Mustansiriyah Journal of Humanities

This study looks at the goodness in the poetry of Jamal al-Din al-Maamari، its rhetorical effectiveness in the poet’s poetry، and the demonstration of his rhetorical ability in verse and the embodiment of his emotional experience and purposes. What concerns us in the research is the statement of the impact of the news and its effectiveness in revealing the poet’s prowess. Now the news reveals the concept of truth to the recipient. The news has many different forms، depending on the meaning that is intended to be conveyed to the addressee and his position. The news in this study is divided into three topics: the first included the primary news، the second the requesting news، and the third was about the denial news.
The architect was able to use the news to serve the sobriety and strength of his poetry.

The study aimed to investigate the psychological well-being of widowed women and to identify differences in well-being based on two variables: age and education level. The sample consisted of 504 widows from Baghdad, aged between 21 and over 50, with educational backgrounds ranging from elementary to university level. The researcher adopted the Ryff Scale (1989), which comprises 14 items across six dimensions.The results revealed that three dimensions serve as determinants of psychological well-being for widows: personal growth and development, the ability to effectively manage life, and self-sufficiency. Additionally, the findings indicated that widows reported a high level of psychological well-being, with no statistically significant differences based on age or education level.

This research, entitled “The Sentence in the Literature of Abu Ishaq al-Sabi (d. 384 AH),” deals with the study of the Arabic sentence, and the disagreement in defining the concept of the sentence. Some of them equated the sentence with the speech, and others differentiated between them, so the goal of this research was to shed light on that, and find out what went wrong. To both groups, then we discussed the nominal and verbal sections of the sentence contained in the literature of the Sabi. This research consisted of an introduction, in which the life and literature of the Sabi were introduced, and then an introduction to the Arabic sentence, the sections of the sentence, and how the ancients and moderns defined the nominal and verbal sentence, and revealing the places in which The nominal and verbal sentences are mentioned in Al-Sabi literature and their meaning is detailed.

The jurist became the legitimate representative of the leadership of the nation, and clarified its legal rulings and their obligatory obligations. Thus, the jurisprudential research was activated by a group of scholars in the past and present, so they took it upon themselves to proceed with a serious methodology to show the powers of rulings to those responsible in a way that suits their objective situations. The value of the science of jurisprudence and its honor is not hidden from anyone. Among all other Islamic sciences; Because through it, those charged are guided to their legal duties, and through it they learn about the rulings they are assigned to by the Legislator, Blessed and Most High, and they obtain compliance that absolves them of responsibility. Our temporal distance from the era of legislation, and other matters, were the reason for the lack of clarity of a large number of Sharia rulings and their shrouding in ambiguity, which led to Ambiguity in determining the practical position of a person who believes in Sharia law in many incidents and events, and on this basis it was necessary to develop a science that would remove this ambiguity from the practical position towards Sharia law in every incident, by establishing evidence of its determination, which is imposed on man by his subordination to Sharia law, so it was a science. Jurisprudence is the science responsible for carrying out this task. Therefore, my approach became towards jurisprudential research within the manuscript book of Sheikh Muhammad bin Al-Hasan Al-Tusi Al-Mashhadi (may God have mercy on him). For a serious attempt to show something of the jurisprudential heritage

King Charles I ascended the English throne after the death of his father, King James I. At that time people in most were embracing the Catholic faith as a result of the king’s notorious religious politics, which made the people abhor the Protestant faith embraced by King James I. That policy was characterized by the suppression of Catholics, and the prosecution of Protestants who refused Comply with the laws imposed by him.
The reign of King Charles I was characterized by relative tolerance with Catholics. Some researchers believe that this policy did not come as a result of his being influenced by his Catholic wife Henrietta Maria, daughter of the French King Henry IV, but rather to achieve personal interests, meaning that the change did not take place for the sake of religious reform, but for the sake of Improving economic and political relations with the French. What confirms this is that he burdened the people, especially the middle class, with taxes, which led to the rebellion of the Scots, and the declaration of war against King Charles I in what was known as the First and Second Bishops’ War, and as a result led to the victory of the republicans and the end of the monarchy and the execution of the king in 1649.

