countries and their great recovery, so many people have become bet on in order to buy visitors, which has led many to follow crooked paths, waste minds, squander wealth, demolish human foundations, and continue to achieve the purpose of human existence, which is preserving collections and moving away from divine training in Earning and spending. The goal became to accumulate wealth through the program.We chose the economic effects of the boom in trade and drug abuse from the point of view of the Iraqi Islamic economy as a model, as we investigated the explanation of drugs and their harms, the legal ruling on them, and the resulting financial, mental, and social harms to people and the country, and an explanation of what is necessary to work within the controls of Islamic law and what is required through apply it

Abstract:
The musical element in a poetic poem is of great importance at the level of form and content, as music is one of the basic pillars on which the poetic text is based, in addition to the artistic aesthetic element that characterizes music, which addresses the conscience through the suggestive musical language that penetrates the hearts.The research was concerned with examining the positions of rhythm in Ibn Kanasa’s poetry, as the research aimed to reveal the aesthetics of rhythm, employ the internal and external rhythms and their connection to the psychological state of the poet, and monitor the connotations that the poet included in the rhythm to form his poetic image

Abstract
This study deals with the linguistic opinions for the Arab thinkers, Satea'a Al-Hussari and makes the base, which runs from the relation of language with Arabic nationalism and the role of this in the status of the Arab nationalism with other nations. Also, it came in four sections: language and nationalism, literary and informality language. the ways to fix the Arabic lexicon, and opinions in teaching Arabic language. The most important results of the study are: the eternal relationship between language and nationalism and their existential connection to one another, and the concerted efforts of all forces in order to absolve the Arab human to use public language in formal study and research, And the need to reform the construction of Arabic dictionaries, The conclusion the study recommended the importance need to study linguistic opinions for the pioneers of Arab thinkers such as Satea'a Al-Hussari

Summary
John Locke held several political positions and wrote his works from his political work and the concept of the natural rights of all human beings. It included John Locke's texts on the social contract; theorizing colonialism and slavery.The importance of the research in presenting a constructive vision of the European philosophical theorization of colonialism and slavery, studying the impact of John Locke on that, and the position of Western researchers on analyzing its impact.The research aims to extrapolate John Locke's texts in justifying colonialism and slavery, the justifications of Western researchers, and study the presence of philosophical originality in John Locke's ideas and his duality.Research method: inductiveResearch results: Political philosophical theorizing in the modern era has been influenced by John Locke's philosophy of politics. In John Locke's philosophy, economic and commercial interests influenced political and religious conflict. For Locke, the pursuit of gains cannot be justified by equality between people. Due to his involvement in political action and philosophical theorizing, John Locke is called the godfather of slavery and colonialism. In his philosophy, John Locke shows contradictions and duality.Recommendations:Study the impact of the writings of New World travelers on the philosophy of John Locke.Study of values and virtue in political philosophy.

Research Summary:
The current research aims to identify the importance of kindergarten and its role in developing concepts among children, and acquiring them through different kindergarten activities, especially play activities. Accordingly, the research included five chapters. The first chapter dealt with the problem of the research, its importance, goals, limits, definition of the terms contained therein, and the approach followed by the researcher. To achieve the objectives of this research. As for the second chapter, it included a theoretical framework that included a historical overview of kindergartens, the importance of kindergartens and its goals, a historical view of kindergarten curricula, the philosophy of kindergarten curricula, the role of kindergarten’s mission in the child’s learning and his attitudes toward work, and finally play in kindergarten. While the third chapter included previous studies and their discussion, while the fourth chapter included how different concepts develop in kindergarten, the characteristics of these concepts and the stages of their formation, and the research ended with the fifth chapter, which included conclusions, recommendations and proposals, and finally a list of references and source

The current research seeks to identify methods of coping with psychological stress and social interaction among secondary school students. In order to achieve the objectives of the current research, the researcher followed the steps of the descriptive correlational approach through a sample of secondary school students amounting to (60) secondary school students. Research objectives: The current research tools were prepared and their validity and reliability were verified. After applying the research tools, the study concluded the following:1_ There are statistically significant differences in the first, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh methods, except for the second method, between the hypothetical mean and the arithmetic mean.2_ There are statistically significant differences between the hypothetical mean and the arithmetic mean, which indicates that the sample members have social interaction.3_ There is a negative significant correlation between the second method and the second variable, and the relationship here is inverse.

Research Summary :
The aim of the current research is to:-
- Identifying emotional sensitivity to kindergarten information.
- Identify the difference in emotional sensitivity among kindergarten teachers according to the academic achievement variable.
To achieve the two goals, the researcher followed the descriptive approach, and the research population consisted of kindergarten teachers, and the sample consisted of ( 50 ) teachers. The researcher used statistical methods using the statistical analysis program (SPSS).
The researcher reached the following results:
- Kindergarten teachers are characterized by emotional sensitivity.
- The emotional sensitivity of kindergarten teachers is not affected by academic assignment In light of the results, the researcher came up with a set of recommendations and

Abstract
The displacement is considered as of the most serious crisis because it has effects and impacts on different aspects of development and its sustainability, Although the causes of displacement are originated from different sources such as violence and terrorism or environmental, social, and economic causes, but eventually all of them lead to society impairment and to increase poverty as many of displaced people will enter the poverty circle. These results require substantial efforts by central government and its international partners in order to limit distribution of the displacement phenomenon, establish international laws that ensure the human and essential rights of displaced people, and support achievement the targets and objectives of 2015- 2030 sustainable development. From this point of view, we can discuss the phenomenon of displacement as it has become a structural crisis which exacerbated the material damage and losses suffered by the economy as a result of backwards of economic development.

