Tikrit Journal for Dental Sciences

Dental remineralization is ionic deposition in demineralized enamel, resulting in gain of minerals and limiting progression of early enamel lesions. Various approaches have been employed for enamel remineralization. This investigation aimed to measure the remineralizing efficiency both quantitatively and subjectively of bioactive glass powder (Sylc®), casein phospho-peptide-amorphous calcium phosphate with fluoride (CPP-ACPF) on white spot lesions (WSLs) using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) combined with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDX) techniques. Methods: A sample of fifty enamels was obtained by extracting ten maxillary first premolars. Ten enamel samples were assigned to each group: Group I (Sylc®); Group II, CPP-ACPF; and Group III, artificial saliva (negative control), Group IV: WSLs, and Group V: baseline. All samples were kept for 72 hours in a demineralizing agent before being treated with remineralizing agents to form WSLs. Analyses of the morphology of enamel samples were performed by SEM and EDX. This study used one-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD (p<0.05) as statistical analysis. Results indicate that the Mean±SD of Ca/P ratio of I (2.359±0.230), II (2.295±0.246), III (2.097±0.275), IV (2.068±0.471), V (2.00±0.16). SEM shows the morphology of the surface of enamel and the porous structure change to a homogenous enamel surface, most of the micropores were hidden as a result of using BAG and CPP-ACPF. Conclusion: CPP-ACPF and the Sylc® group may be thought to be beneficial for raising the Ca/P ratio.

The COVID-19 pandemic has been correlating with many
changes in the maintenance of children's dental health. This may
be due to the emergency lockdown of school and physical activity
which affected the lifestyles and eating habits of the children.
The aim: to investigate the prevalence of dental caries and the
changing in the BMI before and after the pandemic among school
children.
Method: a total sample of 455 healthy children aged 6-13 years
attended to the preventive department in dental college of Tikrit
university. The data from 236 children were collected before
COVID-19 and 219 children after COVID-19. Dental caries was
registered according to WHO criteria, 1987 were decayed,
missing, and filled with permanent dentition (DMFS) and
deciduous teeth (dmfs). Height and weight for each child was
registered to get the BMI-for- age.
Result: For the total sample, the mean value of dmfs, DMFs and
BMI were significantly higher after COVID-19 than before
COVID-19. Regarding the boys, the mean value of dmfs, DMFs
and BMI were significantly higher after the pandemic than before
COVID19. For the girls, the mean value of dmfs and DMFs were
significantly higher after COVID-19 than before COVID-19
while the mean value of BMI was non - significantly higher after
COVID-19 than before COVID-19.
Conclusion: A significant number of children altered their eating,
drinking, and brushing habits during the lockdown, which raised
their risk of tooth decay.

Background: pain during injection of local anesthesia is one of
the most common reasons that makes the patient refrain from
visiting the dentist. However topical anesthesia may be used as a
solution.
Aim of the study: to develop tools and materials to reduce pain
by applying low level laser therapy and compare it with the effect
of topical anesthesia.
Methods: This study was carried out at Tikrit University's
learning hospital. Group of 18 to 30 years old patients (55 men
and 45 women) who would receive dental restorations of their
anterior teeth. The patients were divided into 4 groups. Group A
takes a laser beam. Group B received treatment by topical
anesthetic gel. Group C received both of two therapies at same
time. Group D is the control group which does not receive any
type of pre-treatment. Analyzing data by using Mintab
application program (version 2019) the test which is used in the
analysis is a person chi-square under the level of significance 0.01
(P-Value <0.05).
Results: In the current study, a (0,3W, 30sec) 940 nm diode laser
used intraoral, according to our analytics after application of lowlevel laser therapy on the area of injection results in low response
to the injection.
Conclusion(s): The administration of local anesthesia using a 940
nm diode laser notably alleviated pain in the anterior maxillary
area, demonstrating better outcomes than injections that did not
incorporate low-level laser therapy.