The research aims to learn about the volume of traffic accidents on the highway (Baghdad - Hilla) Road No. (1) within the period (2010 - 2022) through their classification and analysis and follow -up statistics related to each type of these incidents and knowledge of the most occurring types, and follow the research methodology of quantitative analysis and The site concluded that the number of traffic accidents is in the event of an increase during that period, as it reached the highest total in the year (2022) by (514) accidents from the total accidents of accident In (the research area), with a rate of (60.0%) of the total accidents, while the percentage of the road, vehicle and pedestrians (14.8%, 8.7%, 7.9%) reached an accident from the total, and it is clear that the flow of traffic depends on the signs that the road has Traffic and signals indicating it, and that the road be an engineering, service and social dimension to reduce road accidents (the research area).

The weight and shape of the body represent an “important” part of the human personality and the social image that reflects the person’s awareness of the negative aspects of being overweight whether on physical or psychological health, With the development of global means of communication, media and advertising, it has become easy for everyone to see international standards for weight and beauty, especially for females, which led to development of phenomenon of fear of fat because the phenomenon of obesity has a negative stereotype in the civilized person, which prompted the researcher to test hypothesis of the existence of this phenomenon among females in Iraqi society significantly more than males, this required translating a special scale (GFFS, Goldfarb et al.,1985) to measure the fear of fat and then applying it to university students. Indeed, the results were identical to this hypothesis, which established a set of recommendations and proposals based on these results.

The importance of the research lies in the importance of these organizations and the policies they aspire to in order to control the world, with an economic perspective that aims to economically exhaust countries to create economic dependency in them to serve expansionist political goals, especially what the world is suffering from today in terms of a large population explosion and what it needs to provide the necessary food and control food security for any geographical area that follows that organization. The current study relied on a number of geographical approaches and political geography approaches in particular, including the historical approach that aims to shed light on these organizations and the history of their emergence, development and spread in the world
From a political geography perspective, it comes from the importance of the region imposed by its geographical location and what it gives in terms of local and site advantages and what the region holds in its bag of economic resources, natural and water resources and hydrocarbon energy resources. From a geopolitical perspective, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development seeks to impose its control and economic hegemony over the region, especially in the field of food, energy and water
In light of this, the Middle East and International Cooperation Organization (MEICO) Energy and Infrastructure Working Group was established in response to a memorandum issued by the Ministerial Conference held between them in 2009, which is concerned with opinions related to policies to encourage private investment in the field of renewable energy in the Middle East countries, based on the opinions and experiences of the private sector. The organization aims to align its policies to encourage investment companies and direct them towards investing in the field of energy for oil and natural gas in the Middle East countries in an attempt to impose economic control over the global oil market

The Air Quality Index (AQI) for the Ankawa station in Erbil Governorate was monitored for 553 days, starting from January 1, 2023, until September 4, 2024, located at the geographical coordinates of 36° 14′ 04″ N - 43° 58′ 56″ E, just 720 meters away from Erbil International Airport. The study concluded that 98% of the coarse particles (PM10) fell within the first air pollution level (Healthy). The PM2.5 values for fine particles varied, with 41% falling within the first air pollution level (Healthy), 29% within the second level (Acceptable), and 24% within the third level (Unhealthy for sensitive groups). The fourth pollution level (Unhealthy) was recorded for 45 days, representing 9%, while only 1% fell within the fifth pollution level (Hazardous), influenced by urban air pollutants and geographical factors. As for the PM1 values (ultrafine particles), 69% were within the (Healthy) level, 126 days (23%) fell within the second pollution level (Acceptable), 49 days (10%) were recorded within the third level (Unhealthy for sensitive groups), and only 2% fell within the fourth level (Unhealthy). It is necessary to follow strict environmental policies by enforcing laws on pollution-causing waste.

Menippean satire is a form of offensive satire that dates back to the third millennium BC, and is attributed to the philosopher (Menippe ben Gadar). This literary genre is characterized by a carnival spirit, flexibility, and the ability to change and develop with the political and cultural conditions of society. Its most important features include freedom from historical restrictions related to memories, freedom from traditions related to aspects of life, and focus on elements of humor, wild imagination, a spirit of adventure, the presence of scandalous, deviant and crazy scenes, and imaginary events that take place on wide roads. And dens of thieves, prisons, as well as desecration of the sacred and sanctification of the profane. The research seeks to identify these satirical aspects included in the novelistic discourse, which is characterised by a carnivalesque spirit and multiple voices.