Abstract
Chronic diseases present significant physical challenges and also have profound psychological impacts on affected individuals. Understanding the psychological dimensions of chronic illnesses is crucial for providing comprehensive care and support to patients. This research paper aims to explore the psychological impact of chronic diseases, along with strategies for managing and providing psychological support within healthcare settings. Firstly, we delve into the common chronic diseases and their prevalence, highlighting how these conditions adversely affect patients' mental health. Following this, we examine the role of psychology in managing chronic diseases, including the contributions of psychological theories, effective interventions, and the impact of patient psychology on disease outcomes. Additionally, we discuss the various psychological support systems available for chronic disease patients, such as support groups, family, and social networks, emphasizing their role in enhancing well-being. Moreover, we explore the necessary training for healthcare professionals to provide psychological support, strategies for identifying patients in need, and methods for improving patients' mental health. Finally, we consider future trends in psychological support for managing chronic diseases, including emerging trends, the use of technology, and areas for further research. By addressing these aspects, this paper aims to contribute to a better understanding of how to effectively manage and support individuals with chronic diseases from a psychological perspective.

Research Summary:
The administrative communication process represents great importance in all institutions in general and the educational institution in particular, as it is the main tool that brings about coordination, integration, and administrative communication in the school. Leadership is an important axis on which various activities in educational institutions are based, in light of the growth of institutions, the ramifications of their work, the diversity of internal relationships, their impact on the external environment, and these matters. It requires continuing research and continuing to bring about change and development, and this mission can only be achieved under creative and conscious leadership.
The current research aims to know:
1-The level of administrative communication skills among secondary school principals from the point of view of their assistants
2-Identify the differences in the administrative communication skills of secondary school principals from the point of view of their assistants according to the gender variable
3-Identify the differences in the administrative communication skills of secondary school principals in Baghdad Governorate from the point of view of their assistants according to the specialization variable:The research is limited to assistant principals of secondary schools in Baghdad/Rusafa Governorate (first, second, third). The research population may consist of (1270) assistant principals of secondary schools distributed among (402) secondary schools in three directorates of education on the Rusafa side (first, second, third). ) in Baghdad Governorate for the academic year (2023-2024). The two research tools were prepared for the first variable (administrative communication skills), and the psychometric procedures for the two research tools were verified in terms of discrimination, validity, and reliability. The research came out with a set of results, which were interpreted according to the established theoretical framework and previous studies, and came up with a set of recommendations and proposals that are proportional to the results of the current research

Abstract
Prince Muhammad Kour tightened his control of the Syrian emirate 1813-1836 AD, and took many new reform steps to advance the urban, administrative and military reality, grew up to extend its influence over the neighboring regions of the Emirates, taking advantage of all the human and natural capabilities to serve its project in establishing a Kurdish entity independent of the Ottoman Empire. He was also distinguished by his ability to invest the circumstances in favor of his ambitions, so the prince responded to the appeal of the religious scholar Yahya Al -Mazouri to ask for retribution whoever increases the two sheikhs after killing his uncle Ali Agha. For the interests of the Ottoman Empire.Mohamed Core. Suran. Yahya Al -Mazouri .Sheikh.. Yazidi

Abstract
This study dealt with an important era of Islamic history in the country of Yemen and targeted the princes of Bani Rasul and their intellectual efforts, which took many forms and forms, including providing care and attention to scholars, bringing their councils closer together, and taking their directions and advice, as well as offering awards and gifts and visiting them in their homes, and this left its impact on the princes through their inspiration. Knowledge and writing books, and not only that, but they participated in building intellectual institutions and spending on them by placing endowments sufficient for the needs of these institutions, and certainly one of the results of these efforts was the development of the intellectual movement and the continuation of intellectual institutions to provide their services, for long periods, despite the death of their princes

Abstrct:
The religious revolutions in the Renaissance era represented pivotal events in European history. It is customary to mention the religious revolution in the German states in the middle of the sixteenth century as the first religious revolution in the modern era, but our research paper studies the events of the religious revolution that preceded it by about half a century in Florence at the hands of the monk (Girolamo Savonorla) The end of the fifteenth century, whose revolution came as a reaction to the decadence that befell Florence in the fifteenth century as a result of the spread of new ideas of the Renaissance, including the revival of classical Greek and Roman ideas, especially Platonism, the abundance of secular ideas in general, and the aristocracy’s move away from supporting the Catholic Christian religionThe revolution, led by Savronola, focused on attacking the Medici family as it was the first and most prominent supporter of those ideas that often limited the authority of the papacy. After the collapse of the family and its exile from Florence in 1494, Savronola turned to attacking the papacy itself, describing it as weak and unable to maintain its own administration. Preserving the Catholic Christian religion and the spread of corruption in it, and called for its reform. All of this made the papacy, the Medici family, and many Italian city-states ally against him and end his revolution with the support of the residents of Florence itself in 1498