Background: Current study was assessed to evaluate the effect of
nanoydroxyapatite (nHAp) incorporation in hydrogen peroxide
(HP) bleaching agent on selected minerals content of dental
enamel. Material and Methods: 30 sound upper first premolar
teeth were used in this study. Enamel blocks (7mm× 5mm×3mm)
were obtained from the middle third of buccal surfaces of the
teeth. Each dental block was embedded in self-cure acrylic resin
with exposed exterior enamel surface. Enamel samples were
divided into three groups (n=10): deionized water (DW) as
control group, HP bleached group, and hydrogen peroxide
modified by nanohydroxyapatite (HP-nHAp) bleached group.
Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) was used to
evaluate the elemental composition changes of each sample
before and after treatment. Result: Findings of the current study
revealed reduction of each of enamel calcium (Ca) and
phosphorous (P) minerals content after treatment compared with
baseline data for all groups, with statistically significant
difference for HP group only. The percentage of Ca and P weight
loss of enamel subjected to HP bleaching was the highest,
followed by HP-nHAp treated group, while the control group was
the least one with statistically significant difference between each
of (HP and HP-nHAp) groups, and (HP and control) groups. No
significant reductions were observed after treatment in Ca/P ratio
in all groups. Conclusion: Adding of nHAp material to HP
bleaching agent could decrease its adverse effects on dental
enamel surface.

The use of three-dimensional (3D) printing in dentistry is
appealing, parts made from acrylic-based 3D-printed resin must
go through the same light and thermal treatment post-curing
procedures to improve their mechanical qualities. This study aims
to evaluate the effect of post-curing process by using many
degrees from different temperatures and multiple times on the
bending strength of 3D printer resin.
Twenty-eight samples were fabricated in the current study; the
restoration was accomplished through the creation of an STL file
using the AutoCAD program and then sent to the program of
printer.
ASIGA DentaBASE resin at a wavelength of 385-405 nm was
used for 3D printing to create samples placed at a right angle to
the platform. Post-curing temperatures both 40⁰C and 60⁰C for
times that vary (15 min and 30 min), then evaluated flexural
properties, the results showed that the post-curing temperature
have significant effect on bending strength. The flexural was
130.97±7.2 MPa (mean ± standard deviation) in the group
treated at 60 ⁰C for 30 min, more than the values in other groups.
The results of this study validate that the post-curing temperature
was influenced by the bending property of 3D printed resin, while
post-time had no effect except for initial post-curing (15 min).

To compare the shear bond strength (SBS) of metal brackets
bonded to ceramic specimens with two surface treatment methods
and two different adhesive prime types and to determine adhesive
remnant index (ARI). Materials and Methods: This in-vitro
study included 60 ceramic specimens which divided randomly
into two groups of 30 specimens for each according to prime used
(Assure® Plus and Transbond™ XT). The labial aspect of each
specimen was treated by one of the following three surface
preparation: no surface treatment (control group), air abrasion
with 50µM aluminum oxide particles (AL2O3) and acid etching
with 9.6% hydrofluoric acid (HF). Metal orthodontic brackets
were bonded to ceramic specimens using Assure® Plus or
Transbond™ XT adhesives. The surface roughness was measured
by profilometer and then SBS was measured using a universal
testing machine at a crosshead speed of o.5 mm/minute. The
labial surfaces of specimens were inspected under a
stereomicroscope, and the Adhesive remnant index (ARI) scores
were determined. Raw data were analyzed using SPSS program.
Results: The Al2O3 air abrasion with Assure® Plus group had a
highest mean of SBS values while HF groups with Transbond™
XT adhesive or Assure® Plus give rise a significantly lower SBS
values than that obtained for Al2O3 group. A significant difference
was noted among the groups in the ARI scores. In AL2O3 group
bonded with Transbond™ XT had a score 1 and 2 which was
designated as mix-type failure, indicating a favorable failure
mode. Conclusion: This study showed that air abrasion of
ceramic specimens had a significant effect on SBS of metal
brackets bonded to ceramic and the Transbond™ XT prime is a
applicable bonding material for clinical use for ceramic
restoration.

This study aimed to evaluate how various treatments, on the
surface affect the strength of bonding between zirconia and resin
cement compared to untreated samples. The research explored the
impact of surface treatments on the bond strength between
zirconia and resin cement through a search on platforms, like
Google Scholar, MEDLINE/PubMed, Web of Science and
Science Direct reviewing both research papers and review
articles. A total of 101 studies that met criteria and directly
addressed the research question were selected for analysis.
A total of 101, in vitro studies were included based on the
specified criteria. The results from these studies consistently
pointed out that silica coating was found to have the bond strength
(SBS) with sandblasting, laser treatments, plasma treatment and
Tribochemical silica coating following in decreasing order of
effectiveness.
Among the treatments studied it was observed that silica coating
on zirconia had the significant impact on enhancing the bond
strength, between zirconia and resin cement. However controlled
laboratory experiments and clinical trials are necessary to validate
these findings and explore potential factors influencing the
outcomes of these surface treatments.

