Al-Bahir Journal for Engineering and Pure Sciences

Currently, we synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from the aqueous fruit extract of Carissa carandas L. and
evaluated their antioxidant and antibacterial properties. The UVevisible spectra showed a characteristic absorption
peak at 412 nm. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy exhibits intense peaks at 3430.23 cm¡1 and
1625.67 cm¡1 which indicates the involvement of flavonoids and other functional groups in the biosynthesis, capping, and
stabilization of AgNPs. From XRD analysis, the average size of AgNPs was estimated to be 45 nm. The biogenic AgNPs
were spherical in shape and average size range between 10 and 95 nm confirmed by HR-TEM analysis. The fabricated
AgNPs by fruit extract were monitored for antioxidant activity using DPPH method. The fruit extract of AgNPs
(IC50 ¼ 946.22 mg/ml) had the highest antioxidant activity against standard ascorbic acid. The antibacterial activity was
done using Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacterial strains. It was found from the results that the bacterial
strain S. aureus had the highest antibacterial activity when compared to E. coli and aqueous fruit extract. Thus, the present
study exhibits synergistic antioxidant and antibacterial activity which may explore in future clinical treatment

This study develops and presents a methodology for determining the optimal geographic distribution and size of
asphalt concrete plants in Karbala, Iraq, in order to minimize the cost of asphalt concrete produced. The purpose of this
study is to discuss these points. The methodology can identify potential locations for asphalt concrete plants within a
study area, considering the plants' operation and capital costs and the costs of transporting raw materials to the plants
and asphalt concrete to demand centers. Matrix Laboratory (MATLAB) software have been used to program the
methodology.
This methodology has been applied to Karbala using actual data. The methodology's output identifies the optimal
locations and sizes of asphalt concrete plants in Karbala. There are two optimal locations for asphalt concrete plants B
and D; their total size is 80 tons per hour and 800 tons per hour, respectively. This is adequate to supply Karbala's asphalt
concrete demand to 2032. The methodology effectively determines the optimal geographic locations and sizes of asphalt
concrete plants in the study area

The gloss properties can be improved by repeated additions of carbides or ceramic materials, where in the current
research, Nano-zirconia was mixed as a support material for the system (Nie3%SiC) and the reinforcement percentages
were (0,3,6,9,12)%. The process of manufacturing the samples was carried out by the powder method. Where the support
and foundation materials were mixed by the volumetric method. The resulting samples were heat treated at 900 C for
two hours, after that the scanning electron microscope was studied to find out the topography of the surface formed, and
it was found that the best ratio that gives a surface with a distinctive structural structure and structural homogeneity after
the sintering process is at 12%, and some mechanical properties were also studied. At all different ratios, through the
results obtained, it was found that the best reinforcement percentage is 12% of Nano-zirconia after the sintering process

The angle of thermal spraying by the flame is considered one of the important influences on the coating layer, where
alumina (Al2O3)% was used as a base material, and it was reinforced with two metals (TiAl) with weight ratios of (25%)
in order to produce a cermet composite material with a final thickness ranging between (300e400) mm and with a fixed
thermal spray distance of 16 cm, the samples resulting from the paint were thermally sintered at a temperature of
(1000 C) for an hour and a half, after the samples were taken out of the oven and some mechanical operation was
performed on them, some physical tests were conducted, the most important of which included an examination X-ray
diffraction, as well as porosity, hardness, and adhesion strength, to show through laboratory tests that the best thermal
spray angle is 90, at a mixing ratio of 25% after thermal sintering

In this paper, a New Generalized Gamma-Weibull (NGGW) distribution is developed by compounding Weibull and
generalized gamma distribution. Some mathematical properties such as moments, Renyi entropy and order statistics are
derived and discussed. The maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) method is used to estimate the model parameters.
The proposed model is applied to two real-life datasets to illustrate its performance and flexibility as compared to some
other competing distributions. The results obtained show that the new distribution fits each of the data better than the
other competing distributions

In this study, nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by Syzygium aromaticum (clove) extract
via a green synthesis method and evaluated their antibacterial properties. The bio-molecules inside the extract play an
important role in converting nickel nitrate salt into nickel oxide nanoparticles. The prepared nickel oxide nanoparticles
were characterized via different techniques such as X-ray Diffraction, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field
emission-scanning electron microscopy and ultravioletevisible spectrophotometer. From X-ray diffraction results, the
crystallite size of NiO NPs was estimated to be (39.7 nm). The fourier transform infrared spectroscopy exhibits intense
two peaks at 594 cm¡1 and 469 cm¡1 which indicates the formation of NiO NPs. In addition, the energy band-gap
calculated by Tauc's formula was ~2.89 eV. Finally, The antibacterial activity study results detected that NiO NPs have
the highest activity against Staphylococcus aureus when compared to Escherichia coli. Thus, the present study exhibits
good antibacterial activity, which may be explored in future clinical treatments

