Risalat al-huquq Journal

The process of evaluating the job performance of the public employee aims to control the adequacy of his job performance and indicate what has been achieved by him - and at the same time aims to find out whether there is a deficiency in the employee's job performance or not and reveal the employee's real capabilities, which helps him to determine his training needs, or his entitlement to encouragement if proven competent, and even this may be a basis for promotion or promotion or a reason and a factor leading to it, due to the promotion system followed in the administrative organization.

The implied responsibility of the employee is established in accordance with the provisions of the Inclusion Law No. (31) of 2015, with the verification of its three pillars of error, damage, and a causal relationship between them, as the damage that befell public money is the employee responsible for when it is due to a personal mistake or as a result of a causal relationship between his act And another act that resulted in damage to public money, and in order for the administrative authority’s decision to include the employee to be in accordance with the law, the administration had to follow the procedures for including the public employee, whether those procedures were prior to issuing the inclusion decision, or were subsequent to it, in terms of estimating the amount of inclusion and how Collecting it, whether in Iraq or in the comparative countries, so that the decision of the administrative authority regarding inclusion is immune from appeal before the Court of Administrative Judiciary

Among the requirements for the success of the diplomatic mission in carrying out the tasks entrusted to it is that a headquarters be allocated to it that gives it some privacy by working away from external pressures and interference, or the interference of other parties ; Abuse of the premises of diplomatic missions by committing acts that constitute serious crimes, including what amounts to a threat to the national security of the receiving state, and some of them constitute actions that affect the rights and freedoms of the citizens of the receiving state, which prompts the state to confront those acts that Represents misuse of the premises of the diplomatic mission.

The aim of this research is to show the effect of the general amnesty law on the crime of forging the book of residential land ownership in Iraq, whether it is limited to penal penalties, or its effect extends to other matters, and that the issuance of the general amnesty law leads to the inclusion of those accused and convicted of the crime of forging a book of residential land ownership in Iraq, so the crime and punishment fall from the perpetrators and leads to their escaping from tortious responsibility (compensation), as the general amnesty laws that we will mention Raha in this research, they all confirmed when the offender is included in the general amnesty law that there is no harm as a result of his act, but when applying the general rules, and the inclusion of the accused in the amnesty law, this leads to harm to the state, and this is what we will show in this research.

The process of implementing international and national protection rules ‎by private bodies entails many obligations on the belligerent states, and ‎imposes a system of oversight, to ensure the implementation of that ‎protection, and this oversight system is in joint cooperation between ‎international bodies and national bodies, so the states parties to the ‎conventions are bound Humanitarianism, especially the Geneva ‎Conventions, by taking all procedural means that ensure the ‎implementation of international protection rules that relate to the dead in ‎armed conflicts and their places of burial. Therefore, the countries of ‎origin of the soldiers buried on foreign land have a keen interest in ‎respecting and maintaining war cemeteries, as they seek to create a ‎framework Legal in light of the rules of international humanitarian law, to ‎enforce justice, and special national committees and bodies have been ‎prepared for this purpose to search and investigate the locations of mass ‎graves, how to exhume the remains and procedures for their handover, in ‎addition to the establishment by international organizations of specialized ‎and non-specialized bodies and committees at the level. To exercise its ‎complementary role in addressing humanitarian issues related to the dead, ‎preserving their personal dignity, and ensuring the right of relatives to ‎Access to burial places.