Reusing dental implant gingival formers has become common to
reduce treatment costs, but remnant biofilm biomass on these
reused gingival formers can promote infection. Recent studies
have found that existing cleaning and sterilization methods fail to
completely eliminate biofilm. This study introduces a novel
approach for cleaning and sterilizing gingival formers,
significantly improving debris removal and potentially reducing
the risk of infection, thereby enhancing patient safety and
treatment outcomes. To assess the efficacy of hydrochloric acid
solution in removing accumulated debris and sterilizing
previously used dental implant gingival formers.
Material and method: Forty new dental implant gingival formers
were placed in patients' mouths for at least 3 weeks. They were
then cleaned using two different methods: one with varying
concentrations and durations of hydrochloric acid solution (HCl),
and one without HCl. After cleaning and sterilization, the formers
underwent Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and
microbiologic culture analysis.
Results: Treatment with a hydrochloric acid solution (HCl) in the
concentration of 0.05 mol/L for 10 minutes appears to have the
most favorable outcomes in terms of reducing implant remnant
and less surface damage.
Conclusion: The application of hydrochloric acid solution (HCl)
showed significant effectiveness in removing debris from the
surface of used dental implant gingival formers. However,
complete removal and thorough cleaning of debris remnants were
not achieved, suggesting that reusing dental implant gingival
formers may not be advisable.

Background: The study examines potential factors influencing
wrinkle formation in facial skin among populations in Iraqi
governorates.
Methods: Employing a descriptive cross-sectional study from
October 2022 to January 2023, 114 participants were selected,
excluding those with prior facial surgeries or treatments
influencing skin aging. Using structured questionnaires and a
numerical wrinkle scoring system at seven facial sites, the study
assessed correlations between wrinkle severity and variables such
as age, sex, number of children, lifestyle, and environmental
exposures.
Results: Significant correlations were found between increased
wrinkle scores and factors including male sex (p<0.01), age
(p<0.01), number of children (p<0.01), occupational physical
labor (p<0.01), economic status (p<0.01), sunlight exposure
(p<0.01), stress levels (p<0.01), and number of lost teeth
(p<0.01). Education level was not significantly correlated with
wrinkle severity. Differences in wrinkle scores between sexes
varied by age group.
Conclusions: Facial wrinkle severity is determined by a complex
interplay of demographic, lifestyle, in addition to environmental
elements. The findings highlight key areas for targeted aging skin
research and potential interventions.

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the teeth'
supporting structures. Scaling and root planing (SRP) is a
foundational non-surgical periodontal therapy that aims to disrupt
the subgingival biofilm and facilitate the healing of the
periodontal tissues. The influence of SRP on salivary levels of
inflammatory biomarkers, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and
receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL), is
not fully understood.
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of
non-surgical periodontal treatment (scaling and root planing) on
the salivary levels of IL-6 and RANKL
Methods: This clinical trial study, conducted with meticulous
attention to detail, included 30 participants with periodontitis.
Clinical parameters (plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing
(BOP), probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment level
(CAL)) were examined at the baseline visit, after seven days, and
after 30 days of non-surgical periodontal treatment. The salivary
levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and receptor activator of nuclear
factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL) were measured and compared
before and after treatment, ensuring a comprehensive
understanding of the subject.
Results: All clinical periodontal parameters were reduced (PI,
BOP, PPD, and CAL) with a significant difference between
baseline and the second visit scores (p= <0.0001). The salivary
concentration of IL-6 and RANKL was decreased in all patients,
with a significant difference between the baseline and the second
visit measurement (p= <0.0001).
Conclusions: Scaling and root planing significantly affect the
treatment of periodontitis by improving periodontal parameters
and reducing salivary IL-6 and RANKL concentrations.

Background: hyperactivity disorder is one of the most public
neurodevelopmental conditions in juvenile. Insulin-like growth
factor 1 define as a polypeptide hormone basically resembling to
insulin. It is signing is an important element to the early
development of the brain. And its axis plays a significant role in
oral tissue regeneration such as gingiva.
Objective: The aim of this study to evaluate the salivary levels of
insulin like growth factor 1 and gingival health among children
with Attention deficit/hyperactivity- disorder.
Material & method: this is a cross-sectional comparative study
included 500 student aged 11-13 years in the primary school of
AL-Shamiya sector in Al-Diwaniya. The questioner of the
disorder was introduced into student's parent to fill the checklist.
The spitting method was used for the collection of Unstimulated
saliva, then laboratory analysis was done using ELIZA test. The
data was collected, summarized and statistically analyzed. WHO
CPI probe was used to assess the bleeding condition using the
gingival index of WHO 2013.
Result: the result of current study shows that salivary insulin like
growth factor 1 level was less significantly among the student
with disorder, while the bleeding index was not significantly
higher them as no significant relation correlation was found
between salivary insulin like growth factor 1 and gingival in
positive direction.
Conclusion: This study around the correlation of insulin like
growth factor 1 with Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Insulin like growth factor 1 level was more in control than study
group.

