JOURNAL OF HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL STUDIES

Symbols, shapes, and decorations on coins are one of the methods that some princes, sultans, and rulers resorted to because of their importance in reflecting the political, religious, and cultural identity of the authority that ordered them to be placed on coins. They are one of the symbols of kingship and authority and an important means of communication due to their wide spread and rapid circulation. These symbols, shapes, and decorations varied between political symbols such as the names of rulers, seals, and swords, and religious symbols such as Quranic texts and supplications, in addition to geometric shapes such as circular designs, erased dots, letters, and complex engravings such as angles and intersecting lines. As for the decorations, they varied between plant decorations such as flowers and leaves as part of the design, which adds beauty and artistry to the coins. Therefore, this research dealt with the study of those connotations of symbols, shapes, and decorations of the coins of the Sultans of the Ghaznavid Emirate, which were minted in some cities of the Islamic East after which the main role of minting Ghaznavid coins was taken over. The research was divided into an introduction, two sections, and a conclusion. The introduction addressed the definition of the Ghaznavids, and the first section was devoted to studying the symbols on those Money, and the second section dealt with shapes and decorations, and the conclusion came to show the most prominent results that the research reached.

This study focuses on the attempts of Pope Innocent IV and the French King Louis IX to spread Christianity among the Mongols and establish a military alliance with the great Mongol khans, with the aim of encircling the Islamic Arab East, eliminating the political entities in it, and dividing their areas of influence in it. The attempts came first by Pope Innocent IV during the period Between the years (643-646 AH / 1245-1248 AD) He sent embassies to the great Mongol khanates, all of which did not achieve their goals due to the requirement of the great Mongol khanates for the papacy to first declare subservience to the Mongols on the basis that the Mongol khanates are the masters of the world and the peoples of the earth and their leaders must be their followers, and this rule is not compatible with the position of the papacy, which is the father. It is not permissible for the father to be a follower, and for this reason it failed, just as the attempts of the French King Louis IX, who also exchanged embassies with the great Mongol khans, failed, he last of which was the mission of Rubruk, who met in the capital, Karakorum, with the Great Khan Menko at the end of the year (651 AH / 1254 AD), carrying a message from King Louis IX calling for the establishment of an alliance against the Muslims. The response came by stipulating that King Louis declare subordination to the Great Khan, and this is what King Louis IX did not accept, and with failure. This embassy stops official communication between Western European leaders with the Great Mongol Khans.

Throughout the medieval period, the Sahara of the Mulathamun (Veiled People) played a pivotal role in linking Western Sudan with the Islamic Maghreb, It served as a space for political interaction, cultural exchange, and sustained economic activity, Historical sources provide detailed accounts of many aspects of these relations. Despite the region’s harsh desert environment and the nomadic lifestyle that characterized most of the southern Sanhaja tribes, several urban centers emerged as significant economic hubs. These cities became influential platforms in the political landscape, through which the Mulathamun played a prominent role in shaping political balances.
This study is based on an analysis of the political dimensions of the relationship between the Mulathamun and the Maghreb al-Aqsa, aiming to deconstruct the narrative promoted by certain contemporary interpretations, These interpretations read historical sources in a manner that portrays the region as a geographically contiguous yet politically subordinate extension of the Maghreb al-Aqsa, In our view, such theses belong to an expansionist discourse that emerged amid the independence movements of the twentieth century but lack historical evidence and legal legitimacy.

Agriculture was the cornerstone of the Egyptian economy during the Middle Ages. However, this foundation was clearly shaken during the rule of the Circassian Mamluks (784–923 AH / 1382–1517 AD), as a result of multiple crises and the combination of natural and human factors that negatively impacted agricultural production. This era suffered from repeated declines in the Nile water level, the spread of plagues and locusts, in addition to widespread administrative corruption and increased tax burdens on farmer.The irrigation system deteriorated. Political disputes and internal conflicts also deepened the crisis, disrupting agricultural life and shrinking the cultivated area. These crises reflect the deteriorating nature of the Mamluk state institutions toward the end of its reign and are an important indicator of the economic decline that paved the way for its downfall at the hands of the Ottoman Empire.

The study of popular arts, especially European creative art, from a different point of view and control is one of the main distinguished topics in the study. The first is the scarcity of Arab studies that have dealt with this type of subject, and the second reason is that Arab architecture has witnessed great contacts and transformations and the reflection of that on the progress of those countries. Therefore, we decided to delve into that field, and not French architecture. Specifically, a study of a French architectural figure who contributed effectively to the transition of the French capital, Paris, to a model of modernity in terms of design and urban diversity. This figure is (Georges Eugène Haussmann), the architect who left a great imprint on the architectural level, as he transformed Paris from its ancient character to the character it witnesses until now. Although the aesthetic merits of his works were the subject of controversy. But he remains as a brilliant designer who had a great influence on cities all over the world, as Paris became a model that everyone looks to as one of the cities that left an impression and influence on visitors from other countries of the world, in terms of the quality of the roads, their straightness, and the facilitation and acceleration of movement in them by linking trains and transporting goods between its suburbs and between other cities. Haussmann also established a network for water and sewage supply, and Haussmann was distinguished by his vision in designing gardens and parks. From this standpoint, we have tried through this research to reveal the personality and works of the famous architect Haussmann through a historical study and according to the historical chronological method.