The research aims to study the morphometrics of the Kyuhrash area, which is located in the Sulaymaniyah Governorate, as the area is an anticline characterized by the presence of sloping valley basins to define the fold area. Thus, the geological formations, elevation categories, climate, soil, natural vegetation, and water network characteristics were studied, as it was noted that all The basins of the research area have reached advanced stages of their geomorphological cycle, except for the first and second basin, which was in the mature stage. The influence of the formations of the Middle and Lower Jurassic period, the formations of the Quaternary period, and the encroachment of large rocks influenced the formation of these two basins, as well as the intensity of the flow with the direction of the slope, which does not allow the water flow to slow down ,especially since. The seasonal rains are interspersed with a rainstorm .

The research aims to study the morphometrics of the Kyuhrash area, which is located in the Sulaymaniyah Governorate, as the area is an anticline characterized by the presence of sloping valley basins to define the fold area. Thus, the geological formations, elevation categories, climate, soil, natural vegetation, and water network characteristics were studied, as it was noted that all The basins of the research area have reached advanced stages of their geomorphological cycle, except for the first and second basin, which was in the mature stage. The influence of the formations of the Middle and Lower Jurassic period, the formations of the Quaternary period, and the encroachment of large rocks influenced the formation of these two basins, as well as the intensity of the flow with the direction of the slope, which does not allow the water flow to slow down ,especially since. The seasonal rains are interspersed with a rainstorm .

This research aims to evaluate the Arabic language textbook for the sixth preparatory grade in light of the language skills- approach.To achieve the research objective, the researcher adopted the descriptive-analytical method. The research population and sample consisted of the content of the Arabic language textbook for the sixth grade for the school year (2023-2024). After reviewing the related literature, the researcher prepared an open questionnaire directed to specialists to identify suitable language skills- approach criteria for the sixth grade. Subsequently, a list of skill-based approach criteria that should be present in the Arabic language textbook for the sixth preparatory grade was developed. The questionnaire included 97 criteria
analysts using the (G-cooper) equation, resulting in acceptable stability coefficients. For data analysis and result extraction, the researcher relied on frequencies and percentages. After analyzing the topics included in the Arabic language textbook for the sixth preparatory grade in light of the language skills approach, the research results showed the following:The writing skill domain ranked first with a frequency of (2235) and a percentage of (33.11%), the speaking skill domain ranked second with a frequency of (1972) and a percentage of (29.21%), the listening skill domain ranked third with a frequency of (1435) repetitions and a percentage of (21.26%), and the reading skill domain ranked last with a frequency of (1108) and a percentage of (16.42%).

This research aims to evaluate the Arabic language textbook for the sixth preparatory grade in light of the language skills- approach.To achieve the research objective, the researcher adopted the descriptive-analytical method. The research population and sample consisted of the content of the Arabic language textbook for the sixth grade for the school year (2023-2024). After reviewing the related literature, the researcher prepared an open questionnaire directed to specialists to identify suitable language skills- approach criteria for the sixth grade. Subsequently, a list of skill-based approach criteria that should be present in the Arabic language textbook for the sixth preparatory grade was developed. The questionnaire included 97 criteria
analysts using the (G-cooper) equation, resulting in acceptable stability coefficients. For data analysis and result extraction, the researcher relied on frequencies and percentages. After analyzing the topics included in the Arabic language textbook for the sixth preparatory grade in light of the language skills approach, the research results showed the following:The writing skill domain ranked first with a frequency of (2235) and a percentage of (33.11%), the speaking skill domain ranked second with a frequency of (1972) and a percentage of (29.21%), the listening skill domain ranked third with a frequency of (1435) repetitions and a percentage of (21.26%), and the reading skill domain ranked last with a frequency of (1108) and a percentage of (16.42%).