Background: Periodontal disease, a prevalent oral disease
affecting 10-15% of adults globally, leads to tissue damage and
bone loss. Fusobacterium nucleatum, a bacterium from the
Bacteroidaceae family, significantly contributes to this disease.
Chlorhexidine, a powerful antibacterial agent. It is believed to be
the gold-standard for conventional periodontal treatment due to its
effectiveness in eliminating periodontal pathogenic bacteria.
Aim of study: Estimate the effictiveness of chlorhexidine
gluconate gel in the nonsurgical management of periodontitis
patients.
Methods: by employing single-blinded, split-mouth randomized
clinical trial. It included ten attending patients diagnosed with
generalized unstable periodontitis. A split-mouth design was used,
and 15 test and 15 control sites were selected. every subject had
two locates selected: a control locate that received subgingival
debridement with placebo gel and an experiment locate that
received subgingival debridement with chlorhexidine gel. Clinical
parameters Levels were measured for full dentition.
Results: Bleeding on probing sites significantly decreased after
treatment in the CHX group. Pocket probing depths, clinical
attachment levels, also bacteria found to be significantly reduced
after treatment in both groups. A statistically significant strong
positive correlation has been identified regarding bacteria and
periodontal probing depth, and a positive correlation has been
identified regarding bacteria and clinical attachment level.
Conclusion: Treatment with chlorhexidine gluconate gel can
lower Fubacterium nucleatum bacterial count in periodontal
pockets and significantly decrease bleeding on probing and
clinical attachment scores within the locates treated with
chlorhexidine gluconate.

Both of the mechanical and physical qualities of the acrylic resin
can be affected by the pressures since they have a direct effect on
the chemical reaction that occurred during the polymerization.
The aim of this study was to examine the compressive strength
features of the basic materials for self-cured acrylic resin dentures
using several pressure modalities to be then compared with those
polymerized under a pressure of 30 psi. Fifty self-cured acrylic
resin specimens have been collected in two main groups (25
specimens without cross-linking and 25 specimens with crosslinking). From each main group, 5 specimens that polymerized in
water at 37°C under 30 psi pressure were used as a control group,
and the other specimens polymerized in water at 37°C under 25
psi, 50 psi, 75 psi, and 100 psi pressure as four experimental
groups, with 5 specimens prepared for each group. The results
showed that the self-cured acrylic resin with a cross-linking agent
gives higher compressive strength than the self-cured acrylic resin
without a cross-linking agent. Additionally, the compressive
strength of two self-curing acrylic resin versions (with and
without cross-linking) decomposed in water at 37 degrees Celsius
under (50 psi, 75 psi, and 100 psi) pressure was improved
compared with that processed at 30 psi pressure (control group);
at the same time, the specimens that polymerized at (100 psi)
pressure showed a highly significant increase in the compressive
strength compared with both the control group and other
experimental groups. While 25 psi was reduced compressive
strength at these pressures in comparison to control groups.
Finally, one can draw a conclusion stating that the processing
pressure and the type of acrylic resin can be considered as
important factors in improving compressive strength property.

Background: Dental implants play a pivotal role in restoring lost
dentition, and short dental implants (equal or <8mm) have
emerged as an alternative to traditional bone augmentation
procedures. This study aims to evaluate the success rates of short
dental implants in the Kurdish population, considering various
factors such as patient demographics, implant characteristics, and
their impact on satisfaction levels.
Materials and Methods: Seventy patients who received short
implants in both jaws were included, with a minimum follow-up
period of 1 year. Implant length, diameter, location, and patient
demographics were analysed. Success criteria were based on
Misch et al.'s definition, and marginal bone loss was assessed via
orthopantomograms obtained 12 months post-implantation.
Statistical analyses, including chi-square tests and correlation
assessments, were conducted.
Results: The study found a link between patient age and implant
success, with younger patients having higher success rates.
Gender disparities were observed in satisfaction outcomes, with
smoking status having a significant impact. Although the site of
the implant had no significant impact on satisfaction rates,
patients with diabetes mellitus had lower levels of satisfaction.
Longer and wider implants were associated with higher success
rates.
Conclusion: This study sheds light on short dental implant success
in the Kurdish population, stressing the multivariate character of
outcomes. Tailored treatment regimens, particularly for diabetic
patients, can improve predictability and success rates during
implantation procedures. Future research should go deeper into
these characteristics to gain a better understanding of short dental
implant success.