Al-Madaini was one of those interested and committed to the stadum in most of his novels. He also conveyed images of the structure in which helived-Almadaini expressed his neutrality in his writings and he was among those interested

Conclusion
The study of the migration of Christians from Kirkuk ((2003-2017)) deals with a historical study of its causes and results. The Christian component is considered an important component and an important part of Kirkuk society. Therefore, the study came to show the role of the Christian component and its positive economic and political role in establishing society with the Arabs, Kurds, and Turkmen in Kirkuk society, so it continues. Christian immigration leads to the end of the Christian presence because the city of Kirkuk is considered a miniature Iraq in which there are multiple nationalities, sects, sects and religions. The beauty of the city of Kirkuk is in the diversity of its components.The study aimed to explain and clarify the reasons that led to Christian immigration in Kirkuk Governorate and to identify the reasons in order to overcome the obstacles and the real reasons behind immigration and address them and shed light on the most important challenges that faced Christians in the Kirkuk region after the American occupation. The study works to stop Christian immigration and find solutions to In order to reach the causes of migration, because the migration of Christians negatively affects the city of Kirkuk

Abstract:
Studying such topics is important, namely France’s policy towards Lebanon during the period 1929 which confirmed the beginning of a global crisis and because it influences the economic status of Lebanon since Lebanon was economically linked to France. While the French franc was not linked to the Lebanese economy, and the constitution was commented on this basis, as it was Lebanon. Holding elections in this period is not possible because these elections require huge amounts of money and Lebanon cannot provide that. On this basis, it suspended the constitution and presents a loyal personality who can achieve their goals, and is considered to them as the man of the period, namely Charles Al-Dabbas. In addition to suspending the constitution in 1932, Iskandar Riyashi said that Lebanon belongs to the High Commissioner. As a result, the population census was conducted and the Muslims did not participate in it because it was unfair and there were suspicions.They issued a decision that those who left before 1920 have the right to vote so that the Maronites would be the majority and they would form the government. On this basis، France's interest ended which led to introducing a loyal person namely Habib Pasha Al-Saad in 1934 is the end of an important era, and introducing a person that would be suitable for Fance in this period. Keywords: politics, France, Lebanon

Abstract
The drought is one of the climatic phenomena that impacts on several areas and especially the drought and semi-drought regions. Additionally, the humid and semi-humid regions due to the variations in the averages of the climatic factors, such as, dropping the averages of the rainfall and relative humidity as well as increasing of the average's temperatures and evaporation values. This phenomenon would lead to huge changes and dangerous environmental effects, such as decreasing the water imports, increasing the barren and salted lands, and spreading of sand dunes and desertification. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to discover the impacts of climate changes in aggravation, the problem of the drought in the Thi-Qar governorate and the environmental effects that are results from them. This study has found some important results. For instance, the study region has included an increase in the value of some climatic parameters, such as evaporation and temperature and dropping in the other values, such as rain and humidity which would influence the nature of the climate and aggravate the drought of the region. Moreover, based on the results of Demartonne's equation, this study has found that the climate of the region is semi-drought. Additionally, the study has explained that there are several effects which would result from the drought and cause the deterioration of the climatic system.

Abstract
The development of the science of geography, both its human and natural aspects, in the modern era and the uses of available and advanced means in each era of the ages, which, like other sciences, has undergone a lot of change and development. It has also suffered from differences among scholars and thinkers in not precisely defining its definition, function, and concept. Rather, we find that each group of scholars Thinkers define the science of geography. The interest during the period extending between the years (1905-1914) was more in physical geography than in human geography. One of the characteristics of this stage is the increase in field studies, such as the study of sub-Saharan Africa. During World War I, the Germans were interested in studying military sites and natural borders, which formed the first beginnings of the science of geopolitics later. The magazine Geopolitics was established by Professor Karl Haushofer, which became an essential source in directing Nazi political ideas in Germany. German geography also paid attention to the so-called field, as from their point of view it is the sufficient extension of a certain phenomenon, especially the infographic groups. Geography shifted from the descriptive aspect, which is the first stage that distinguished geography, which prevailed since the first centuries BC and throughout the medieval periods, to the analytical and inductive aspect of study and research. Geography has been characterized by its relationship with the environment in all its vocabulary, including the social environment that expresses the environment in which the individual grows up and determines his personality

ABSTRACT
Population studies are of great importance within the branches of human geography, and interest in this aspect has increased as a result of the increase in the population, and what it reflects now and in the future in terms of variation in their distribution and density. Therefore, the need of Al-Hawija district for this type of study that embodies the distribution of the population, their numbers and their density is one of the necessary matters for the purpose of facilitating the task of setting development plans and achieving their goals.This paper aims to study the geographical assessment of the population distribution and density in Al-Hawija district, taking the district's borders as a framework for it and specifying the available statistical data for the period (1957-2023) and at the district level, for the purpose of employing such a study in applied fields.he hypothesis was formulated on the existence of an interactive influence relationship between the spatial distribution pattern of the population and natural and human factors, and this study came to reveal this variation in distribution and clarify the explanatory relationship between it and other geographical variables, using the descriptive and analytical approach supported by some statistical methods.The study concluded that there is a poor distribution, through the Lorenz approach, which indicated that it is far from the symmetry line. The study also showed that natural factors have a clear impact on drawing the picture of population distribution and its variation from one administrative unit to another. In order to create a kind of balance in population distribution, the study recommends the necessity of expanding the establishment of irrigation projects, especially in areas that allow for population increase and settlement, in addition to using geographic information systems as management, analysis and display of information with a spatial dimension and its characteristics, such as topographical and human information and urban planning information in all its institutions.