The relationship between language and society is an integral relationship. There is no society without language and no language without society. The Holy Quran has preserved this relationship for us in its most complete form. The Holy Quran has expressed the Arab society in general and the Islamic society in particular, in a language through which we were able to discover many of the advantages and disadvantages of this society. It also conveyed to us the directives that the Quran was keen to be in the interest of this society and the human societies that follow it. In this research, I was keen to stand on some of the features of this relationship between the Quranic word and the social meaning, using a contemporary interpretive corpus, namely “Tafsir Zahrat al-Tafasir” by the scholar Muhammad bin Abi Zahra. In his corpus, there is great linguistic effort and clear interest in the social aspect of language. He was interested - may God have mercy on him - in the social context and collecting linguistic and social evidence to reach the meaning of words and structures. This interest is nothing but a clear attention from the Sheikh to the importance of the social aspect in linguistic analysis. I was keen to highlight this aspect in this research. May God grant success.

The relationship between language and society is an integral relationship. There is no society without language and no language without society. The Holy Quran has preserved this relationship for us in its most complete form. The Holy Quran has expressed the Arab society in general and the Islamic society in particular, in a language through which we were able to discover many of the advantages and disadvantages of this society. It also conveyed to us the directives that the Quran was keen to be in the interest of this society and the human societies that follow it. In this research, I was keen to stand on some of the features of this relationship between the Quranic word and the social meaning, using a contemporary interpretive corpus, namely “Tafsir Zahrat al-Tafasir” by the scholar Muhammad bin Abi Zahra. In his corpus, there is great linguistic effort and clear interest in the social aspect of language. He was interested - may God have mercy on him - in the social context and collecting linguistic and social evidence to reach the meaning of words and structures. This interest is nothing but a clear attention from the Sheikh to the importance of the social aspect in linguistic analysis. I was keen to highlight this aspect in this research. May God grant success.

The issue of obligatory grammar occupied Arabic scholars, as the obligation is one of the original grammatical provisions along with permissibility and abstinence, because it is a fundamental pillar for understanding the structure and structure of language, as it is one of the basic rules that regulate the use of words and their order in the sentence accurately, and this research aims to study the due judgment in determining the correct grammatical formula in which words and sentences must be, which contributes to the clarity of meaning and ease of expression, to show how the meaning contributes to highlighting and clarifying speech in the speaker, This will be done through the practical examples covered by the research.

During Grover Cleveland's first Presidential term 1885-1889, the United States witnessed significant reforms. In the Area of Civil Service, Cleveland Prioritized merit and integrity in appointments rather than party loyalty. He also took steps to address racial Discrimination against African Americans, Ensuring Accountability for those who harmed or intimidated them, Particularly in Education and Public life. Cleveland Addressed Issues Related to land and Property rights by passing Legislation aimed at Integrating African Americans and Protecting their ownership Rights from White settlers. This law Sought to Safeguard Native American Lands while also Promoting Cultural Assimilation. Additionally, Cleveland made some progress in resolving labor issues, allowing workers to form Unions to Advocate for their rights and mediate disputes with Employers. His Presidency was marked by a Conservative approach, Responding to the Challenges of the time with a focus on Organizing Economic and Social Affairs.

The investigation aims to examine the varied instances of philological anomalies found in verb formations which diverge from the anticipated standard morphological structures. Linguists have utilized these instances as substantiation to corroborate their viewpoints and bolster their hypotheses regarding morphological issues. The verb instances have been categorized based on the phenomenon of dialectical diversity within Arab communities. Through the analysis of certain cases, it has been illustrated that the deviations in verb formations from the prescribed norms in Arabic can be traced back to ancient origins in Semitic languages, exerting a significant impact on Classical Arabic. The morphological discrepancies in verbs encompassed the configurations of past tense and the resultant present tense, in both regular and irregular verbs. Linguistic data has indicated that verbs did not consistently adhere to rigid morphological regulations; instead, each classical dialect adhered to its distinct morphological framework.

Such as the Syrian-Lebanese Unionist Conference, or what was known as the Sahel Conference, held In 1933, one of the most important historical milestones associated with the subject of the conferences, adding unity between the two countries, Syria and Lebanon, because of the decisions It carried that represented the aspirations and Ideas of the Lebanese-Syrian political elite regarding unity under the French authorities and the restrictions they imposed. A political reality based on the fragmentation of the two countries, especially In Lebanon, where the occupation authorities planted the seeds of political division and sectarian conflict to tear apart the unity of the structure of Lebanese society, as the recent events and developments experienced by the Lebanese Republic In 1933 witnessed the sectarian conflict between Christians and Muslims to assume the presidential position of the Lebanese Republic from both sects, On the other hand, the unionist masses in the coast and the four.