The early Ottoman sultans gave great importance to the Ottoman military institution since its inception. Among these sultans was the 30th Ottoman sultan in the history of the empire، Sultan Mahmud II. The main reason that pushed this sultan to focus on the military was the heavy losses suffered by the old Ottoman military institution in the 18th century—namely، the Janissary army. These defeats led the sultan to consider reforming the military institution، which was considered the primary pillar upon which the Ottoman state relied.
Sultan Mahmud II believed that the old system had become a burden on the empire. The Janissary army had grown rebellious and no longer obeyed the sultan's authority، prompting him to think about eliminating it as swiftly as possible and finding a replacement. This was especially necessary since all the initial reform attempts، either by the sultan himself or through the commanders of the old army، had ended in failure.
Nevertheless، the sultan persisted in his planning until the right opportunity arose، allowing him to dismantle the old military system and begin a new era with the formation of what came to be known as "The Victorious Muhammadan Soldiers" (Asakir-i Mansure-i Muhammediye). This study was written based on Ottoman documents preserved in the Ottoman Archives in Istanbul، aiming to uncover the important matters related to this new military force

The Abbasid era witnessed a great flourishing in various aspects of life, especially in the social and humanitarian fields. The Islamic community, led by the Abbasid caliphs, paid great attention to caring for vulnerable and needy groups, with orphans at the forefront. Caring for orphans was an integral part of Islamic teachings, which prompted the Abbasid state to take practical measures to ensure their support and strive to provide a decent life for them. This was achieved through the establishment of charitable institutions and the allocation of endowments (awqaf) for their service, in addition to community support, which contributed significantly to integrating orphans into public life to make them feel they are an inseparable part of society.
This research aims to shed light on the methods and means of orphan care during the Abbasid era, to explore how this care developed, and to examine its impact on building a cohesive and just society.

This research examines taxes and their impact during the era of the Prophet Muhammad and the Rightly-Guided Caliphate.
Taxes were unknown to the Arabs, as they lived a tribal lifestyle in which financial regulation was unaffected. This situation continued until the time of the Prophet Muhammad during his stay in Mecca. When he migrated to Medina, the Islamic state began to take shape, and verses and hadiths were revealed discussing zakat, spoils of war, and jizya. These financial systems were similar to taxes, and their forms varied and differed, having a clear impact on the lives of Muslims during the era of the Prophet Muhammad and the Rightly-Guided Caliphate.
The research is divided into an introduction, in which we discuss the importance of the research, the reasons for its selection, and the research problem and methodology used. The research is divided into three sections. The first section provides an overview of the era of the Prophet Muhammad and the Rightly-Guided Caliphate. The second section examines the types of taxes that existed during the era of the Prophet Muhammad and the Rightly-Guided Caliphate. The third section presents the impact of these taxes during the era of the Prophet Muhammad and era of the Rightly-Guided Caliphate.

After the collapse of the Constitutional Revolution and in its early days, Sayyid Ibrahim bin Ali al-Wazir, then seventeen years old, founded the first opposition organization to the Hamid al-Din regime, the League of Truth and Justice, in 1367 AH/1947 AD. He opposed the rule of the Imam with a small group. Al-Abbas bin Ali al-Wazir, Ibrahim's older brother and one of the prince's sons, attempted to flee to Aden when the Constitutional Revolution collapsed, along with his cousin Ahmed bin Mohammed al-Wazir and his uncle, the martyr Abdullah bin Hassan Abu Ras. However, they were arrested in Jahran and returned to Sana'a. This was also the case with his brothers, al-Qasim bin Ali al-Wazir and Zaid bin Ali al-Wazir.
When the Constitutional Revolution collapsed, Ibrahim bin Ali al-Wazir formed a cell of his relatives and the remaining supporters of the Constitutional Revolution and began recruiting anyone willing to participate. The July Revolution had political resonance among the Yemeni opposition to the policies of Imam Ahmad, who attempted to follow his father's approach to governing Yemen, maintaining everything as it was, in all areas and beyond. On September 28, 1961, Syria seceded from the union with Egypt as a result of a military coup led by Colonel Al-Nahlawi, Chief of Staff of Field Marshal Amer. A radio and press conflict erupted between the two countries, the most intense of which occurred during the eighth session on September 28, 1962, when Egypt announced its withdrawal from the Arab League and requested the withdrawal of its delegation, following the asylum of Lieutenant Colonel Zaghloul Abdel Rahman, the military attaché at the Egyptian embassy in Beirut, to Damascus. From the above, it is clear that the Al Wazir family played a significant political role in the events that occurred on the political scene in Yemen, particularly the 1948 Constitutional Revolution, which achieved its goal but had an impact on the political situation, the judiciary, and the Imamate regime in Yemen during the 1962