Honey is a sweet substance that has been valued by humans for its taste and health benefits. It is produced by honey bees
from the sugary secretions of plants. However, other insects, such as aphids and wasps, also produce honey-like substances.
This study aimed to compare the physical and biochemical properties of honey produced by honey bees, aphids, and wasps
in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. To achieve this, samples of honey, bitter honey, honeydew, and wasp honey were collected
and examined. The samples were analyzed for total sugar, sucrose, water, Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), acidity, total
acidity, diastase activity, total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity (DPPH), and elements present. The tests applied
were based on the international standard methods for honey analysis, FolineCiocalteu test for total phenols, DPPH radical
scavenging test, and elemental analysis by ICP-OES. The study found that the physical and biochemical properties of honey
produced by aphids and wasps were similar to those of honey produced by bees, with differences in total sugar, sucrose,
water, HMF, acidity, total acidity, and diastase activity. Significant differences were found in TPC and antioxidant activities
for most of the samples. However, the amounts of different elements present in the samples varied, with wasp honey
containing high concentrations of Al, Mg, Fe, Mn, V, Ti, and Sr and being the only sample to contain vanadium. Overall, the
results of this study suggest that honey samples produced by aphids and wasps were close to the specifications of bee honey
and within accepted standards. However, when compared to bee honey, a significant difference was found in the total TPC
and DPPH values. Honey is regarded as a necessary economic component and a healthy food, and this study contributes to
our understanding of the properties of different types of honey

Let R be a ring and M be a left R-module. A submodule N of M is said to be g-small in M, if for every submodule L M, with N þ L ¼ M implies that L ¼ M. Then RadgðMÞ ¼ PN Mj N is a g-small submodule of Mg. We call M gcoatomic
module whenever N M and M=N ¼ RadgðM=NÞ then M=N ¼ 0. Also, R is called right (left) g-coatomic ring if
the right (left) R-module RR (R R) is g-coatomic. In this work, we study g-coatomic modules and ring. We investigate some
properties of these modules. We prove M ¼⨁ni
¼1Mi is g-coatomic if and only if each Mi ði¼ 1; :::; nÞ is g-coatomic. It is
proved that if R is a g-semiperfect ring with RadgðR = RadgðRÞÞ ¼ 0, then R is g-coatomic ring

Let R be a commutative ring with unit and U be a unitary left R-module. The d-small intersection graph of non-trivial
submodules of U, denoted by GdðUÞ, is an undirected simple graph whose vertices are the non-trivial submodules of U,
and two vertices are adjacent if and only if their intersection is a d-small submodule of U. In this article, we study the
interplay between the algebraic properties of U, and the graph properties of GdðUÞ such as connectivity, completeness
and planarity. Moreover, we determine the exact values of the diameter and girth of GdðUÞ, as well as give a formula to
compute the clique and domination numbers of GdðU

The current economic growth trend of increased urbanization has resulted in huge amounts of municipal waste and
energy consumption. Many emerging countries, such as Iraq, suffer from the worsening of such a problem. Thus, an
adequate municipal waste management system and the innovation of renewable energy alternatives are the fundamental
issues that need to be addressed.
Two test rigs were used in this study: the first separates waste based on the principle of gravity and the difference in
density between the constituent elements of the waste, The test rig consists of a conveyor belt (0.5 m) width and (1.5 m)
length with variable height and speed that throws the waste into special containers to separate the waste. The study
suggested taking samples of equal size (1 cm3) for all elements and showing the effect of the sampling process on the
separation methods approved by the test rig. The second is a laboratory test rig that analyzes waste and produces
combustible gas, thus producing thermal energy. The main components of the rig are a digester (0.4 m diameter - 0.64 m
height), a calorimeter, and several other components.
The data analysis method developed by Japanese scientist Takeuchi was used to analyze the results of the first test
rig's experimental work. The main results of this analysis showed that the height is (0.67 m), the speed is (1.9 m/s), and
the distance of the samples falling ranges from about (0.53 m) to (0.58 m).
The significant findings of the current study for the second test rig are obtained for the amount of thermal energy and
measured using a calorimeter, and it was found that the highest value of energy was obtained on the 23 day of the start of
the fermentation process; the amount was (10752.88 Jules) in the second experimental test.

The proliferation of social networking sites and their user base has led to an exponential increase in the amount of
data generated on a daily basis. Textual content is one type of data that is commonly found on these platforms, and it has
been shown to have a significant impact on decision-making processes at the individual, group, and national levels. One
of the most important and largest part of this data are the texts that express human intentions, feelings and condition.
Understanding these texts is one of the biggest challenges that facing data analysis. It is the backbone for understanding
people, their orientations, and making decisions in many cases and thus predicting their behavior. In this paper, a model
was proposed for understanding texts that written by people on social media platforms, and hence knowing people's
attitudes within specific topics, the emotion of those people, positivity, negativity, and neutrality. Also, it extracts
emotion of those people. In this context, the system solves many tasks in natural language processing therefore it uses
many techniques including topic classifier, sentiment analyzer, sarcasm detector and emotion classifier. CNN-BiLSTM
was used for topic classifier, sentiment analyzer, sarcasm detector, and emotion classifier where (f-measure, accuracy)
were (97,97.58) %, (84,86) %, (95,97) %, and (82,81.6) % respectively

A review of the literature on chemically responsive hydrogels about the selection of selectivity based on classification,
properties, and application is presented in this article. Chemically responsive hydrogels are a type of hydrogel that
undergo changes in their properties in response to specific stimuli. These hydrogels have attracted significant attention
due to their potential applications in various fields, including pharmaceuticals and agriculture. Chemically crosslinked
hydrogels are synthesized by covalent crosslinking of end-functionalized macromeres. Currently, a great deal of research
is being conducted on hydrogel networks, also known as smart networks or hungry networks. This is owing to their
potential use in fields like biomedicine, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, biosensors, agriculture, oil recovery, and cosmetics.
When they sense small changes in their surroundings, smart hydrogels display significant physiochemical
changes. Despite this, changes such as these are reversible; therefore, the hydrogels can return to their original state after
they have caused a reaction once the trigger has been removed