The technology of human cloning posed a great controversy in the matter of its legality, and among the arguments of those who opposed it was that it changes God’s creation, which is contrary to what those who say it is permissible, as among the defenses they raised in this regard is that the personality of the cloned newborn is completely independent of the personality of the clone, and perhaps one of the most important of these positions It is the doctrinal position on human cloning and the ethical problems that the subject raises, as many problems have been raised on the subject of human cloning since its appearance, including those related to aspects related to belief and others to morals, because it is a behavior in the creation that is specific to God Almighty and that it is a change to his creation, which he considered collectively as shirk to God Exalted be He, and as another group considered it to be the work of Satan, which God Almighty commanded us to avoid. The issue of human cloning, in its two forms, has sparked a wide debate among Sharia scholars, whether in Sharia rulings or the doctrinal issues that precede it, as there is no doubt that it is a hadith that is unknown to ancient Sharia scholars as well as modern ones. Cloning technology is an act of creation related to God Almighty

Amnesty, in general, is the social institution relinquishing its right to punish the perpetrator of a crime either by law or by presidential decree. It comes in two forms Pardon for the crime (general or comprehensive pardon): It is the deprivation of the act from its criminal characteristic, so that it becomes subject to the same legal consequences as actions that were not originally criminalized by the law. Pardon of punishment (special pardon): It is the termination of the obligation to enforce a punishment against a person against whom a final judgment has been issued, either completely or partially, or the substitution of another obligation that involves a different punishment, based on a decree issued by the head of state. The Iraqi legislator has taken into consideration the special pardon as one of the reasons for the expiration of punishments, as stated in Article 154 of the Iraqi Penal Code No. 111 of 1969, which states that: 1- Special pardon is issued by a republican decree, and as a result, the punishment imposed is completely or partially dropped, or replaced with a lighter punishment than those prescribed by law. 2- Special pardon does not entail the dropping of subsidiary and complementary punishments, nor precautionary measures. This is also mentioned in Article 306 of the Code of Judicial Procedures.Criminal Case No. (23) of the year 1971, as amended, stipulates that the issuance of a presidential decree for special amnesty leads to the dropping of the original and subsidiary penalties without affecting the ruling of restitution, compensation, or confiscation. From the observation of the aforementioned articles, it is evident The translation for the provided text is as follows: "The special right is reserved for the President of the State and for all crimes, except as stated in Article (73/First) of the Constitution of the Republic of Iraq 2005, which states (issuing a special pardon upon the recommendation of the Prime Minister, except for matters related to special rights and those convicted of committing international crimes, terrorism, and financial and administrative corruption). From deducing these texts, we find a contradiction between the Iraqi law texts: Article (154) of the Penal Code and Article (306) of the Criminal Procedure Code. Article (306) stipulates that the issuance of a presidential decree for a special pardon results in the dropping of the original and subsidiary penalties without affecting the ruling on compensation, restitution, or confiscation. Since the issuance of this article followed the issuance of Article (154) of the Penal Code, it is the one that should be applied, especially since Article (371) of the Criminal Procedure Code states that (any provision of any law conflicting with the provisions of this law shall be generally voided), which necessitates amending Article (154/1).

The one who is contracted as a pillar in the contract may be subject to the difference of his gender, so his gender differs from his agreed state, which affects the legal positions of the contracting parties and destabilizes confidence between them, because there is a discrepancy between the contractual state and the actual state of the contracted one that may occur due to the act of the contracting parties or one of them or an external reason, as The legislation in question differed regarding the effect of the sex difference of the contracted party according to the type of legal act, so the effect of the sex difference in the conduct issued by two sides is different from the effect of the sex difference of the contracted party in the act issued by one side, the contract is not concluded or completed when its sex is different. Changing the sex of the eye, the subject of the unilateral act, may be considered a reason for its invalidity, because changing its subjectivity leads to the lack of its place .

The legal provisions regulating the affairs of political parties include several prohibitions that they must avoid at the outset, that is, before initiating the establishment procedures, meaning that saying the opposite leads to the rejection of the request to establish the party, and political parties must not include any of their activities from the manifestations of these prohibitions, because Violation of this obligation leads to deciding the responsibility of the party and its members. The one who examines these legal provisions notes that they aim, in their entirety, to preserve public order, the public interest, and the rights and freedoms of individuals, as well as the maintenance of some values that vary and differ from one political system to another according to the ideology espoused by this or that system, and the extent to which those in power are convinced of the role played by political parties. In order to achieve these goals and preserve those values, the state adopts a set of regulations that restrict the freedom of political parties' activity and that give the administration wide powers in confronting parties and restricting their activities.