Allah Almighty has blessed his servants with lineage. He Almighty said ]And it is He who created from water a human being and made him a relative by bloodline and marriage. And your Lord is ever competent[. (Al-Furqan: 54.(
It is proven by a legitimate marriage in which its pillars and conditions are met and its impediments are absent. Lineage is not proven by forbidden things such as adultery and fornication. Lineage is the origin of the family and the strongest pillar that binds its members to it with the ties of forty kinships, affection and mercy. It is a blessing from Allah Almighty. Without lineage, the family bond would be severed and relations between its members would be severed. As we know, Islamic law isolates itself with the family bond and seeks to struggle to protect its umbrellas over its components. It has placed it among the necessities that people’s lives are based on. Likewise, lineage is one of the five faculties that control religion, the soul, lineage, the mind and money. Islam has taken a positive stance against relativity, so genealogy gained great honor, represented by the interest of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him and his family) and his urging to learn it. Many scholars have taken up the task of working on it, as an extension of their work on the science of history, which cannot do without genealogy. In order to preserve the family lineage, the phenomenon of adoption has been abolished. The accompanying child cannot prove his lineage to the one who adopted him because he is not a biological child, and the lineage cannot be proven by an invalid contract that is not valid, as it is one of its pillars. However, once the lineage is proven, rights, duties and matters appear, such as the right to custody of children, the right to register them and provide for them, and the right to inheritance. The lineage has been proven, especially in marriage and forbidden matters, such as the prohibition of incest, when the registered lineage is registered in the sanctuary and social rights that are summarized in the function of honoring parents, maintaining kinship, and the rights of kinship.

The events and circumstances faced by the Arab Islamic state as a result of turmoil and strife transformed many of its institutions into multi-functional entities. For example, the state's army was no longer merely tasked with conquests, defending against external enemies, and protecting the state's borders. In addition to these roles, it also undertook various security duties, primarily focusing on suppressing movements opposing the state and countering opposition. The administration of provinces and regions also played a prominent security role, with governors becoming one of the most important security tools, if not the most extended arm in security matters. The army during the Umayyad era played a crucial role in maintaining security and stability. It was one of the key forces through which the state reinforced its control and expanded its territory. The Umayyad army consisted of diverse elements, including Arabs, who formed the backbone of the army, in addition to fighters from the Berbers, Persians, and other peoples who embraced Islam. This diversity contributed to creating a formidable military power for the state. The army was perhaps one of the most visible Umayyad institutions, particularly in confronting adversaries. This is natural, given that the military is, in all circumstances, a security institution whose function is to protect the state's security from both external threats and internal dangers. The Umayyad Caliphate, despite the complexity of internal challenges and the severity of external dangers, succeeded in extending its influence by land and sea over a vast area, encompassing a significant portion of the ancient world. Its borders stretched from the edges of China in the east to southern France in the west. The state managed to conquer Africa, the Maghreb, Andalusia, southern Gaul, Sindh, and Transoxiana in a rapid expansion that continues to astonish scholars. The Umayyad army was well-organized, divided into units and detachments, each with its own leader overseeing it. The Umayyad caliphs relied on prominent military leaders to manage campaigns and expand the state's borders. The Umayyad army did not attain its significance immediately; it underwent developmental stages that paralleled the general evolution of the Arab Islamic state since its inception. This allowed the army to fulfill its role as an institution with policies, objectives, and principles. Thanks to this powerful and organized army, the Umayyad state managed to endure for more than ninety years and control vast areas of the Islamic world.

