Journal of Kirkuk University Humanity Studies

This study dealt with an important topic, which is one of the topics related to the
objectives of Sharia law, namely (the punishment of murder as retaliation in light of
the objectives of Sharia law), in which it collected what is related to the punishment
of murder as retaliation. By tracing Quranic verses and the noble Prophetic hadiths,
then deriving the legal purpose from them, analyzing them, and explaining the
wisdom or purpose of this punishment. This study aims to address some suspicions
and respond to those who obstruct this punishment. In orderThe purposes of the
punishment of retributive killing (Qisas) in Islamic Sharia. to achieve this goal, the
researcher followed the method of induction and objective analysis, and this topic is
of great importance. Because of its impact on souls.
I decided to research this topic through specialized academic study that is
concerned with confronting every suspicion raised about the Islamic religion. The
study of this research concluded with the most important results reached by the
researcher, including: The aim and purpose of the punishment of retaliation is to
reduce crimes in order to preserve souls and preserve the blood of Muslims, as well as
tThe purposes of the punishment of retributive killing (Qisas) in Islamic Sharia.o
establish security and safety. The study also showed that the punishment of retaliation
is a legal punishment that may not be violated despite people’s reluctance to apply it.
The study also showed that the purpose of the Prophetic hadiths in which the
punishment of retaliation was mentioned or the greatness of bloodshed was to clarify
and detail matters of retaliation and other things, so the verses on retaliation were
detailed and specific.

Our research entitled (The Sharia Objectives Approach in Combating
Administrative Corruption) proposes solutions to a serious general phenomenon that
negatively affects the economies of countries and societies. Therefore, Islamic Sharia,
with its purposes and provisions, sought to combat corruption through the Sharia
Objectives approach. The Sharia objectives emphasize the importance of transparency,
integrity, and accountability in administration. Achieving the interests of society and
protecting them from harm, which is the basis of the legitimate objectives, spreading
community awareness of the harms of corruption, and presenting a comprehensive vision
for combating administrative corruption by applying the objectives approach to
contribute to achieving the public interest and protecting society.

In my research, I dealt with this jurisprudential rulings related to artificial
semen because of its great importance in our Islamic society, unlike European
societies, and the extreme necessity of most married people going to it through having
children, especially after the spread of the phenomenon of IVF and the phenomenon
of infertility in a rampant manner, which prompts most parents to go to medical
clinics without consulting scholars in Islamic law, which prompted me to do this
important research in this area, The investigations dealt with the following:
The first topic: the definition of industrial semen.
The second topic: the purity of industrial semen.
Topic: artificial semen insemination.
Through research in the opinions of jurists, the researcher found several results,
including:
1. Show the difference between artificial semen and natural semen and the
characteristics of artificial semen that distinguish it from others
2. The artificial semen is pure with the transmission and mental evidence
3. Ruling on the permissibility of artificial semen insemination if the necessary
controls and conditions are available between the spouses for the validity of
the insemination mentioned in the research.

The jihad for the sake of God Almighty is an obligation of Islam has its
provisions stipulated by the Holy Quran and the Sunnah of the Prophet, and spoke by
Muslim scholars of the owners of Islamic doctrines in general rooting and branching,
including Imam Abdul Aziz bin Abdul Salam, who reached the rank of ijtihad and has
useful literature what testifies to him so this research was a statement of the status of
Imam Ibn Abd al-Salam scientific, and the statement of his effort, and his scientific
approach in the interpretation of the verses of provisions (verses of jihad) in his book
-provisions Jihad and its virtues - the reasons for jihad for the sake of God Almighty,
where the research dealt with the definition of Imam Abdul Aziz bin Abdul Salam,
and his book the provisions of jihad and its virtues, and showed the linguistic and
terminological definitions of the cause and the cause and the difference between them,
and showed the cause of jihad as a prelude to the research, as I spoke in other
demands on the views of Imam Abdul Aziz bin Abdul Salam in what he mentioned in
his book of the presentation of Islam to the infidels, and showed the rule of calling to
Islam, and his words in fighting to save Muslims from the infidels, and fighting
Seeking reward and reward from Allah Almighty, fighting for the victory of the
disbelievers, weakening their strength, and maintaining the security of Muslim
countries