In order to examine the occupation’s legality in the context of the war on Iraq in international law, it is necessary to clarify the difference between preventive defense and anticipatory defense. Anticipatory defense is defined as an attack on a country that is about to take military action while preventive defense is declaring war on a country that could pose a danger at a future moment, i.e. a danger that has not materialized yet, and the danger may be illusionary, or, in a more precise sense, a legislation to eliminate a danger that has not yet been embodied and may be illusory or fabricated. However, this distinction has little importance, because the assessment of the degree of danger that prompts attack in both preventive defense and anticipatory defense is subject to the sovereign authority of the attacking state, in addition to that the procedure may be anticipatory in terms of implementation and preventive in terms of aim.

The electronic means have provided the most effective and attractive inventions to the sexual pornography industry, and the electronic means have made porn with various means of displaying images, video and dialogues, whether recorded or directly within the reach of all, which necessitated addressing them with special legislation in many countries of the world, and it turns out that the traditional laws It is not enough to address this new pattern of attack on the rules of ethics, and that the crime of sexual pornography by electronic means cannot be achieved by physical contact or direct contact, as in the crimes of adultery, homosexuality, and a public, shameful act that disturbs modesty, but electronic means will be a means to verify or reach it.

The idea of granting the seller the right to correct the violation after its realization is one of the new ideas that many laws do not know about. It is one of the most dangerous results that can be reached, as the Vienna Convention on the International Sale of Goods 1980 adopted a new legal approach by granting the violating seller the right to remedy his shortcomings by fixing any defect in the implementation, whether before the date of delivery of the goods to the buyer or after the date of delivery, and this The right is one of the strongest rights contained in the agreement and the most controversial, as its scope often expands to include even fundamental violations, and then the seller has to oblige the buyer to accept the reforms and prevent him from rescinding the contract if the conditions for the work of this right are fulfilled

The equilibrium between central and local authority is one of the features that characterize countries that adopt a decentralized administrative system, that the constitution is given guarantees the establishment, protection, preservation and maintenance of the idea of balance between the central and local authorities from the possibility of any violation on it, by an authority towards another authority. Equilibrium is one of the manifestations of democracy as an expression of the subjectivity of the interests of local bodies. On the other hand, the constitution and the law are the most important guarantees that ensure a balance between the public authorities within the state, especially as we know that the above actually leads to the realization of the legal state and ensures the rule of law and ensures the satisfaction of local needs

The theory of the works of sovereignty arose in a period of political anxiety and under the weight of some judges maintaining their jobs. acts of sovereignty? A number of theories have appeared to try to answer this important question and to highlight a criterion that performs this function, so a theory emerged that adhered to the criterion of political motivation, and another relied on the criterion of the nature of work, and a third raised the banner of the criterion of the judicial list

Iraq's multiple public service laws have not explicitly defined the concept and importance of the duty of functional neutrality; Although some of them have dealt with organizing one or several aspects of this duty, as reflected in the provisions prohibiting certain categories of public officials from engaging in political activity and establishing and belonging to political parties. or those that prevent the combination of jobs or that prohibit employees from working outside the function except with notice or a ministerial permission, Those that impose respect between presidents and subordinates on the one hand or between them and the citizens on the other and those that prevent abuse or use of public authority as a means of obtaining benefits, privileges and money raising, The importance of emphasizing this duty in the public service and its role in alienating it from politics, its competition, congestion and controversy, as well as its impact in guiding public officials away from national, religious, philosophical, regional and other politics and differences, and affirming the principle of equal utilization of public services provided by public utilities

The tour guide has a great influence on the tourism movement, due to his close contact with the tourist, which makes this profession need experience, honesty and confidence, and this is what led most countries to legislative intervention to regulate this tourism profession, to protect those dealing with the tour guide, and with the intention of limiting this profession mainly to nationals Not to compete with foreigners, as well as to protect the country's reputation from adventurers' abuse and to exclude non-specialists from this vital activity.