Abstract:
Emerging technologies are one of the elements of technological and technical progress in libraries and information centers because of their role in providing, improving and developing information services, simplifying their procedures and actually investing in them in libraries due to the desire of beneficiaries to enhance services for them. Therefore, this study aims to identify the investment of emerging technologies in libraries. And information centers and increasing awareness of the importance and role of these technologies and their impact on information services according to the requirements of work in information institutions for the categories of beneficiaries, which included (master’s students and doctoral students). The analytical survey method was used to survey the sites of central libraries (study sample) (the central library of the Central Technical University, Central Library of the University of Baghdad, Central Library of Al-Mustansiriya University), The study also reached a number of results, the most important of which were: Modern technologies in libraries and information centers are an urgent necessity because they are one of the elements of technical and technological progress in information institutions. Providing and enhancing information services in libraries and information centers and increasing user satisfaction are among the most prominent reasons for using emerging technologies in institutions. Informatics. The study made several recommendations, perhaps the most important of which are: the necessity of actual investment in emerging technologies in libraries and information centers, which enhances the provision of highly efficient information services and increases the satisfaction of beneficiaries of those technologies used. Libraries and information centers must study these emerging technologies and choose the best ones, which in turn lead to providing The best services to its beneficiaries.

Abstract
The principle of proportionality is a fundamental principle of international humanitarian law, and it is credited with the formation of a large number of the rules of this law, whether customary or those contained in relevant agreements and treaties. This principle is no longer limited to a general idea that requires consideration of humanitarian considerations against military necessities in an absolute manner. The principle has not stopped at the limits of generalities that suggest respecting this principle in an undefined and ambiguous manner. Rather, it has begun to take the form of legal rules, arising through international custom or in the form of international agreements and treaties. These rules are specific and have their own controls, conditions, and limits.

Abstract
The technological development that the world is witnessing in the time of the information revolution has produced multiple generations of modern technologies and systems, including artificial intelligence systems, which constituted a qualitative shift in modern machines and technologies, as they now have enormous capabilities and characteristics that mimic human behavior.The issue of human interaction with the vocabulary of artificial intelligence has created a kind of culture that has placed jurists before a complex problem, which is the attempt to find a legal adaptation capable of absorbing its variables and developments that are characterized by continuity, with the aim of regulating relations and providing legal protection. Despite the benefits achieved from the applications of artificial intelligence, The possibility of harm resulting from applications and innovations is possible, and this requires consideration of the nature of the legal materials to confront the harm resulting from them and compensate the injured person for the harm he has sustained. The study concluded with several conclusions, the most important of which was that Iraqi legislation lacks a clear and explicit text that addresses artificial intelligence systems, and that the Iraqi legislator did not take into account the theory of training guarding, despite the possibility of filling the gaps of the traditional guarding theory that he adopted. While the nature of applications related to artificial intelligence is complex and open to many legal rules, which makes proving liability not easy

Abstract
Since the commercial activities that a rise between the individuals themselves ( merchant ) , whether natural or legal persons , whether local ( national ) or foreign , these activities and their practice must often lead to outbreak of disputes between them , and since the judiciary at present resorts to specialization in examining these disputes through the establishment of exceptional courts that consider a specific type of cases presented to them . Among these courts are the commercial courts that specialize in examining commercial disputes because this business has begun to increase day after day due to development of economic life and an attempt by countries to advance the wheel of development. Therefore based on the above , we will try to explain in this search the most important procedures that must be followed when submitting a dispute to the commercial courts

Abstract:
There is no doubt that targeted: spec_ target, sanctions are imposed on countries or political systems that are considered a source of international threat, and that refuse to submit to the general order of the international community or international alliances or some issues that affect international security as the importance of the study lies in researching the issue of sanctions. International especially targeted_ specific sanctions, which have become one of the international political tools of major powers towards countries with which they disagree and which fall within the framework of international deterrence and intimidation policies to achieve certain strategic goals. Therefore the concept of targeted_ specific sanctions and the extent of their effectiveness in achieving the desired goals is characterized to deter and stop the opponents expansionism at the expense of others, through many political and economic measures.