The subject of the research is: studying a fundamental issue, which is the issue
of: (The Conflict between linguistic truth and customary truth in the faith and its
effect on the branches of jurisprudence). Since the Qur’an was revealed in the Arabic
language, it contains words that have special meanings in custom, and among, Acrutal
facts these words are: beast, meat, house, and other words that come to mind when
hearing them, the customary meaning, and which may conflict with linguistic truths.
This research is concerned with explaining this conflict and explaining the effect that
results from it on the branches of jurisprudence, And the search of three investments
and has taken the first scholar: the definition of language and cognitive truth, and their
dedication, and addressed the second aspect: opposing the linguistic truth with the
martial truth in the door of faith, either the third aspect has addressed the fact: Martial
on the faith.

The research dealt with the statement of both the special and the general in
addition to the general specified in surat al-ahzab, as there are types of the specific
and general , and kada does not hide the importance of knowing the specific and the
general because their knowing leads to knowledge of the purposes of the sharia and
the statement of what is intended from the legal costs of orders and prohibitions and
others .
The research is divided into an introduction and two main sections.
The first section includes two topics:
- The first topic: The general definition, its divisions, terms, forms, and the ruling on
the general.
- The second topic: The definition of the specific, its forms, and its ruling.
The second section also includes two topics:
- The first topic: The definition of the qualified general, its conditions, components,
and its validity.
- The second topic: Applications of the specific and the qualified general in Surah AlAhzab.
Finally, the conclusion and findings are presented.

The aim of this research was to explore the impact of an educational program based on employing artificial intelligence technologies and digital collaboration platforms on developing creative writing skills among fifth-grade literary students in the Arabic language subject.The study was guided by the following hypotheses: 1- There is no statistically significant difference at the 0.05 level between the pre-test and post-test mean scores of the experimental group students who studied Arabic using the AI- and digital collaboration-based educational program in the creative writing skills test.2- There is no statistically significant difference at the 0.05 level between the pre-test and post-test mean scores of the control group students who studied Arabic using the same AI- and collaboration-based program in the creative writing skills test.3- There is no statistically significant difference at the 0.05 level between the post-test mean scores of the fifth-grade literary students (experimental group) who studied Arabic according to the AI- and collaboration-based educational program and the control group who studied the same subject using the traditional method in the creative writing skills test.The research sample consisted of 60 students randomly selected from the study population. A creative writing skills test consisting of 30 items was used as the research tool, and its validity and reliability were confirmed. The research procedures included obtaining official approvals from the Second Rusafa Directorate of Education, selecting and ensuring equivalence of the sample, administering pre- and post-tests, and applying the educational program to the experimental group.Data were analyzed statistically using SPSS. The results showed a positive and statistically significant impact of the educational program based on AI technologies and digital collaboration platforms on developing creative writing skills in both the pre- and post-tests for both groups. A statistically significant difference also appeared in the post-test between the experimental and control groups in favor of the experimental group.Based on the findings, the researcher recommended integrating AI technologies and digital collaboration platforms into Arabic language curricula, training teachers in their use, developing AI tools tailored for the Arabic language, and enhancing collaborative learning. The researcher also proposed conducting future studies on other language skills, at different educational stages, and long-term comparative and qualitative studies to explore teacher and student perceptions. If you\'d like help turning this into a formal abstract or need it summarized further, I’m happy to assist!