Social justice followed by legislators is related to the broader meaning of the source of legislation mentioned by legislators, especially civil legislation, because of the breadth and inclusiveness it represents. The concept of economic legislative policy may be linked to the social ideas of law, as the legislator became interested in the vulnerable groups, so he decided to protect them according to legal rules of a social nature or what is called social legislation in order to achieve social justice. In order to achieve social justice, the public interest must prevail over the private interest, and the protective economic legislative policy should be employed as a mechanism for achieving social justice.

The rule of legitimacy necessitates that human behavior is not criminal unless it is mentioned in a text of the Penal Code that indicates punishment for it, and this is the content of the rule “There is no crime or punishment except by text.” However, Conclusion The amended Iraqi Penal Code No. 111 of 1969 came devoid of any precise text regulating the crime of artificial insemination if it occurred in a way that contradicts the legal principles and moral values prevailing in Iraqi society and the future effects that result from this crime, which shows the urgent need to find a clear legislative organization It is explicit between the legal nature of this crime and defines itself, which distinguishes it from other crimes that are close to it to a large extent, such as the crime of adultery and the crime of prostitution, especially since the work of the judiciary is characterized by diligence and thus may direct the case in a certain direction and subject it to certain texts other than those that should be applied to the case in what If he directed it properly in terms of deducing the facts and their legal adaptation.

In order to fully converge actions and measures aimed at curbing unfair business practices that harm the economic interests of consumers and at the same time affect - but indirectly and in a negative way - the legitimate business interests of competitors, the European Directive intends to provide consumers with a high level of protection In all sectors, and to fill the void that exists in some sectors that are covered by some special EU laws and with regard to some business practices that are not regulated by special rules, the texts of the Directive serve to ensure that consumers are not misled or subjected to aggressive marketing practices and in addition The Directive requires that any claim or complaint made by persons with legitimate interests, including competitors in EU countries, be clear, valid and evidence-based. The directive then made sure that consumers' decisions were fully informed and that they had real choices

Securities markets are divided into many different sections, starting with the first market, which is called the regular market, which is the basic market that is regulated by court texts and represents the most important types of these markets, and then comes the second market, which is called the parallel market, as this market is ranked The second is in terms of its importance and its impact on national development and commercial companies, as this market is distinguished from other financial markets in that the conditions for listing in this market are somewhat easier compared to the regular market

The dream of humanity is a safe and comfortable life, especially after what it suffered from the hardships that humanity experienced in the period between and after the first two world wars. And the destruction and devastation it left behind, displacement and terror, regardless of the reasons that prompted the outbreak of these wars and their types, whether they were hostile or defensive, global or regional.Since its existence, international law has sought to keep human societies away from destructive fighting, and the importance of its role has increased during the current stage after a minimum level of world peace has been achieved, the idea of the Third World War has moved away, and communication has increased between members of the international family, and interests have diversified at all levels. The role played by the International Court of Justice in developing the rules of public international law is well known, and that is what is done through carrying out its judicial mission through the various constituent organs, and it is represented in highlighting the real contributions of this international judicial body in establishing the rules and technology of international law, Considering that the rules of law are derived from the people of the international community, as well as other international bodies, from international agreements or international custom and general principles of law.