This study sheds light on the scholars specialized in Hadith sciences in the northern cities of al-Andalus during the 4th century AH (10th century CE), based on al-Ṣilah by Abū al-Qāsim Khalaf ibn ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Bashkuwāl (d. 578 AH / 1182 CE). This work is considered one of the most important Andalusian biographical sources, owing to its precise documentation of scholars' lives and fields of expertise.
The study focuses on tracing the biographies of Hadith scholars originating from northern Andalusian cities such as Zaragoza (Saraqusṭa), Tudela (Ṭuṭīla), Talavera (Ṭalabīra), among others. It also analyzes their scholarly roles and their connections to chains of transmission (isnād) and centers of Hadith narration.
The extracted biographies reveal a notable vitality in the Hadith movement within these cities, demonstrated by travel in pursuit of Hadith, attending oral transmission sessions (samāʿ) with teachers, and engaging in the documentation of narrations. The study also highlights the presence of a distinguished group of Hadith transmitters who played a significant role in transferring Hadith traditions from the East to al-Andalus, and from northern to southern al-Andalus.

After the Arab Islamic conquest of Andalusia in the year (92 AH / 710 AD), many Arab tribes migrated in groups and individuals, and took Andalusia as a settlement and shelter for them. Among the immigrants was the Bani Saeed family, whose roots go back to the great companion Ammar bin Yasser (may Allah be pleased with him), which had an influential and effective role, and left clear fingerprints on many aspects of the history of Andalusia. The study included an introduction to this ancient Andalusian family, the high and prestigious position it enjoyed, and a translation of its most important figures who had an important and direct impact in participating in the management of the aspects of the states that were established during the study period in Andalusia, as most of these figures had a major role in the cultural movement in literature, classification and poetry. The successive governments in Andalusia paid great attention to them, and appointed them to many political and administrative positions such as the ministry, the secretariat, and the emirate, and benefited from their experience to drive the wheel of the state. The study reached a number of results, including that the members of this family combined high and clear lineage, high status throughout the ages, leadership position and aristocratic character, mixed with good management, sincerity of determination, strength of will, and the spirit of initiative and adventure. This family played an important and prestigious role in the political and cultural history of Andalusia in the era of the Almoravids and Almohads, as it participated in the administrative, military and cultural fields. During its political career, this family was exposed to many disasters and tribulations, for various reasons, which led to the execution of some of them, and the arrest and confiscation of money and property for others, but this family quickly rose up and rose again, and returned to its political role, and its scientific and literary achievements.

China and India are considered among the most important and powerful countries according to their internal characteristics as two emerging powers, playing an undeniable role in the global system. Relations between India and China have witnessed many challenges. They were united by trade and defense relations and military cooperation, such as conducting joint exercises. Visits by high-level officials between the two countries have made cooperation between the two Asian giants more important at times.
There was tension on the common border in the wars of 1962 and 1967, the border skirmishes in 1987, and attempts to extend influence in Afghanistan, Central Asia, and the Indian Ocean. The arms race between the two countries made the competition more fierce, as well as the presence of Chinese President Xi Jinping (2013) and the Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi (2014). As strong leaders of the two countries, they worked to improve relations between India and China compared to previous years, and sought to provide the greatest possible amount of mutual interests. Although relations between the two countries often fluctuated and were overwhelmed by ebbs and flows, due to the human, military and strategic balance, things were made available and possible to establish relations between the two countries and the desire to strengthen relations due to the presence of a mutual deterrent force.

The women's movement in the United States between 1829 and 1916 represents an important period in the history of women's struggle for their social, political and economic rights. The movement began in the 1820s, when women began calling for better conditions and expanded rights, especially in the areas of education and work. Over time, their demands evolved to include voting rights, and the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 was a turning point in this context, where the "Declaration of Rights and Sentiments" was issued, calling for equality between the sexes. This period witnessed increasing efforts by activists such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, who demanded political rights for women, especially the right to vote, which was finally achieved after World War I with the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the US Constitution in 1920.

Abstract
Ibrahim Ali Al-Attar was one of the most prominent Muslim leaders in Andalusi before the fall of Granada, and the Spanish documents described him as (the legendary leader), nothing is known about his life and upbringing except that he was born in the early 15th century around (801 AD/1403 AH). He was a merchant of perfumes and spices and was famous for his courage and valor in the battles he fought, and was linked with Abu Abdullah al-Saghir, the ruler of Granada, through his daughter Maryam (Maryamah). Al-Attar participated with his son-in-law in the defense of Granada and in establishing his rule over it. It is also known about Al-Attar that he is the guardian of city of Lusha through his continuous battles of it against the Castilians attacks. He fought with Abu Abdullah al-Saghir in many battles to defend Granada and other Andalusian cities, and Al-Attar served as an advisor to his brother-in-law, due to his experience in battles and wars. Due to his experience in the battles and wars in which he participated, Al-Attar died in the battle of Lucena in (1483 AD / 887 AH), and he was 80 years old at the time, and in honor of his courage and heroism, a statue was erected for him in the city of Lusha to remind the Spaniards and visitors to the city of this character.