The current research aimed to identify the level of digital culture among students at the University of Kirkuk and their tendency towards perfectionism, as well as the correlational relationship between these two variables. Additionally, it sought to determine the level of statistical significance of digital culture and the tendency towards perfectionism according to the variables of gender and specialization. The researcher selected a sample consisting of (500) male and female students from the University of Kirkuk, including from the faculties of Humanities and Sciences, specifically the College of Humanities, the College of Pure Sciences, the College of Law, and the College of Science. Two scales were developed to measure digital culture and the tendency towards perfectionism after reviewing relevant literature. The data were statistically analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), employing various statistical methods such as standard deviation, analysis of variance, t-tests, Pearson correlation coefficient, and Spearman correlation coefficient for data handling and analysis.
The results showed that university students enjoy good levels of digital culture and a commendable tendency towards perfectionism. Moreover, significant statistical differences were found in the level of digital culture among students in favor of males, as well as significant statistical differences based on the variable of scientific specialization. Differences in the tendency towards perfectionism were recorded according to the variables of gender and specialization, favoring females and students in scientific disciplines. Furthermore, a positive correlation was found between digital culture and the tendency towards perfectionism, indicating that digital culture positively influences the inclination towards perfectionism. The researcher provided several recommendations and suggestions.

It is well known that academic delay and poor academic progress at universities depend on a large number of factors, particularly students\' achievements. This can be affected by what is known as mental wandering, which distracts them from academic focus. This wandering can have a negative impact on many of the characteristics students possess, particularly academic procrastination. To confirm these assumptions, the researchers applied the two scales to a sample of (180) male and female students at Al-Mustansiriya University, distributed across the colleges. The results revealed weak mental wandering and academic procrastination among the students, in addition to differences between males and females in mental wandering and academic procrastination. There were also differences in demographic variables such as specialization (humanities or science) and marital status (married or unmarried). There was also a statistically significant correlation between mental wandering and academic procrastination among Al-Mustansiriya University students. Accordingly, the researchers developed a number of recommendations and proposals to benefit from the results of the current research, both theoretically and practically, for both researchers and official bodies.

This research aims to devise a strategy to get students in the fifth literary grade to choose the skill of reading distinct thoughts only. To achieve the intended goal of the research, the researcher followed the options of the experimental options. The researcher chose the Euphrates settings, in which the fifth literary grade is chosen from two divisions. The researcher chose Division (B) to represent the experimental group of (25) taught on the success of suppressing thoughts. And Section (A) to represent the control group, which is (28) taught according to the usual method, and thus the total number of the sample is (53). The researcher prepared two tests: the first was on the achievement of fifth-grade literary students, which consisted of (25) items, while the second was a test to measure the skill of reading historical maps, which consisted of (30) items. The data was processed using: (The test is a t-test for two independent samples, a t-test for two correlated samples, and a Pearson correlation coefficient). After analyzing the results statistically, the researcher concluded that there were statistically significant differences between the average scores of the students of the two research groups in the achievement and skill tests of reading historical maps, in favor of the experimental group, and some recommendations and proposals were presented.25

The rapid development of cartography, especially in the applied and research fields of geography, reflects the growing reliance on statistical maps as a type of thematic maps that contribute to solving many of the problems and complexities in our daily lives. This study aims to use statistical analysis to reveal patterns of The spatial distribution of educational services in the city of Taza Khurmatu, with a focus on school density, and its distribution pattern and scope of service, through the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques and spatial analysis models. The study also highlights the distribution of educational institutions in relation to population density and the locations of local communities, highlighting geographical gaps and existing educational needs.

Girls’ early marriage is one of the most significant human phenomena with a demographic and social impact on populations. It is resulted from the spread of poverty and illiteracy among girls, which leads to the increase of the divorce rates, school dropouts, and family disintegration among families affected by girls’ early marriage. This research aims to clarify the main idea of such cases by identifying their prevalence, determining the age of marriage at (18) years across Iraq, and demonstrating the extent of variation among the units in Kirkuk District. The research focuses on population characteristics and the factors influencing the rise and spread of girls’ early marriage. The research adopts a descriptive and analytical approach to employ deliberate statistical and quantitative methods in tabulating tables and data, making them amenable to analysis, interpretation, and explanation. The researcher uses the program (1.7 Arc GiS10) to represent the research phenomenon and extract its maps with high accuracy and clarity. The research focuses on the problem to determine its causes and uncover the factors contributing to rise girls’ early marriages.
A number of factors contributed to its spread, such as high rates of poverty and unemployment for the breadwinner father. This makes families marry underage girls early to relieve the burden of supporting them. In addition, some families’ cultures and customs prevent girls from completing their education and marrying at an early age. During the study, the researcher found that the total number of early marriages for girls in Kirkuk District reached (1,168) cases. The research reaches a set of conclusions and suggestions.