The events and circumstances faced by the Arab Islamic state as a result of turmoil and strife transformed many of its institutions into multi-functional entities. For example, the state's army was no longer merely tasked with conquests, defending against external enemies, and protecting the state's borders. In addition to these roles, it also undertook various security duties, primarily focusing on suppressing movements opposing the state and countering opposition. The administration of provinces and regions also played a prominent security role, with governors becoming one of the most important security tools, if not the most extended arm in security matters. The army during the Umayyad era played a crucial role in maintaining security and stability. It was one of the key forces through which the state reinforced its control and expanded its territory. The Umayyad army consisted of diverse elements, including Arabs, who formed the backbone of the army, in addition to fighters from the Berbers, Persians, and other peoples who embraced Islam. This diversity contributed to creating a formidable military power for the state. The army was perhaps one of the most visible Umayyad institutions, particularly in confronting adversaries. This is natural, given that the military is, in all circumstances, a security institution whose function is to protect the state's security from both external threats and internal dangers. The Umayyad Caliphate, despite the complexity of internal challenges and the severity of external dangers, succeeded in extending its influence by land and sea over a vast area, encompassing a significant portion of the ancient world. Its borders stretched from the edges of China in the east to southern France in the west. The state managed to conquer Africa, the Maghreb, Andalusia, southern Gaul, Sindh, and Transoxiana in a rapid expansion that continues to astonish scholars. The Umayyad army was well-organized, divided into units and detachments, each with its own leader overseeing it. The Umayyad caliphs relied on prominent military leaders to manage campaigns and expand the state's borders. The Umayyad army did not attain its significance immediately; it underwent developmental stages that paralleled the general evolution of the Arab Islamic state since its inception. This allowed the army to fulfill its role as an institution with policies, objectives, and principles. Thanks to this powerful and organized army, the Umayyad state managed to endure for more than ninety years and control vast areas of the Islamic world.

Linguistic studies have witnessed successive and extensive developments since the revelation of the Holy Quran, whose influence spread across the world. Scholars have continually studied its language and concepts, not limited to any specific time frame, as research into the Quran continues to this day. With the advancement of linguistic studies across various languages, especially linguistics, which has imposed its influence through the systematization of phenomena and the establishment of terminologies, the focus shifted to studying language in its practical use. Linguists developed systems and defined theories, including the contextual theory, which emphasizes that language study must not be isolated from the external factors surrounding it. Lexical meaning alone is insufficient to comprehend the intended message in utterances.
This study consists of an introduction and two main sections. The introduction addresses the concept of context as understood by Arab and Western scholars, the meaning and significance of particles, and the relationship between context and particles.
The first section explores the role of context in the Quranic verses with differing meanings, presenting applications of how context specifies certain particles and words. The second section investigates the role of context in verses with similar wording, highlighting the impact of the omission of particles in these verses.
Ultimately, the study arrived at several conclusions, which represent the culmination of efforts in this research. The objective is to identify some theoretical rules for the unseen meanings within Quranic discourse through the practical procedures offered by contextual theory and its analytical framework. This analysis shapes and defines the overall meanings of utterances. I humbly seek Allah’s guidance for success in this endeavor.

The study included highlighting the wheat crop due to its importance as a source of food and its economic importance, as it cannot be dispensed with. On this basis, the country’s agricultural production is measured. Climatic elements are among the most important factors affecting the area of cultivated land and the amount of production of the wheat crop, especially (temperatures and rainfall). Through the study, we learn about the necessary requirements for its cultivation by studying and analyzing the cultivated lands and the production quantity of the crop in Baghdad Governorate during the period((2005-2016 The production quantity varied from one season to another, and studying the correlation between the quantity of the crop and climatic elements. The study reached the following conclusions: The study area contributes.55.5 % to the wheat crop production and an increase(in the cultivated area and the amount of production of the crop for the last seasons of the study. The optimum temperature has a weak negative inverse relationship, while the minimum temperature has a weak positive direct relationship, while the maximum temperature has a weak negative relationship. There is a strong negative inverse relationship and total rainfall has a strong positive direct relationsh.

The study included highlighting the wheat crop due to its importance as a source of food and its economic importance, as it cannot be dispensed with. On this basis, the country’s agricultural production is measured. Climatic elements are among the most important factors affecting the area of cultivated land and the amount of production of the wheat crop, especially (temperatures and rainfall). Through the study, we learn about the necessary requirements for its cultivation by studying and analyzing the cultivated lands and the production quantity of the crop in Baghdad Governorate during the period((2005-2016 The production quantity varied from one season to another, and studying the correlation between the quantity of the crop and climatic elements. The study reached the following conclusions: The study area contributes.55.5 % to the wheat crop production and an increase(in the cultivated area and the amount of production of the crop for the last seasons of the study. The optimum temperature has a weak negative inverse relationship, while the minimum temperature has a weak positive direct relationship, while the maximum temperature has a weak negative relationship. There is a strong negative inverse relationship and total rainfall has a strong positive direct relationsh.