The contributions of scholars to the economic life in Egypt were represented by the scholars’ participation in the various economic professions that were widespread in Egyptian society. These contributions were also represented in their role in dealing with the economic crises that affected people’s lives due to the economic aspect being linked to them, including the high prices that occurred from time to time as a result of the Nile River being exposed to fluctuations in its level, which affected people’s livelihoods, especially if we know that the Nile River represents the backbone of agricultural life in Egypt.

The Western Sahara issue has received significant attention and follow- up by the Organization of African Unity (OAU), in which has taken significant decisions pertaining to it; also, the United Nations involved the African organization in addressing the Western Sahara issue due to the fact that it has more capability of understanding the nature of the problem and defining its dimensions.
Despite the international efforts to find a suitable solution to the Western Sahara problem through numerous resolutions by the United Nations Security Council such as: referendum, agreement, and the partition plan, but the only solution that the Sahrawi people accept it is the establishment of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic and the recognition of its sovereignty. At the same time, Morocco has initiated an autonomy plan under Moroccan sovereignty. Compromising between Morocco's desire for sovereignty and the Polisario Front's aspiration for independence has faced a significant challenge because of the lack of trust between the two parties and the weak prospects for rebuilding it, also having people of Sahrawis whom support Morocco's position. In particularly, this is the Polisario Front's perspective in which they believe that Morocco’s purpose is to transform autonomy into full integration with Morocco. Moreover, the constitutional and political aspects of the autonomy plan is unclear. Both parties trying to seek more influence on these aspects to achieve greater independence, from the Polisario's perspective, or to reduce independence, from Morocco's perspective. Consequently, this issue remains unresolved until one of the parties agrees to make concessions toward the other.

Carlos Manuel de spedes y Quesada is one of the prominent figures in the history of Cuba and is one of the most prominent Cuban poets during the twenties and thirties of the last century, because he mastered many languages and gained through them experience and high culture by familiarizing himself with those countries and during the deterioration of the political situation in the country, especially in the Thirties of the last century, where he was inaugurated interim president of Cuba in ( أب AB to أيلول September ۱۹ 33) and his government lasted for only ٢٢ a day, a group of officers and sergeants led by General Fulgencio Batista President speedis y Quesada was known as(the coup of the sergeants in ۱۹ 33), which led to the resignation of President speedis y Quesada . This coup was supported by the United States of America and its goal was to form a government that would be more loyal to it to protect its interests in the region, and where a new government was formed known as the government (penterchg ) known as the five-member government, after which Carlos left politics and returned again to work in the diplomatic service as president of his country and died in the year ١٩٣٩, he suffered a heart attack.

The biography of the Prophet helps the Muslim to understand the Qur\\'an correctly and accurately, as many of its verses are interpreted through the events and incidents that the Prophet (Peace Be Upon Him) went through, for example, the reason behind the revelation of some verses was an incident or an issue that occurred, or some questions that were asked to the Prophet (Peace Be Upon Him), and one of the most important goals of studying the biography of the Prophet is to support and document the life of the Prophet (Peace Be Upon Him). All the steps that the Prophet went through in his life from before the prophethood until his death and all the qualities that characterized the Prophet Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Him) have been recorded. Thus, the Muslim gathers through the study of his biography the largest amount of correct Islamic culture and knowledge, whether it is related to doctrine and rulings (Aqedah and Rulings). ... The great Companion Dura bint Abi Lahab (May Allah Be Pleased With Her) is the cousin of the Messenger of Allah (Peace Be Upon Him), her father is Abu Lahab, her mother is Jamil bint Harb bin Umayya (the carrier of firewood), and her Islam and escaping to Allah and His Messenger was a source of admiration and wonder, and she was one of the immigrant women After Dora (May Allah Be Pleased With Her) entered Islam, the noble Companion Dahiya ibn Khalifa Al-Kalbi (May Allah Be Pleased With Him) proposed to her, and the marriage took place, and she had been married in the pre-Islamic era to Al-Harith ibn Nawfal ibn Abdulmuttalib, and she gave him Uqba, Al-Walid and Aba Muslim.
The researcher has divided the research into three sections, in the first section dealt with her upbringing, lineage, and marriage: In the second, I dealt with her attitudes towards Islam and the status of Mrs. Dura bint Abi Lahab (May Allah Be Pleased With Her), while the third included the role of Dura bint Abi Lahab (May Allah Be Pleased With Her) in transmitting hadiths and her status as a narrator, and her death

This research addresses the policy of the Jewish community in Lebanon by studying its historical roots, locations, and relationship with Lebanese society during the period 1908-1948. Given the scarcity of sources and writings that deal with this community, we decided to shed light on it, write about it, and examine the details of its life within the Lebanese community. The problem of the research lies in the group of factors and variables that emerged at the beginning of the twentieth century and contributed to the development of Lebanese society and the birth of the modern Lebanese state, in addition to the status of Jews in the Lebanese constitution and the foundations of the Lebanese community's view of the Jewish community.
The importance of the research lies in the fact that it addresses an important period in the modern and contemporary history of Lebanon during the Ottoman rule, the French mandate, and the national rule. The research aims to examine the Jewish presence in Lebanon, their locations, and highlight their social context, especially during the research period, which witnessed several regional events that were reflected in the internal situation of the country.