The analysis of urban systems in the form of elements (cities) within regions or individual elements (city) as urban systems is one of the modern trends in urban geography. It can be described as a direct expression of the essence of urban geography, and it is also an analysis of the spatial relationships between the elements of the system.
The study aimed to measure the extent of the imbalance in the urban system network in Anbar Governorate in order to reveal the extent of the regularity of the distribution of the city population in the governorate and its dependencies, which would enable the diagnosis of regional problems that affect the functional role of service centers. Therefore, the research focused on the question of the extent of the imbalance in the size distribution of the population, And the amount of variation in the sizes of urban centers, which represented the research problem. The research was based on the hypothesis that the urban system in Anbar Governorate did not reach a state of complete equilibrium as a result of the influence of natural and human factors.
The researcher used some existing methods that were identified from measuring the amount of imbalance in the spatial distribution of nodes, which the urban system often maintains.

The Stresa Pact was an agreement signed on April 14, 1935, between three major European countries: Italy, France, and Britain. The agreement took place in the Italian city of Stresa, and was intended to confront the threats posed by the Nazi expansionist policy in Germany led by Adolf Hitler. The agreement was reached after Germany began to violate the Treaty of Versailles, which had imposed strict restrictions on its rearmament after World War I. Nazi moves, such as German rearmament in 1935, were a direct threat to European security, and the three countries wanted to prevent the escalation of tensions that could lead to another conflict. However, despite the signing of this agreement, the effectiveness of the \\"Stresa Pact\\" was limited in reality, and this agreement was unable to stop Nazi expansion, as its effectiveness ended with the concessional policy followed by Britain and France in the following years.

Education in Iraq in general and Kirkuk in particular has not received enough attention from researchers in the field of writing the history of contemporary Iraq, as most of their studies focused on the political aspect, so the research came to shed light on the history of vocational education in Kirkuk for the period (1945-1958) due to the importance of this topic as it is one of the types of education that is more closely related to building the industrial, commercial, social and cultural sectors.
Vocational education witnessed a clear development and diversity during the research period, as it was not limited to industrial education only, but also included agricultural education and women\\'s vocational education represented by the School of Environmental Arts, especially after the establishment of the Reconstruction Council and the allocation of a large part of Iraq\\'s budget to this council to improve the reality of Iraq and create comprehensive development in various economic, social and cultural fields.

The current study examines the life of Maria Luise Augusta Catharina (1811–1890) of Saxony-Weimar-Eisenbach, the second daughter of Grand Duke Karl Friedrich and Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna Romanova. The research examined Augusta\\'s language learning: foreign languages, Russian, French, and Latin. Additional subjects included mathematics, geography, history, religion, drawing, horse riding, and music. The study also aimed to highlight Augusta\\'s political and social role in the German Empire at the time, due to her social connections and closeness to her husband, the German Emperor William I, as she was his political advisor.
The study includes the following topics:
The first topic: her birth and upbringing, her lineage, education, and culture.
The second topic: her marriage and children, her marriage to William I, and her role as a mother.
The third section: her political and charitable works, her charitable political activity, her position in wars, and women\\'s associations.
The study concludes with a series of points about the life and role of Empress Augusta and the impact she had on society in the German Empire.

Agricultural activity is considered one of the important economic activities on which the Arab economy depends to a large extent, and most of the Arab Islamic lands were agricultural lands, including the most fertile and productive lands in the world, and abundant in water.
Andalusia was one of these lands, and its agriculture developed under Arab rule, and became a paradise, and this is what the researchers reached during their study of \\"Agriculture and Irrigation in the Era of the Caliphate and the Emirate\\". The first sources of Andalusia were taken from Eastern sources, as many Eastern books conveyed the experiences of Andalusia in agriculture and irrigation. Andalusia scholars also paid great attention to agriculture, so they wrote many books that dealt with the various branches of botany. They provided farmers with advice and guidance on what is correct and serves and develops agricultural work. The study dealt with research on the means of agricultural production and irrigation methods in Andalusia in the era of the Emirate (138-316AM/ 756-929AD). The research consisted of three topics: the first topic dealt with the means of agricultural production, the second topic with agricultural methods, and the third topic with the agricultural process.