Background: The process of skin healing necessitates the
restoration of the body's structural integrity. This physiological
process includes the extracellular matrix, blood cells, cytokines,
and growth factors. Cress seed oil is a widely utilized herbal
remedy that is believed to have medicinal activities as an
antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory.
Objective: Assess the influence of applying cress seeds oil
directly to facial cutaneous wounds in rats to determine its effect
on healing.
Materials and Methods: Sixty male Albino rats, with an average
weight 200 -300 g were studied. Full thickness surgical incisional
wounds were made in the cutaneous surface of each rat's cheek.
The rats have been divided into the subsequent groups using
random assignment: Control group: (n=30), where wounds were
allowed to heal without any intervention. Experimental group:
(n=30), wounds were treated daily with topical application of
cress seed oil. Assessment of wound contraction, epithelial
thickness, inflammatory cells and blood vessels quantification.
The animals had scarification at the healing periods (days three &
seven).
Results: There is a noticeable rise in wound contraction and
epithelial thickness over time with a significant difference
observed in the experimental group at day 7. The number of
inflammatory cells reduced over time. The experimental group
exhibited the highest mean values for blood vessel count on day 7.
Conclusion: The results of the present study demonstrate that the
use of cress seeds oil applied directly to the skin wounds of rats
enhances the healing process.

Background: Wound healing is achieved by 3 processes: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. squalene is considered a natural product with some ability to influence the immunomodulation of macrophages where it could help the “last stage remodeling and wound closure” because of its anti-inflammatory properties. Rosehip oil can shorten epithelialization time while decreasing the number of inflammatory cells that invade.
Objective: Study the efficacy of squalene oil and rosehip oil separately or as a combination in the healing of facial skin wounds of rats histologically.
Patients and Methods: forty-two rats were subjected to facial skin wounds.
They separated the animals into:
A. The control group on the left side left for spontaneous healing without any treatment.
B. Experimental group on the right side which were divided to three groups for each oil and their combination.
Then the specimens were taken on the 3rd and 7th day after wounding and prepared for histological examination (H&E stain).
Results: The greatest wound contraction was found in the squalane oil group on the 7th day. The histological evaluation showed that the control group had the greatest inflammatory cell count on day 3. Regarding the epithelial thickness it was found is where the combination group had the highest levels of epithelial thickness compared to the squalane oil and rosehip oil groups. As for blood vessel count, it was found that the greatest blood vessel counts in the rosehip oil group.
Conclusion: results showed that the use of squalane oil and rosehip oil separately or as a combination can be beneficial for wound healing.

Background: The introduction of orthodontic miniscrews for anchorage control made the force application for different orthodontic treatment approaches easier and increased their effectiveness. Some problems may occur during miniscrews use, such as inflammation of soft tissue around the implant, mobility, and failure.
Aim: This review paper focuses on the peri-implant disease and the use of nanotechnology to solve this problem and increase the orthodontic miniscrew success rate.
Methodology: Electronic searching was performed until 2024 articles in PubMed, ResearchGate, and Google Scholar by using the keywords (miniscrew, mini-implant, peri-implant health, peri-implantitis, peri implant mucositis, and antimicrobial nanoparticles); and fifty-nine articles are selected, exclusion criteria are articles that are unpublished and web pages.
Conclusions: Microorganisms colonization around the implant cause peri-implantitis. Peri-implantitis is the most common cause responsible for miniscrew failure. Nanoparticles work as potent antimicrobial agents to enhance peri-implant health. Nanoparticles increase miniscrew stability by facilitating rapid bone formation around the implant.