Abstract:
The research deals with a very important concept ,which is democracy ,which is one of the important concepts in political science in general and in the branch of political thought in particular. It is _ democracy_ that concept that is described as easy and impossible, and the necessity of this concept lies in establishment of the true state of law , which is characterized by the presence of a constitution written by national hands , which is like a social contract, this constitution is written through a general constituent assembly elected and emanating from the people ,as well as activating the concept of true political participation of the masses to choose who represents them in the dome of parliament through a fair, free and transparent electoral process based on an independent, fair and fair election law that is governed by the political parties and forces participating in the political process, which represents real political pluralism consisting of real political parties and currents that compete with each other honestly to serve the state and the people, and not a sham pluralism whose only concern is to achieve its narrow partisan interests. All of this paves the way for the establishment of a strong and effective parliament based on the democratic mechanism based on the principle of majority rule, respect for the minority, and the adoption of the concept of role exchange. Exercising its main function of supervising the work of the government and monitoring the implementation of its governmental program since the first day of its formation, which made promises to the people to implement this program during the election season and to withhold confidence from it in case of breach and non-compliance with the implementation of these promises, all of which deepen the peaceful exchange of power and achieve the true state of law

Abstract
The current research aims to identify: The effect of Scamper's strategy on the development of systemic thinking among fifth-grade scientific students in the subject of chemistry, and the following hypothesis was formulated:
- There is no statistically significant difference at the level of (0.05) between the average scores of the students of the experimental group that were studied according to the Scamper strategy and the average scores of the students of the control group that were studied according to the traditional method of the systemic thinking test, the current research sample consisted of (70 A student of the fifth scientific grade, as for the research tool only, a systemic thinking test was prepared consisting of (15) questions that measure three skills: (the skill of analyzing the main systems into sub-systems - the skill of understanding the relationships between the parts of the systemic form - the skill of building the systemic form), By using the following statistical methods: (Ki-square - Alpha Kernbach coefficient - T-test for two independent samples, the T-test for the two correlated samples), and after processing the data statistically, the following results were revealed:The experimental group outperformed the control group in the systemic thinking test.In light of the results of the current research, a number of recommendations and proposals were formulated

ABSTRACT
The current research aims to identify (the effect of Guest’s model on the acquisition of historical concepts among sixth-grade middle school students), To achieve the goal of the research, the null hypothesis was formulated, which states (There is no statistically significant difference at the level of significance (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students who will study the history subject using the Geist model and the scores of the control group students who will study the same subject according to the usual method in testing the acquisition of concepts. historical), The experimental method with partial control was followed, The research sample was limited to (57) students in the sixth literary grade, after excluding the students, and they were distributed into two experimental and control groups. There were (28) students for the experimental group, and (29) students for the control group, The two research groups were rewarded with variables (chronological age calculated in months, intelligence test, previous information test in history, and previous achievement), (118) behavioral objectives were prepared in light of the main concepts identified by him (defining the concept, distinguishing the concept, applying the concept), He prepared a test for acquiring historical concepts consisting of (54) objective multiple-choice items. Its validity and reliability were verified, The results of the study came out (there are statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students who studied history according to the GIST model and the average scores of the control group students who studied the same subject in the usual way in the concept acquisition test in favor of the experimental group), In light of the results, the researcher recommended several recommendations, the most important of which are: adopting the GIST model as an effective teaching model in acquiring historical concepts in the middle school stage, As a continuation of this research, the researcher proposed conducting a study similar to the current study in variables other than acquisition, such as the attitude toward the material, inclinations, or types of thinking that are compatible with the steps of the model.

Abstract
The purpose of this research is to prove and analyze the role of blended education in improving the quality of the educational process / a case study of a number of schools in Nineveh Governorate. The research relied on the descriptive analytical method and the data was collected through a questionnaire that was distributed to a number of the 123 individuals surveyed, and it showed The results of this research are that there is a role for blended learning on the quality of the educational process, as well as an impact of blended learning on improving the quality of the educational process. One of the most important recommendations that came out of the current research is to suggest that the studied schools increase interest in contemporary education methods, blended education is an example, due to its effective role in improving the quality of education. The educational process and providing a distinctive educational experience

Abstract:
The current research aims to build a training program in progressive relaxation to reduce psychological disorders in anxiety and depression for workers in the industry. This required building a summary mental disorders scale to determine the extent of anxiety and depression among workers. The scale’s paragraphs were distributed by (24) items that are distinguished by their ability to distinguish and are characterized by honesty and stability. It was distributed to (190) employees of the Baghdad Company for Soft Drinks and the Vegetable Oil Industry Company in Baghdad, and a training program was built that includes training in Brief Progressive Relaxation (APRT), mental training and deep relaxing breathing, and the results of the workers were arranged according to the degree of severity of anxiety. And depression, and the researcher got (40) trainees as an experimental group, and (40) employees as a control group, with (40) employees from each company distributed by (20) employees as an experimental group and (20) employees as a control group, and the number of training sessions was (6) Sessions at a rate of one session per week. The researcher concluded that the current research sample suffers from anxiety disorders and depression and that females suffer more from anxiety than men, and the results indicated that there are statistically significant differences between workers and at a significance level (0.05) using the T-test to find out the significance of the differences between the experimental and control groups in favor of the group. Experimental benefit from the gradual relaxation training program, and the researcher concluded that the research sample of workers suffers from mental disorders in anxiety and depression, and that the training program has a clear effect on reducing the psychological disorders of the trainees.
The Recommendations:
First: Preparing psychologists in Ministry of Industry and Minerals to contribute to solving all psychological problems that workers are exposed to.
Second: Training psychologists on the training program that the researcher has adopted for the purpose of benefiting from it.
Third: The needs to improve working conditions for workers by providing work environment requirements that help workers carry out their duties with high efficiency.
Fourth: Adopting the abbreviated mental disorders scale as a diagnostic measure for the psychologist, if any in the industry.
The proposals:
First: Conducting a study similar to the current study dealing with the same variable on services circles to identify the extent of spread.
Second: Conducting a similar comprehensive survey study on all workers to other companies for the Ministry of Industry and Minerals to identify the extent of mental disorders among them for the purposes of implementing the training program.
Third: Conducting a similar study by choosing varying time periods to find out the effect of the training program in reducing the psychological disorders of the workers and the extent of the workers ’mastery of it.
Fourth: Conduct a tracer study, and after one year of implementing the scale and the program, to ensure their effectiveness.