This study explores a key factor in the military confrontations led by the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him): the emphasis on strengthening the morale of the army, which played a crucial role in achieving victory. This becomes particularly significant when considering the stark disparity in numbers and equipment between the Muslim army and the polytheist forces in nearly all battles fought during the Prophet’s time and beyond.
The Prophet’s military strategy across all his campaigns centered on elevating the spiritual and moral strength of the fighters and shaping an Islamic identity grounded in faith, resilience, and the pursuit of truth. From the early days of Islam—when Muslims were weak and outnumbered—the Prophet instilled perseverance and unshakable belief in his followers, leaving no room for defeatism or despair.
This approach bore fruit in the Battle of Uhud, where, despite an initial loss, victory was spiritually reaffirmed through the Prophet’s exceptional leadership, which employed a tactical withdrawal and renewed focus on morale. This ultimately led to the regained momentum in the subsequent campaign of Hamra\' al-Asad.

The Assyrian problem was one of the major challenges Iraq faced during the royal era due to its significant impact on the stability of the country’s security and social order. This issue became particularly critical as Iraq’s independence had only recently been recognized on October 3, 1932, and it was imperative for the country to prove to the international community, especially the League of Nations, that it was capable of fulfilling its new responsibilities.
This study examines the key developments that occurred during this period and highlights the efforts of the Iraqi government to safeguard its hard-won achievements. The research is organized into two sections: the first discusses the origins of the Assyrian displacement, the associated developments, and the role of foreign interventions; the second analyzes the Iraqi government’s response to contain the crisis and address its root causes.
The study relies extensively on translated Iraqi and British royal court documents, in addition to a selection of Arabic newspapers and other significant sources that explored the issue in detail. These rich sources greatly contributed to the depth and accuracy of the study.

This research is about (Kirkuk events in Kurdish journalism 1984-1988).In this context, the attitude and attention of Kurdish journalists on the events in Kirkuk and the policy of the Iraqi government and its consequences is emphasized, of course, by highlighting the inside of the events The first topic describes the government\\'s policy in Kirkuk. The first topic describes the changes in the working units and boundaries of the province and the government\\'s policy on degradation and relocation Reactions on the residents of Kirkuk and its surroundings. The third topic is the confrontation between the government and Kurdish forces in both armed and non-armed areas

This research is considered one of the significant studies in the Prophetic biography (Sīrah), as it analyzes instances in which the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) made oaths. These oaths were only made in matters of great importance and profound significance, reflecting the weight of the topics addressed. The study aims to explore these instances and extract their religious, social, economic, and political implications, while also highlighting the educational and reformative dimensions they convey.
The research is divided into four main sections. The first section discusses the linguistic and terminological definitions of oaths, followed by an exploration of the religious aspect, emphasizing the role of oaths in strengthening faith and affirming core beliefs. The second section addresses the social dimension, demonstrating how the Prophet (peace be upon him) employed oaths to affirm moral principles such as justice, truthfulness, and social solidarity. The third section focuses on the economic aspect, presenting Prophetic oaths concerning financial matters and transactions, which underscore their significance in shaping a just society. The fourth section examines the political, administrative, and military aspects, shedding light on the role of oaths in establishing leadership principles and managing the affairs of the state.
The research concluded with a summary that included the most significant findings derived in this vital area of the Prophetic biography.