Background: Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) has revolutionized the process of performing radiological examination. By using CBCT in the orofacial region can be accurately visualized in three dimensions images. The wider spread of CBCT devices is further encouraged by the faults of two-dimensional radiological methods, especially concerning dental implant. Aim: to outline the benefits and drawbacks of using CBCT devices with its applications in different branches in prosthodontics for diagnosis and treatment planning of implant, maxilla- facial, Temporo mandibular joint and in over denture treatment .
Main body: CBCT is now commonly used in several prosthodontics procedures. The primary causes are the smaller size, lower expense, and reduced radiation exposure when compared to computed tomography. Three-dimensional evaluation of the maxilla, mandible, skull and related structures is made possible by CBCT. Conclusion: Three-dimensional radiography, or CBCT is a diagnostic tool that dentists and dental specialist can use for a thorough examination and treatment planning.

The cyst is described as a pathological cavity lined fully or in parts by epthelium with fluid, semi-fluid, or gaseous contents that is not caused by pus accumulation (1, 2). Odontogenic cyst generally classified into inflammatory (radicular cyst also called periapical or dental cyst, Residual cyst, Paradental cyst) and developmental (Eruption cyst, Gingival cyst, Glandular odontogenic cyst, Odontogenic keratocyst, Lateral periodontal cyst, Dentigerous cyst, Orthkeratinizing odontogenic cyst ) (3, 4) . The lining epithelium of odontogenic cyst originate from residues of tooth forming tissues which includes (epithelial cell rest of serres, reduced enamel epithelium(REE), epithelial cell rest of malassez) (4) . The ERM at the root apex of the affected tooth proliferates due to the inflammation which increase the osmotic pressure leading to the cyst's enlargement(3) . Periapical cysts are the most prevalent cystic lesions of odontogenic cyst nearly 52% - 68% (5) however rarely seen on clinical diagnosis it often discovered by radiographs as clearly defined round or oval unilocular radiolucency with a radiopaque sclerotic border in the periapical region of the affected tooth(6, 7) . Histologically appear one to two thin cell layers of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium related to inflammatory infiltrates and inflamed fibrous connective tissue.(8) . Treatment of periapical cyst ranged from conventional endodontic therapy to surgical treatment like apicoectomy, marsupialization, enucleation depending on the size and extension of the lesion and its relation to anatomical structures and the systemic condition of the patient, generally has good prognosis (9, 10). Radicular cysts classified into apical, lateral and residual based on the anatomical relationship to the root of the tooth, apical radicular cysts make up the largest percentage 75% and related to the apex of non-vital tooth while The lateral type is unusual and develops after the spread of the inflammation from the pulp via the lateral root canals into the lateral periodontium, in complete curettage of radicular cyst after extraction of the involved tooth may not trigger complications mostly result in residual cyst formation accounting for 20% (11)

Introduction: For description of structural changes of trabecular bone, a new stereologic method can be used. Progesterone One of naturally occurring steroid hormone that is crucial for procreative purpose, progesterone has the Chemical Formula C21H30O3. Materials and Methods: 60 domestic adult male rabbits had been selected, randomly divided into three groups: control negative groups, control positive group, and study group. Each group sacrificed at day 3, 7, 21, and 28.
Results: star test measurement reveals bone trabeculae formation faster in study group than other two groups. Marrow space less in the study group.
Conclusion: HPC enhanced bone formation by recruitment of osteoblast for bone formation at the defect size.

Zirconia is a cost-effective material that has been specifically engineered to meet both aesthetic and functional needs, offering various advantages to users. The increasing demand for aesthetics has facilitated the promotion of new products that do not contain any metal. This study aimed to assess the existing information on zirconia, zirconia fused to dental veneer restoration, and various surface treatments that facilitate effective bonding to zirconia.
Material and Methods: we conducted a comprehensive search across various electronic databases of Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, and other electronic systematic reviews. They were solicited for their perspectives on this issue and contributed to a manual exploration of the scientific literature. The review includes a selection of relevant articles obtained from a comprehensive analysis of published works ranging from 2016 to 2024. A total of seventy studies were selected for this review.
Results: A range of adhesive approaches were investigated to improve the bonding to zirconia using different testing methodologies. This results in persistent adhesion.
Conclusion: Zirconia ceramic exhibits advantageous physical, mechanical, and optical properties, rendering it well-suited for ceramic restorations. However, to enhance the bonding between zirconium and veneering ceramic, it is essential to employ specialized laboratory treatment and follow a specific protocol.