The city of Ghazni and its surrounding countries were studied from an intellectual and ideological perspective. This was due to the clash of ideas and beliefs that characterized the lands of the Islamic East, and the great flourishing of intellectual life in those regions. This was due to the great diversity of the population and the peoples with the diverse cultures that abounded in those lands.
After Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni gained control over most of the lands of the Islamic East, his passion for intellectual life, his enthusiasm for various sciences, both religious and secular, and his great support for knowledge and its people, made the lands under his rule a destination for students of knowledge from various Islamic lands. His councils were teeming with scholars and jurists, making it an important source of knowledge, thanks to the debates held in his presence.
All of these factors led to a focus on intellectual and ideological life in Ghazni and its surrounding areas during the reign of Mahmud of Ghazni, and this aspect of intellectual life was emphasized.

The Ustaša Organization, an extremist Croatian fascist nationalist entity, was established in 1930 with the aim of creating an independent Croatian state separate from Yugoslavia. This state was envisioned to encompass the territories of Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina as a historical right exclusively inhabited by Croats. This objective was to be achieved through terrorist operations leading to an armed Croatian revolution, preparations for which took place within training camps established by the Ustaša for their followers in Italy and Hungary. When Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy occupied Yugoslavia in 1941, the Independent State of Croatia (1941-1945) was founded under their auspices. This state incorporated the lands of Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and was headed by Ante Pavelić, the leader of the Ustaša. Within its borders resided Catholic Croats, Orthodox Serbs, Muslims, Jews, and Roma. In pursuit of an ethnically homogenous Croatian state, the Ustaša carried out campaigns of ethnic cleansing and genocide targeting Serbs, Jews, and Roma. The killings also extended to their opponents among Muslims and Croats. The Ustaša's radical nationalist project concluded with the demise of the Independent State of Croatia at the end of World War II in 1945.

The research, "The Shah Quli Rebellion (1510-1511): A Study of Its Causes and Impact on the Ottoman Empire," examines one of the rebellions that emerged in the mid-sixteenth century during the reign of Sultan Bayezid II (1481-1512) in the Anatolian provinces. It explores the causes of the rebellions and the Ottoman authorities' response to them.
The economic factor clearly influenced the growing resentment of the local peasants and nomads against the Ottoman state and its tax decisions. The intervention of Shah Ismail Safavid also played a role in supporting religiously motivated rebellions, including the Shah Quli Rebellion. The Shah sought to destabilize the Ottoman internal situation. Shah Quli established his headquarters in the city of Tekke in Konya, where he established a lodge with his father, with the approval of Sultan Bayezid II. This resulted in a gathering of followers and loyalists around him, as did one of the Ottoman soldiers from the Sipahiye tribe. As a
result of the confiscation of their fiefdoms from the timars, he took a stand against the state, gathering his followers and declaring a rebellion in Tekke and its surrounding areas. Thousands of Qizilbash followed him until his power grew. In 1511, the rebellion was crushed and Shah Quli was killed by Grand Vizier Ali Pasha al-Khadim. His followers were dispersed, and security and stability were restored to the province of Tekke and its surrounding areas in Anatolia.

Security is a precious treasure, with it lives are preserved, honor and money are protected, roads are secured and borders are established, and security is a blessing from God Almighty to His servants, without it life is not comfortable and stability or development is not achieved and there is no prosperity, as a person may endure poverty, hunger and thirst, but he cannot live in the absence of security, so Hisbah played an effective role in spreading security in the era of the Circassian Mamluk state, so this research included the role of Hisbah in enjoining good and forbidding evil, the role of the security muhtasib in dealing with neighboring countries and his role in the military and religious aspects and his security role towards women and in the health aspect, and his security dealings with the People of the Covenant, and monitoring the roads, and he had a prominent security role in confronting economic crises

The subject of the research is Helen Keller, the American personality by birth and nationality, who lost her three basic senses during a period of time in the health history of the United States of America. That period in which Helen Keller was born was when diseases that afflicted children were widespread and had a fatal effect on those lives. She was afflicted with blindness, deafness, and loss of hearing, which made her a prisoner of a dark, miserable life. Despite all of this, Helen Keller had a family that dealt with her with the spirit of faith in changing fate through striving forward.
Therefore, the importance of the topic comes from the fact that it follows the biography of one of the world\'s women who overcame several fundamental difficulties in the personality of a woman who resisted disability with great determination, and thus earned the title of the \"Miracle Worker.\" This topic falls within the use of history to draw from it successful experiences in caring for people with disabilities and saving them by enacting laws that protect their rights to health, education, work, and care after retirement, which contributes to supporting private institutions that care for people with disabilities. The title of the research was (Helen Keller: A Study of Her Life, Social Activities, and Intellectual Views 1880-1900), and it included an introduction, four chapters, and a conclusion. The title of the first chapter was (The Social History of Helen Keller’s Family and the Early Stages of Her Life until 1900). The first chapter was: The History of Her Family and the Stages of Her Arrival in the United States of America until 1880. The title of the second chapter was (Her Blindness and Deafness and the Early Stages of Her Life 1882-1900). The third chapter was titled: Her Education and Care with Ann Sullivan 1887-1900. The fourth chapter was titled: Years of Work and Intellectual Production until 1891-1900.