Abstract
The research titled “The Effectiveness of Digital Media in Reducing Drug Abuse” aims to identify the role of digital media in curbing the phenomenon of drug abuse and to explore the reasons behind its prevalence. The research problem is embodied in the main question: To what extent is digital media effective in reducing the phenomenon of drug abuse? The research aims to explore the effectiveness of digital media in raising awareness about the dangers of the phenomenon by transmitting news,information, and real-life events through official and non-official government digial pages on the Facebook platform concerned with conveying data on the phenomenon of drug abuse. The research is descriptive in nature and adopts a survey methodology. The questionnaire was the tool used to collect data, distributed through a purposive sample of (100) individuals.

ABSTRACT
The research aims to answer the question: "What are the political propaganda techniques used on the Russia Today electronic channel regarding Iraq's neighboring countries from May 1, 2023, to July 30, 2023?" The importance of this research lies in the fact that propaganda is one of the most significant communication forms through which the source seeks to influence the recipient's positions and attitudes. This is a descriptive study utilizing a survey method and content analysis form to reach conclusions and achieve objectives, testing the questionnaire's validity through face validity by presenting it to a number of expert professors in radio and television media. The research exclusively relied on a comprehensive review of all political propaganda techniques on the channel's website during the specified period.The research reached several key findings:
1.It was revealed that the channel employed the technique of stereotyping in highlighting the importance of the Saudi decision in Operation Decisive Storm in Yemen by 22.22%, followed by showing Kuwait's welcome to expanding external relations with Gulf countries by 18.51%.
2. It was found that the channel utilized the technique of distortion in accusing Arab governments of suppressing protesters (solidarity protests with Palestine), accusing Arab regimes of corruption and squandering public funds, and accusing Syria of being a manufacturing center for drugs and Saudi Arabia as the top market in the Arab world. Each accusation was repeated five times, accounting for 21.73%.

ABSTRACT
The research examines the role of news coverage by the China Global Television Network (CGTN) in shaping China's political image among the Iraqi audience. It falls under the category of causal relational research, utilizing a survey method. The study used the Likert scale (unipolar) to verify hypotheses and achieve its objectives, testing its validity through convergent validity. Multi-stage random sampling was employed to distribute 600 questionnaires to respondents in three provinces: Baghdad, Maysan, and Salah ad Din, during the period from July 1, 2023, to August 1, 2023. The researcher utilized statistical methods to verify hypotheses, and the research concluded the existence of a role for CGTN's news coverage of Chinese affairs in reflecting the political image of China cognitively, emotionally, and behaviorally among the Iraqi audience. Moreover, the results indicated a relationship between the reflection of political coverage and demographic variables such as gender, age, socioeconomic status, and educational attainment

Abstract
In today's world where ICT is changing and developing rapidly, intellectual property rights are one of the vital and crucial issues. Intellectual property rights broadly refer to the rights that allow individuals and organizations to use their inventions, industrial designs, trademarks, industrial inventions and works of art as personal property. As content and ideas are increasingly disseminated in cyberspace, more attention is being paid to issues related to intellectual property rights. Meanwhile, social networks such as Facebook have become available to the public as one of the most important online platforms for exchanging information and ideas. In light of the technological development that we are witnessing, knowledge and innovation play an important role in achieving sustainable development, and therefore it is inevitable that countries encourage innovation and creativity in all ways and protect them legally. Protecting intellectual property rights has become an effective and useful tool for developing creativity and promoting a culture of respect and appreciation for the value of creative ideas. And how to protect it. The importance of the study lies in the importance of the subject itself, given that the subject of intellectual property gains great importance in terms of its connection to the issue of protecting rights, and the importance of the subject increases with development in the fields of technology, information and innovation, which leads to the emergence of new and advanced means of exchanging knowledge in a simple and effective way, and this makes it It is difficult to monitor these rights, and the importance that countries are currently attaching to the field of intellectual property is increasing because of the role it plays in revitalizing the global economy. Interest in intellectual property has become widespread in all disciplines worldwide. The main question of this research is: What is the effect of using Facebook on awareness of intellectual property rights among Baghdad City students? Debt? People use these networks daily to post their content. Therefore, the main objective of this thesis is to study the impact of using Facebook on awareness of intellectual property rights among students in Baghdad al-Din. The research methodology is quantitative, and it was distributed to a sample of 404 students from the universities of Babylon and Samourusing a questionnaire tool. The research results showed that there is an effect between the use of Facebook and awareness of intellectual property rights. Also, testing the sub-hypotheses showed that there is no effect between the use of Facebook and awareness of intangible intellectual property rights. Likewise, there is no effect between the use of Facebook and awareness of intangible intellectual property rights. There is an effect between the news impact of Facebook and awareness of intellectual property rights, and there is also an effect between the educational impact of Facebook and awareness of intellectual property rights