This research aimed to evaluate and contrast the cycle fatigue resistance of protaper universal, V-taper gold, and AF Blue R3 endodontic files in an S-shaped canal. In this study, cyclic fatigue assessment, thirty NiTi files were used (n=10) for each group ( A, B, C), group A; ProTaper Universal files, group B; V-Taper gold \ and group C; AF Blue R3. The files undergo testing in double curvature custom-made artificial canals; the Time taken for the file fragmentation and length of the broken fragment were measured, and the fatigue duration of each file was determined. After that, a statistical analysis was conducted on the data using ANOVA, and a post hoc Tukey's test was performed. The NCF of AF Blue R3 files (753.59±109.09) was statistically significantly higher than V-taper Gold and pro-taper universal (p<0.001). At the same time, the NCF of V-taper gold (427.52±44.80) was greater than protaper universal (252.90±50.00) (p<0.001).

In an effort to increase surface bioactivity, numerous chemical and physical treatments of titanium surface have been made, but there is a rareness of comparable data. The objective of writing this review is to offer a comprehensive and updated source of information about parameters of both fibre laser and dual acid etching surface treatments and their impact on both surface characteristics and biological response of titanium and its alloys. The following keywords were used to discover relevant publications published between 2015 and 2024: "fibre laser," "dual acid etching," "titanium dental implants," "biocompatibility," "surface properties," “corrosion resistance,” and their synonyms. The literature was searched in the PubMed, Google Scholar, Research Gate, and CORE databases. Out of the 220 references that were screened, 36 publications satisfied the requirements for inclusion. Based on the reviewed articles, titanium's surface and biological response were altered by both fibre laser and dual acid etching surface treatments, dependent upon parameters and settings employed. Fibre laser produces a surface that is free of impurities and has a higher of titanium oxide layer while also improving surface topography and roughness in a regulated manner. By eliminating the native titanium oxide layer, increasing surface roughness, enhancing surface reactivity and forming a titanium oxide layer, dual acid etching produces a micro-rough surface that is favorable to bone integration. It has been shown that treatments with fibre laser and dual acid etching alter the surface and biological characteristics of titanium. To optimize the outcomes, protocols with precise parameters must be determined.

Denture base materials are susceptible to compressive loads during usage, which might result in prosthesis breakage from repetitive masticatory pressures. To explain the various factors that influence the strength of (3D) printed resins. The aim of this research sought to investigate the various factors that affect the bending strength of three-dimensional (3D) resin prostheses. This research clarifies the different factors affecting flexural strength and the correlation between them. The types of resins that are printed in three dimensions (3D) and their mechanical properties were the subject of research regarding database searches of English-language literature from February 2018 to January 2024 using PubMed, Scopus, EBSCOhost, and Google Scholar. Thirty research articles were considered for full-text analysis, and they all met the inclusion criteria, indicating that, they were appropriate for this systematic review. The involved articles were classified, as per the resins being studied: This research investigated bending strength of three dimensional (3D)-printed resins under a variety of conditions, including various types of printers, resins, printing directions, layers thickness, and sample dimensions. These factors are classified as pre-printing, printing, and post-printing. Most factors had a significant effect on the three-point bending strength of (3D)-printed dental resin. To increase bending strength of three dimensional (3d)-printed dental resins, nano-filler, adjusting printing orientation, the layers’ thickness, post-polymerization time and temperature degree.

Aim: This study evaluates the surface roughness and wear resistance of two types of 3D-printed permanent materials and CAD/CAM milled material. Materials and Methods: A total of 120 rectangular-shaped samples were fabricated from 3D-printed hybrid materials (Crowntec and VarseoSmile) and one CAD/CAM milled hybrid material (Vita Enamic). 90 samples (14×12×5 mm) were used for the surface roughness test, and the roughness measurements were performed at the baseline and after storage in different staining solutions for 1 week using a 2D profilometer while 30 samples (14×12×5 mm) were used for wear test and the real weight of each sample was measured at the baseline and after subjecting to wear using (MT 4003, TRIBOMETER, USA) wear device. The data were subjected to statistical analysis using a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc least significant difference (LSD) tests with a significance level of 0.05. Results: Crowntec exhibited a statistically higher surface roughness value compared to both VarseoSmile and Vita Enamic, however, VarseoSmile showed statistically greater roughness compared to Vita Enamic. Regarding the wear test, the results showed a significant difference in weight loss between 3D printed and Vita Enamic materials(P<0.05) with no statistical difference between Crowntec and VarseoSmile. The lowest weight loss was observed in Vita Enamic (1.56 ± .08) and the highest weight loss in VarseoSmile (2.3± .08). Conclusion: 3D printed material exhibits a rougher surface and higher wear when compared to milled material.