The Ashraf Syndicate is one of the state institutions whose primary function is to preserve the lineages of the Hashemites (Alawites and Talibites), and to supervise matters related to the noble Ashrafs who belong to the Prophet’s lineage. The Ashraf Syndicate in Mosul was headed by the Al-Arajyun Sayyids who came to Mosul from Mecca and were respected and revered by the authorities and the public. There were conditions and controls for their selection, and it was distinguished by the presence of its own administrative apparatus. It is one of the only two hereditary systems in the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans cared about the Ashraf leaders and their families and maintained the privileges they enjoyed. The Ashraf Syndicate is studied for its important role as a mediator between the people and the authorities according to the powers granted to them and their social, economic and political contributions in Mosul.
The study attempts to explain the administrative organization of the Ashrafs Syndicate in Mosul, the most important elements of its administrative structure and its members, and the most important tasks that the Syndicate employees must perform, relying on various sources, the most important of which are Ottoman documents, such as royal decrees and administrative orders for appointment and appointment to Syndicate positions, and the medals and decorations that the Ottoman Sultan honored them with, in addition to other various sources mentioned in the footnotes of the study.

The research examined the contributions of the scholars of the city of Abiward during the Abbasid era and their role in public life in Islamic society, encompassing various administrative, social, economic, and intellectual specializations. Most of these scholars made scientific and religious contributions in the city of Abiward and other cities of the Islamic East. Most of these scholars traveled to Baghdad, the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate, and acquired their knowledge from its sheikhs and jurists. Some settled in the city and studied in its schools, while others traveled to Damascus and Cairo for the same purpose. Most of them returned to their city and spread Islam and Islamic civilization, which blended with the civilization of the Islamic East. The researchers identified the scholars of the city of Abiward, who were known as al-Abiwardi. They were narrators, hadith scholars, commentators, judges, preachers, grammarians, writers, and poets.

This research examines the era of the Maliki jurist Abd al-Wahhab al-Baghdadi, which represents a politically turbulent period—and its accompanying economic and social repercussions—while simultaneously thriving culturally. This was the era of Buyid dynasty (334 AH - 447 AH).
Study Hypothesis: The research assumes a close relationship between the political, social, and cultural conditions of the era of the jurist Abd al-Wahhab al-Baghdadi and the nature of his intellectual formation and scholarly output. Understanding this relationship opens new horizons for understanding the development of Maliki thought in Baghdad.
The research is divided into three main axes. The first is devoted to a biography of this figure and an understanding of the general outlines of his scholarly and intellectual development. The second axis addresses the political, economic, social, and cultural conditions of his era. The third axis then demonstrates his connection to the events of his time and the extent of their influence on the formation of this figure. The research adopts an analytical historical research method based on collecting, extrapolating, and analyzing information from original sources.

Plants and trees were given great care and prestige by Arabs and Muslims because of their urgent need to graze their livestock. They visited them everywhere, went to them wherever they could find, traveled to them in summer and winter. These plants, with their names and surnames, occupied a significant part of their language and were closely related to this language.
Medicinal plants are defined as those that have medicinal advantages and properties capable of curing certain diseases in humans. Medicinal plants contain the active substance in one or all of their parts. These active substances may be one or more, having functional (physiological) effects in the treatment of diseases, in their pure form after extraction, or in their natural form, fresh, dry or extracted.
Medicinal plants, which are also called medicinal herbs, have been discovered and used in traditional medicine practices since prehistoric times. Medicinal plants have been used as a basic remedy for various diseases in different cultures of the world. Due to the importance of the topic, we chose this research (medicinal plants in the surrounding Qom by Firuzabadi), as medicinal plants differ from any other in that they contain some compounds with a therapeutic pharmacological effect. The classification of these plants as medicinal requires a set of considerations when dealing with these plants, including the part of the plants that is of medicinal importance, which must be separated and saved for later use. Each plant has a specific part that is used for maximum benefit, due to the high concentration of active substances in it. Thus, Firuzabadi\'s Moya dictionary represented a new stage in the lexical formation of his ERA, and his dictionary attracted the attention of scientists and students of knowledge, due to the combination of comprehensiveness and brevity in expression.

The Kingdom of the Alans, which emerged around 300 AH/ 912 CE, was one of the prominent kingdoms that played a significant role in the Caucasus region. Its role stemmed from the military experience, combat skills, and martial arts that its people acquired during their numerous migrations through various regions and their interactions and competition with different peoples for survival. The strategic location of the Alans, adjacent to the city of Bab al-Abwab, a city of great importance in the Caucasus, and the fortification of their eminent fortress Bab al-Lan, made the Alans a crucial transit point for rival peoples and economically ambitious groups.
The Alans’ rulers, who prioritized their interests over those of their people and the kingdom, played a substantial role in provoking Caucasian peoples and the Byzantine Empire to seek political alliances with the Alans. These alliances ultimately led to the formation of military coalitions against the ruling Islamic powers in the Caucasus, aiming to weaken and end Islamic rule.
The Alans\' role became predominantly evident during the military campaigns between 359 AH – 506 AH / 969 – 1112 CE. However, these military alliances did not last long, as the course of events drastically changed with the rise of the Mongols, who expanded across the world and eventually reached the Caucasus. The Mongols succeeded in toppling the Kingdom of the Alans in 619 AH / 1222 CE. By then, the kingdom had been weakened by ongoing conflicts and wars and had been abandoned by its former allies, making it a vulnerable target for the Mongols.