The basis of the contract is the freedom of will of the contracting parties, and the contract is the law of the contracting parties, as they have the right to discuss and debate what they agree upon. And once the agreement is reached, the contract becomes an argument for the two parties, and accordingly, the freedom of contract is what dictates the contract law for the two parties. However, barriers and impediments may stand in the way of freedom of contract that may be due to the public interest and public order, as determined by the legislator in terms of peremptory provisions.The unfairness that is accompanied by verbal or actual deceit, i.e. talking about advantages that exist or do not exist in the subject matter of the contract is lying, but the lie is not considered unless it is a considered incident with the contracting party, and it is always considered if the sale is from the sales of trust, in fact: or changing the premises by dyeing The dress, so the buyer thinks it is new. And because deception affects the will, what the contract was based on (the agreement of two wills) becomes the principle of the will’s authority tainted by this defect.And if the freedom of contracting is the basis of contracts, and it is what determines the rules, principles and provisions of the contract, yet there are considerations that would restrict this freedom, and make one of the two contracting parties not fully enjoy it.One of the defects of the will that makes the contract distorted and invalid must be associated with obscene injustice, and this is what the Iraqi civil law took, influenced by Islamic law, so it is necessary to define injustice and address the criteria for measuring it

The interconnected relationship between the individual and society requires regulating the interactions between state authority with the freedoms of individuals and groups. The function of regulating this relationship lies with constitutions, which are considered the most important guarantee for protecting the freedoms of individuals. In fact, exercising and protecting these public freedoms is not the same way and procedure at every time and place, even within a single state. They may be protected and regulated through constitutions or legislation, as well as through organizational administrative decisions. This study examines the procedures undertaken by the administration. An example of the above is the prior approval that the administration grants to individuals in order to exercise their freedoms and activities through an “administrative license,” and the extent to which the latter affects freedoms and restricts them, and this is what this study included.

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

The images of democracy revolve around the extent of the people's contribution to the affairs of governance and their participation in it, the affairs of governance may all be in the hands of the people represented by direct democracy, and another in some affairs o f governance is in the hands of the people, which is semi-direct democracy, or the people may have the first choice in electing their deputies as representatives who exercise government for a period of time that is predetermined, which is indirect democracy

Additional Protocol II - Territory - Territorial control - non-international armed conflict - Classification of armed conflict.

It can be said that most legal systems require a degree of stability, as the civil lawsuit begins with a request from the plaintiff to the judge, in order to end with the issuance of a ruling, and that the goal that the plaintiff seeks in presenting his claim is a fair ruling, but reaching this ruling is not easy, because the dispute is filed. Before the judge, it consists of many elements and facts. Reaching a fair ruling is not easy. Therefore, the legal system created what is called the acceptance of the two types of incidental lawsuits, the opposing incident by the defendant, and the additional incidental lawsuit that the plaintiff adds to his original claim.

Legal aid contributes to consecrating the principle of equality before the judiciary, by defending the rights and legal positions of people whose financial resources do not allow them to defend or obtain them, in exchange for the high costs of litigation, which disrupts the existence of effective equality between persons before the judiciary and executive institutions. Accordingly, our research It focuses on enabling people to overcome all financial obstacles by providing legal services free of charge through state institutions, which would effectively achieve the principle of equality, through access to judicial and executive institutions in a very easy way. This is why the Iraqi legislator, keeping pace with some comparative legal systems, realized the danger of This made it necessary to defend the rights of these groups, so the proposed law on the legal aid system was enacted so that equality before the judiciary would be within everyone’s reach.

The Iraqi law is the only law that considers the recitation of the Qur’an as a religious work in an explicit and clear manner. He examined the extent to which religious works are included in the rules that apply to the rest of the works, whether in terms of conditions, rights, and means. The fact that the rest of the laws for reciting the Qur’an were not explicitly mentioned does not mean that they did not consider it a work. Religious works, in general, are those whose purpose is religious, differing from the rest of the works in that establishing protection on them may reduce the process of their dissemination, and this is the opposite of what the clerics are lofty.

Among the requirements for the success of the diplomatic mission in carrying out the tasks entrusted to it is that a headquarters be allocated to it that gives it some privacy by working away from external pressures and interference, or the interference of other parties ; Abuse of the premises of diplomatic missions by committing acts that constitute serious crimes, including what amounts to a threat to the national security of the receiving state, and some of them constitute actions that affect the rights and freedoms of the citizens of the receiving state, which prompts the state to confront those acts that Represents misuse of the premises of the diplomatic mission