Objectives: The search designed to assess the impact of several surface treatments on the CO-CR alloy and fused feldspathic ceramic's shear bond strength. fabricated utilizing two different techniques lost wax and 3-D-printed laser melting.
Methods: A total of 40 rectangular pillars (CO-CR) alloys utilizing two various techniques (lost wax technique and 3D-printed) were separated into 2 groups with subgroups based on the surface treatment (n=10). To obtain a shear bond test a universal testing machine was used after surface treatment of the specimen with sandblasting by aluminum oxide and etching by HF acid. The result of the Shear bond strength test as well as, there was a failure mode identified. and analyzing data using LSD tests (a 0.05).
Result: Bond strength was noted stronger in CO-CO specimens with the 3D-printed technique with sandblasting surface treatment than etching by HF acid.
Conclusion:Using sandblasting with aluminum oxide on different CO-CR alloys improves the bonding strength with ceramic.

Background: It is common to refer to plasma as type of matter its fourth shape of materials. Plasma is found in universe naturally in many forms and con be produced artificially, which has become more significant in the fields of plasma screens and light sources. It is a commonly used disinfectant in clinics due to its abundant in nature and possible antibacterial qualities.
Highlight: We focus on definition of plasma, history, types of plasma according to the temperature, methods of production and its applications in medicine such as deactivate microbe, cancer cell death, and cell separation, and in dentistry especially such as modifications of dental implants surface, increase adhesion of dental materials, disinfectant and sterilization of surgical instruments and endodontic files, root canal disinfection and sterilization , modification of polymerization of composite resin, post surface modification, teeth whiting. This study illustrates how low air pressure and low temperatures directly affect body tissues throughout a variety of non-invasive medical procedures and tests.
Conclusion: Given that Cold Atmospheric Plasma contains antimicrobial and cell-killing qualities, we can conclude that dentistry will benefit greatly from it. Research on Plasma has demonstrated encouraging outcomes in the areas of composite restoration, instrument sterilization, tooth bleaching, and deactivation of dental biofilms.

Background: Root length may affect the amount of force and the type of mechanics necessary to get a precise tooth movement with adequate force. This study was conducted to find whether there is a relation between the root length and the vertical measurements of the face in groups of Iraqi subjects with various skeletal vertical relations.
Materials and method: 75 true lateral cephalometric radiographs and 75 orthopantomograms were taken for adults attending the Orthodontic Department at the College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, divided into three groups according to SN-Mandibular plane angle as High, Low and Normal SN-MP angle groups; the skeletal variants were measured on lateral cephalometric radiograph while root length was measured on orthopantomogram by AutoCAD program 2016.
Results: The mean length of upper and lower teeth was higher in patients with low SN-Mandibular plane angles. There was no significant difference in the mean length of the teeth in both arches except for the lower central incisor. Also, there were significant differences regarding the mandibular central incisors and canines between low and high-angle groups; moreover, SN-Mandibular plane angle and posterior facial height correlate significantly with these teeth. Furthermore, the males had a higher mean root length for all measured teeth in this study than the females.
Conclusions: Orthopantomographs cover a wide area of the jaws and teeth and can assist cephalograms in the diagnosis. A slightly longer root in low SN-Mandibular plane angles than in high and normal SN-Mandibular plane angles.

Restoring function and esthetic in partial edentulous patients by the use of dental implants or fixed bridges supported by natural teeth is a common practice. The less common is the restoration using implants connected by the same prosthesis with the natural dentition, which has several advantages including: reduction of treatment cost, mobile teeth splint provided by the rigid implants, avoiding cantilever in the design of the prosthesis, decreasing the total implant number needed, and others. The mobility of natural tooth in its socket, and the rigid bone implant connection makes this prosthesis associated with many troubles. Branemark and colleagues recommended not joining implants and teeth by the same prosthesis due to biomechanical contrast. Later, several studies showed better prognosis when connecting implants and teeth in the same prosthesis. This problem of support difference between implant and teeth has been researched by many. The type of connection in the prosthesis supported by teeth and implants like rigid and non-rigid connection is also a matter of debate and still controversial. So, research of published literatures in research engines (google scholar, Pubmed, science direct, & etc...) aiming to carrying out a review involving research addressing the tooth implant connection types, complications, and recommendations or principles for these prostheses. In conclusion of this review, a prosthesis joining natural teeth and implants can be a viable solution with respect to the recommendations emphasized in this research.