The study of personalities is considered one of the important topics, as its importance lies in its complexity and connection to several axes. A personality requires the researcher to trace his life and social activities, and then his tasks in various branches of life. Therefore, such studies are opposed by a desire not to delve into them, but some opinions encourage the study of personalities because of their importance. Which gives an explanation of the social aspect and the political and economic reality that these characters experienced.
Therefore, the study of one of the Iraqi personalities who faced several political and social changes in her life caused her to move away from her homeland, Iraq. This personality is the architect Zaha Muhammad Hussein Hadid , whose name is commonly used (Zaha Hadid), and who was born in Iraq in the city of Baghdad. The capital, and graduated in her education to become one of the most prominent figures in the world in architecture, as she mastered the content of several architectural schools and translated what she learned with great efficiency, and despite all the distances of progress that she went through, she was not far from the history and heritage of Iraq, and despite her obtaining British citizenship and its progression in her architectural production until It has expanded to include most countries in the world.

Praise be to Allah, Lord of the worlds, and peace and blessings be upon His Prophet, the truthful and trustworthy, the best of creation, Muhammad ibn Abdullah, and upon his family, companions, and those who follow them with goodness until the Day of Judgment.
Afterward, historical studies in general, and the biography of the Prophet and the Rightly Guided Caliphate in particular, are among the important studies in Islamic history. They shaped the early period of Islam and the formation of the Islamic nation. One of the areas of such studies is the examination of the biographies of notable men, especially the noble companions (may Allah be pleased with them), and providing more details about them so that the reader can benefit greatly.
Thus, in our humble research, we have chosen the companion, the great Abdullah ibn Abdullah ibn Abi ibn Salul al-Ansari (may Allah be pleased with him), as the subject of our study. How could it be otherwise, as he is a distinguished companion, one of the virtuous companions (may Allah be pleased with them), and an important historical figure who played a prominent role during both the prophetic and the caliphal periods.
Through research and investigation in the books of biography and the lives of men, we found numerous commendable deeds and virtues attributed to him during the period of study. Due to the academic importance, we divided this research into an introduction and four main sections, all revolving around his personality, life, and influence on public life, especially his stance on the issue of loyalty and disavowal, particularly in relation to his father, Abdullah ibn Abi Salul, the leader of the hypocrites in Medina.
We hope to shed more light on this important historical figure from the personalities and notables of our Islamic history. Through this humble study, we aim to contribute, to the best of our aptitude, to those who wish to write about this personality in the future.

Women in Islam have an important and prominent role through the participation of men in many fields, and it is not strange to find many Muslim women have been mentioned in history books for their contributions in various fields, including their contributions to scientific life, especially the Islamic sciences and jurisprudence, so we find that the early Islamic eras were full of women scientists who took on a distinctive role that added solid foundations in the intellectual and scientific construction of Islamic Society at that time, they were truly inspirations for individuals and societies alike, and one of those feminist figures was Hafsa bint Sirin Madar our research, she belongs to a family known for science and knowledge, and prominent among them are people referred to as Lebanon, Perhaps the listener of the Sirin family will come to mind the name of Muhammad Bin Sirin, the famous imam, and Hafsa took her knowledge about the mother of the believers, Aisha, may Allah be pleased with her, and she was one of the most prominent women who understood and learned at her hand, may Allah be pleased with her, so she bore a great responsibility represented by preserving the purified Sunnah and its Sciences as well as her narration of the noble Hadith, and the research will deal with the biography of that venerable lady and aspects of her jurisprudence and science.

The country of Sudan was made up of Warring Kingdoms among themselves, which facilitated the entry of Muhammad Ali Pasha, and one of his goals was to strengthen his economy and reach the upper reaches of the Nile, as well as chasing the Mamluks there, as Muhammad Ali Pasha took a policy of oppression and cruelty to impose control over him, as the phenomenon of corruption and bribery spread during the period of the Ottoman-Egyptian rule, and the interference of European countries in the affairs of Sudan through the appointment of foreign employees to a British name. This led to the outbreak of the Mahdist revolution in Sudan in 1881.
The British policy changed after the events of the Mahdist revolution, it separated Sudan from Egypt and appointed a governor-general of Sudan to rule alone, and Britain also cared and supported the religious sects hostile to the Mahdist revolution to gain their loyalty, and then separated Southern Sudan from its North .
The emergence of the Sudanese national movement after the first World War in 1914, which established national associations and had a direct role in the 1924 revolution against Britain.

The Almohad architectural style flourished during the Almohad dynasty that ruled Morocco and Andalusia in the 12th and 13th centuries AD. This style was characterized by simplicity, spaciousness, and a lack of excessive luxury, with an emphasis on massive dimensions and the use of durable building materials. The best evidence of the beauty of architectural art is the Koutoubia Mosque in Marrakesh and its minaret, so it was necessary to delve into this art and explain it.