Throughout its history,which spanned more than six centuries, the Ottoman Empire enjoyed many factors of success, some of which accompanied its early stages and contributed to its construction and development. The 16th century saw the empire reach its maximum expansion, with its possessions covering parts of three continents: Asia, Europe and Africa, relying on its land and naval forces.
In the late Ottoman period, especially in the first quarter of the 20th century, aviation and air navigation occupied the minds of the military and political elite, Therefore, they strove with all means at their disposal to lay the foundations for Ottoman aviation as a promising weapon that could make a difference on the battlefield, drawing inspiration from the experiences of European countries and drawing on their expertise, as they had made strides in this field.
In order to keep pace with military and technical developments in Europe, the first military air surveillance unit was established within the Ottoman army in 1909. In early 1910, Lieutenant General Mahmud Şükrü Pasha, Minister of War sent a number of officers to France and Germany as military advisers, including Major Ali Fathi Bey, who recommended in his report the formation of an air navigation team, the training of officers in aviation, the purchase of aircraft, and the establishment of a school and aviation centre in Istanbul.
The Ottoman-Italian War of 1911 contributed to accelerating the Ottoman Empire\\\\\\\\'s efforts to establish an organised air force, as that war marked a pivotal turning point in the history of military aviation. Italy was the first country to use aircraft and airships for aerial bombardment, surveillance, and psychological warfare during its military operations against the Ottomans in Tripoli (Libya). This early use of aviation represented a qualitative shift in the concept of modern warfare, prompting the Ottoman military and political leadership to recognise the importance of this new weapon and take the strategic decision to establish an air force in 1911, enabling the state to keep pace with rapid military developments and meet the emerging challenges on the ground at that time. The Ottoman-Italian War (1911) and the Balkan Wars (1912–1913) confirmed the decisive role of aviation, although they also revealed organisational and logistical shortcomings.
With the outbreak of World War I in 1914,French cadres and trainers withdrew and seized the contracted aircraft, temporarily halting the aviation school. Germany then took over the supply of aircraft and cadres to the Ottoman Empire, and air missions in Palestine and Iraq expanded from reconnaissance to bombing and psychological support. Towards the end of the war, the General Inspection of the Air Force was established, placing Ottoman aviation under German supervision.
The nature of the study necessitated dividing the research into two main sections. The first section dealt with the historical roots of Ottoman aviation and air navigation, while the second section was entitled: Ottoman Aviation during a Transformative Era: A Study on the Evolution of Air Navigation (1911–1918), followed by a conclusion and a list of sources.
The importance of this research lies in its highlighting of the most vital aspects of Ottoman military history, namely The origin and growth of aviation and air navigation in the late Ottoman Era, an aspect that has not received sufficient attention from researchers and historians. From this perspective, this study attempts to explore this topic and reveal its various dimensions, focusing on the technical, material and administrative challenges faced by the early Ottoman efforts to establish an effective air force, as well as analysing how the state dealt with these challenges in complex internal and external circumstances.

Given the scarcity of specialized academic studies in this field, this research relied primarily on Ottoman documents preserved in the Turkish Prime Ministry Archives (Istanbul), in addition to Arabic, translated, and foreign sources. These references contributed to constructing a relatively clear scholarly understanding of the emergence of Ottoman air navigation and its military and political contexts. It is hoped that this study will help fill a knowledge gap in the field of Ottoman military studies and serve as a starting point for future, more in-depth research in this area.

This article revolves around an important issue of belief, namely the descent of Jesus, peace be upon him, at the end of time. While the Holy Qur’an and the Sunnah of the Prophet have proven this belief, we have found, and continue to find, those who deny it and lie about it with flimsy arguments and baseless doubts. They claim that there is no explicit text in the Holy Qur’an regarding his ascension to heaven with his spirit and being, nor is there an explicit text regarding his descent. Rather, this is the Christian belief. In order to clarify the truth, this article was written to resolve the ancient and modern dispute regarding the descent of Jesus, peace be upon him, considering that his descent is a truth that must be believed in because it is one of the major signs of the Hour, as God Almighty said: “And indeed, it is a sign of the Hour, so have no doubt about it” (Az-Zukhruf 61). That is, the descent of Jesus, peace be upon him, is a truth that must be believed in. This article was written to respond to the baseless doubts and false claims used by those who deny this belief, while demonstrating its weakness and its inability to withstand scientific criticism. It was proven that the Prophet of God, Jesus, was ascended to heaven with his spirit and being when the Jews wanted to kill and crucify him, but God did not enable them to do so. It was also proven that It will descend at the end of time as a sign of the approaching Hour. Keywords: Descent, Christ, Islam, Christianity.