Abstract
The use of artificial intelligence programs in various fields of life raises many difficulties, especially with regard to criminal liability for the work of these programs, the appropriateness of current legislations, and their ability to understand the unique characteristics of this technology.Accordingly, this study seeks to discuss some of the current challenges of artificial intelligence programs or those that may arise in the future ,especially in light of the rapid pace of technological development ,advanced programs have given some artificial intelligence-powered machines enormous capabilities that are very dangerous as they can develop self-experience that enable them to make decisions independently ,therefore ,it’s conceivable that these entities will deviate from human control and commit crimes with their own will away from the software orders given to them

Abstract :
This research deals with the criterion that governs the penal legislator’s criminalization of actions that constitute social crimes. This was done by highlighting the requirements on the basis of which the legal standard is determined, which is the definition of these crimes, as well as their characteristics and the interest considered in them. The research also discussed aspects of the legal standard in these crimes by explaining the standard for each of the social crimes, which are crimes related to refraining from relief, crimes against faith, family crimes, and dangerous situation crimes.

Abstract
The importance of this subject is that this kind of companies have been entered Iraq directly after the 2003 war, and started their actual activities although the Iraqi company law did not regulate these companies.The holding company differs from others, because its main activity is to control the other companies by making them its subsidiaries, specially the companies of other states like our country.This study consists of four chapters, the first one deals with the legal concept of the holding company which is divided to three sections to analyze this concept in the western countries, Iraq, and other Arab countries.The second chapter is concerned with the establishment of the holding company and its financial system which is divided into two sections, the first one deals with the establishment of the holding company which may be happened by two ways, the first one is the establishment of the holding company according to the national law, the second one is the establishment of the holding company according to a treaty. The conclusion contains the most important results of this study, and the recommendations to the Iraqi company law.

Summary
criminal justice system by exercising supervision over criminal judgments issued by subject-matter courts. To facilitate this oversight, criminal laws mandate that subject-matter courts must write down their criminal judgments and clearly state the reasons that underpinned their decision. This enables the Courts of Cassation in Iraq to effectively fulfill their supervisory role over criminal judgments issued by subject-matter courts. The Court of Cassation meticulously scrutinizes these judgments to ensure: Correct Application of the Law and Soundness of Procedures.

Abstract
There is a prominent example in the former form, which is a great example of presenting the presentations, the regulations, and the other galleries in the previous form. For him, the features of beauty and creativity, and through that, the research problem is reflected in the following question: How is the aesthetic presence achieved? And how is his creative connection in the interior design of the Islamic Museum in Qatar, While the importance of the research study contributes to supplying scientific libraries, especially in the field of interior design of museums, with valuable design information in the field of technical work based on aesthetic presence, while the research aims to reveal the mechanisms of aesthetic presence by studying its creative correlation in the interior design of the Islamic Museum in Qatar as well. The research study included the axes of the theoretical framework as well as the research procedures represented in the research methodology based on the descriptive analytical approach (case study). Finally, the research study included extracting the most important results, conclusions, recommendations, and future proposals

Motivation is a crucial factor in learning a second or foreign language. Empirical research has shown that motivation is a key psychological element that significantly impacts the entire process of learning a second language (Dörnyei & Ushioda, 2021) The study of motivational dynamics in real settings became prominent in the psychology of education in late 1980s and gained further traction in the 1990s. This research covers various approaches, each named differently based on the researchers’ epistemological perspectives. Within a socio-cognitive framework, it is referred to as the situated or context-sensitive perspective (Boekaerts, 2001). In contrast, within a sociocultural or socio-historical context, it is called the situative perspective or cognitive-situative perspective (Volet, 2001)The effectiveness of classroom-based language learning does not depend solely on the learners' cognitive abilities, but is also heavily contingent on various affective factors. The core elements involved in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) instruction comprise the teachers, students, and instructional materials that are utilized during the learning process. However, other important environmental and institutional factors such as administration, teaching methodology, and available learning facilities (e.g., libraries, classroom amenities) also play a vital role in shaping learning outcomes (Issan & Gomaa, 2010). These multifaceted factors can potentially be enhanced and optimized through strategic educational policies, targeted professional development programs, and adequate budgetary allocation. Crucially, among these interrelated elements, motivation stands out as a key factor without which the efficacy of other components may be significantly diminishedIn the specific context of foreign language learning, motivation is defined as the initial driving force that not only instigates the learning process, but also maintains the learner's sustained drive and determination throughout the often arduous and lengthy language learning journey (Cheng & Dörnyei, 2007). Motivation provides learners with the necessary desires, goals, and impetus to engage actively and persistently in the learning endeavor (Al-Mahrooqi, Shahid, & Cofie, 2012). Even learners who possess the requisite knowledge, skills, and aptitude may not ultimately succeed if they lack sufficient motivation.