Historical studies of Islamic countries have created a great place among Muslims because the nation has enjoyed a brilliant history that has placed it among the ranks of nations. In the first centuries of the Hijra, the Islamic West witnessed many events that resulted in the phenomenon of separation from the Islamic Caliphate in the East. This led to the division of Morocco into emirates. And states, but the links between the East and the West were not severed.
The importance of the research stems from the importance of the relations between the Rustamid state in Morocco and the Umayyad state in Andalusia. The establishment of the Rustamid state is due to the efforts of the Ibadi Kharijites, which is a phenomenon of importance in the history of Morocco as a whole, as it formed a wall protecting Morocco and Andalusia, as well as the establishment of the Umayyad state in Andalusia, which mixed the civilizations of the East and the West. Hence the importance of the issue of the links between the Rustumid state and Andalusia (160-296 AH / 777-909 AD) emerged, and these links were established on the basis of a strong alliance, since the Umayyad emirate was one of the worst enemies of the Abbasid Caliphate.The Abbasids were enemies of the Rustamid state as well, and this prompted the Umayyad princes to consolidate their relationship with the Rustamids in the Central Maghreb because the lower Maghreb (Tunisia) had the Aghlabid state loyal to the Abbasids, and the Farther Maghreb had the Idrisid state, and its relationship with the Umayyad state in Andalusia was characterized by hostility, and with the establishment of these two states, the ports of entry were closed. The Umayyad emirate faced Morocco and became the only Rustamid state with which cooperation could be achieved in the political, economic and cultural fields. The study included the political, military, economic, civilizational and cultural links between the two countries.

Levantine communities came to Egypt in very large numbers during the time their country was under Ottoman control, and these migrations were individually, especially during the eighteenth century, but during the nineteenth century they increased and developed regularly, especially after Muhammad Ali Pasha took over the rule of Egypt, which ruled Egypt autonomously with a lot of independence and freedom from the Ottoman authority, and this Independence allowed the Levant the freedom to practice their activities freely and without restrictions from the Ottoman and feudal control in their countries, but during the twentieth century, the Levant became a fabric and an essential part of Egyptian society.
The stability of the shawam in Egypt allowed them to continue their diverse businesses, especially merchants, they continued their economic activities, and intellectuals developed the intellectual side, especially as they were carrying a mixture of intellectual diversity, which Egypt benefited from in its intellectual renaissance.
The research section was divided into three sections: in the first section, it dealt with (the motives of Levantine migration to Egypt), in the second section, it dealt with (the educational activity of Levantines in Egypt), and in the third section, it followed (the intellectual activity of Levantines in Egypt until the twentieth century), and finally reached the most important conclusions addressed by the research.
In writing the research, I relied on various sources, foremost of which are Arabic and Arabic books, scientific research and encyclopedias.

This book is considered a valuable historical work that provided us with a comprehensive overview of the history of the Muslim caliphs starting from the Umayyad era, starting from Caliph al-Walid Ibn Abdul Malik until the end of the Abbasid era.this book is a brief historical expansion in which the author collected important events and prominent and influential figures, which made it a reference or source for researchers interested in the history of Islam. We have highlighted the components of the Iraqi people through his book .

In 1980, Poland experienced one of the largest economic and political crises in its modern history, when its economy was subjected to a violent shock, leading to large-scale labor strikes and demonstrations denouncing the poor social and economic reality that the country was experiencing. With the Polish Communist Party controlling the reins of power in Poland, this necessitated the Soviet Union’s intervention in Poland’s political and economic affairs, which prompted European countries to confront this crisis as it represented a dangerous turning point in the process of balance that had been established after the end of World War II. At the forefront of these countries were Britain and France, which were careful not to provoke the anger of the Soviet Union, but they were paying great attention to developments in Poland, especially with the emergence of the Solidarity trade union movement that led these strikes against Soviet influence in Poland. Both France and Britain sought to mitigate the severity of developments in Poland through public opinion that stood with popular and labor demands in Poland, and the establishment of a number of associations that expressed solidarity with the Polish Solidarity movement. The crisis continued for three years until the British and French positions were not The American and Soviet positions were strong, as they were the two greatest powers in the world at that time, and did not go beyond denouncing and condemning the current events at that time.

This research deals with the impact of Turkish women on political and social life during the period from 1923 to 1970, the year that witnessed the establishment of the Turkish Republic under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, and until 1970, a stage characterized by major intellectual, social and economic transformations in Turkish society. The research focused on tracing the path of Turkish women's liberation from traditional Ottoman restrictions, leading to their active participation in the fields of education, work, and politics, especially after they were granted the right to vote and run for office in the Thirties of the twentieth century.the research highlighted the legal and institutional changes that supported the integration of women into public life, such as amending personal status laws, expanding co-educational education, and increasing employment opportunities. He also highlighted the participation of women in the Turkish parliament and in civil society institutions, and the emergence of prominent female figures who contributed to shaping public opinion and decision-making.