Abstract
The present paper tackles the social and moral degeneration under the effect of taboo and greed as reflected in Eugene O’Neill’s play “Desire Under the Elms”. The paper aims at showing to which extend the people have affected by these two concepts in terms of social and moral criteria. The paper also aims at depicting the tragic cases which take place in rural New England farm life in the mid-nineteenth century as a result of adultery, financial possessiveness tendency and incest. The paper also aims at showing the power of the play “Desire Under the Elms” in delving inside its dramatic characters to discover the nature of human beings. Accordingly, the present paper attempts to focus on the styles of logically overcoming the concepts of taboo and greed and how to stop practicing the forbidden social behaviors which dismantle the sacred ties of the family. Again, the paper attempts to highlight the logic ways of reaching the correct tools to remedy the social diseases.

Abstract
This study aims at investigating the main differences between Google translation and authentic meaning and to identify the factors behind wrong translation of neologism provided by Google. In this study, a qualitative methodology is utilized to conduct an analysis of fifteen Iraqi neologisms that have been chosen from popular usage in modern language. The neologisms have been extracted from practical conversational situations and trustworthy media sources to guarantee that they are both suitable and accurate. Each neologism is subject to two translations: the initially translated text is supplied by Google Translate, and the second translation has been confirmed by academics with a good background in Iraqi Arabic or native speakers. The study concluded that according to the translations provided by Google Translate compared to their authentic meanings, cultural nuances, and precision are unlikely to be transmitted in a way that is similar to those in the source language based on the analysis of different Iraqi neologisms. Moreover, the reliability and limitations of machine translation, especially Google Translate, are the primary obstacles that Google Translate did when handling slang neologisms that contain idiomatic expressions and culturally loaded terms. These outcomes demonstrate how poorly machine translation can cope with changes in language and regional variability. It is currently difficult for machines to duplicate the idiomatic usage, linguistic subtleties, and cultural background that go hand in hand with correct translations in these situations. It's probable that the algorithms will not have adequate data to understand and interpret the newly introduced phrases effectively which is the main factor behind such failure. Also, new words and acronyms can appear periodically as language changes, in particular in modern and social media situations. It's likely that machine translation systems will be unable to integrate this new linguistic technological progress into their databases and systems.

Abstract
Arabic and French are distinguished by their phonetic and phonological diversity, with nasal consonants being among the most important sounds in both languages. These sounds differ in the way they are formed and pronounced in the two systems, making them an interesting topic to study the differences and similarities of this group of sounds between the Arabic and French language systems.The research aims to physically analyze the nasal consonants of the two systems in order to extract the similarities and differences between the two languages.
The research adopted a descriptive, contrastive and experimental approach, which relied on the physical analysis of audio data from this group of sounds for both systems. Voice samples were collected from native speakers of each language and then analyzed using advanced audio analysis tools such as spectral analysis and temporal sound energy analysis.The results showed that there were clear differences in the acoustic characteristics of this group of sounds between the two systems. In Arabic, nasal consonants were characterized by a longer execution time and relatively lower fundamental frequencies (pitch) compared to French, whereas in French these sounds appeared with fundamental frequencies (pitch) and intensity higher with a shorter duration. These differences affect how we recognize and hear sounds in each language, which can in turn affect learning and correctly pronouncing second languages

Abstract
This research explores the pragmatics of legal language, focusing on how speech acts in courtroom testimonies influence judicial outcomes. It examines the dynamic nature of language in legal settings, where context, intention, and delivery significantly affect interpretation and decision-making processes. The study delves into the functionality and impact of speech acts, including assertions, questions, and commands, highlighting their role in legal discourse and decision-making. Historical and cross-cultural analyses provide insight into the evolution of speech acts in legal contexts, while case studies illustrate their direct influence on court judgments. The research emphasizes the power of language in shaping legal realities and the necessity of understanding linguistic strategies to ensure justice and fairness in legal proceedings.

Abstract
Language is a means of human communication.English language is considered an international language used by a great number of people around the world.Many countries give an interest for learning this language in different stages of learning . Depending on the primary observation, many of non-departmental students face difficulties in learning English that needs further exploration. This study is based on investigating difficulties of non-departmental students in language learning in their academic study.English Language is studied as a subject by students of Arabic as part of fulfillment to have MA degree. The study aims to investigate the difficulties faced by students in Diyala university –college of Basic education –MA-students at Arabic Department during the academic year 2023-2024 in learning English. A descriptive method is used for taking information from the respondants. Questionnaires and interviews are adopted for collected data. Analyzing data has hepled in finding out results of the research. This study aimes to investigate students difficulties in language learning. Quantitatively ,the information has analyzed. The results of the study show that students have difficulties in pronunciation ,vocabulary; grammar and translation.The study presents suitable suggestions and recommendations due to the aim of the research