One of the beauties of the Arabic language and the nature of its scholars is that it is communicative enough for debate, which is a testament to the continuous intellectual and cognitive movement. The istidrak (redresses) made by one grammarian in response to the views of another grammarian are purely the result of contemplation and reflection, attempting to rectify former works either by responding to or correcting them. What we find in Ibn Ayaz (also Iyaz) are redresses, some of which are misplaced, while others are attempts to enrich his own views and demonstrate his grammatical footprint in his book Al-Mahsul in explaining (fi Sharh) Al-Fusul. He followed a descriptive approach to present his grammatical opinions in detail and in response to others. Despite there being grammatical beliefs of other grammarians that Ibn Ayas also commented on, I chose to focus this study on the views of Ibn Mu’at and the reconsiderations of Ibn Ayas alone, amounting to 24 issues. I did not find any previous research addressing this subject, so my research paper comprised twenty-four grammatical issues, followed by my own views as a researcher on what Ibn Ayas mentioned, the research conclusions, and finally the list of references.

The research deals with the results of theses and university dissertations completed in the geography departments of the colleges (Ibn Rushd Education, Girls Education, Arts) at the University of Baghdad, where the completed research is classified according to its precise specializations to determine the number and percentage that each specialization constitutes of the total geographical dissertations and theses in general, in addition to trying to track the change that occurred during the research period in geographical topics and interests, as well as tracking the development in the extent of employing statistical and technical methods to achieve research objectives, with an attempt to interpret the results, so that the research concludes with a set of conclusions, including noting that geographical dissertations and theses have achieved a great leap in the field of benefiting from the development that has occurred in the field of statistics, geographic information systems and remote sensing, in addition to keeping pace with geography students with emerging topics and problems and trying to address them from a geographical perspective, such as the problems of pollution and climate change, and it was also noted that researchers are not interested in specializing in some branches of geography for many reasons that the researcher tried to list in the text of the research, such as regional geography, historical geography, medical geography and geographical thought.

The current research aims to identify (the effect of the cognitive journeys strategy via the Web Quest on the achievement and creative thinking of fourth-grade literary students in the subject of literature and texts). The researcher followed the appropriate experimental method in his research, and chose his research community, Baghdad Governorate, and a sample of fourth-grade literary students intentionally from (Al-Iraq Al-Nahedh for Boys) Preparatory School affiliated with the Baghdad Education Directorate, Al-Rusafa/Third, for the academic year (2023-2024). The research sample amounted to (71) students who were randomly distributed between two groups, the first experimental, numbering (35) students, studied using (the cognitive journeys strategy via the Web Quest), and the other control, numbering (36) students, studied in the traditional way. The researcher rewarded between the two research groups in the following variables: (chronological age calculated in months, parents' academic achievement, intelligence test, and creative thinking test). The researcher formulated (146) behavioral goals and prepared teaching plans, and chose a topic from the Arabic language curriculum (literature The texts) / the first part; to represent the two research tools included in (the achievement test) which consisted of (40) multiple choice paragraphs, while the creative thinking test was developed according to general situations in daily life, and consisted of (30) paragraphs, and the creative thinking test included five skills each (fluency, flexibility, originality, elaboration, and sensitivity to problems), and the two tests were characterized by honesty, stability, and objectivity, after the researcher presented them to a group of experts and specialists in Arabic language curricula and teaching methods, measurement and evaluation, and the researcher applied the two tests represented by (achievement, and creative thinking) to the research sample at the end of the experiment, and the researcher used appropriate statistical methods in his research, and the research results showed the superiority of the students of the experimental group who studied using (the cognitive journeys strategy via the web quest) over the students of the control group who studied using the traditional method in achievement, and creative thinking. The researcher recommended the necessity of employing (cognitive trips via web quest) which have proven their effectiveness in teaching literature and texts to fourth grade literary students, as they develop research, investigation and electronic discovery skills. And raise the level of achievement among students. The researcher suggested conducting several studies, including: a study similar to the current research in other variables such as: (expressive performance, reflective thinking, visual thinking, and acquisition), the gender variable, and other branches of the Arabic language.

The current research aims to identify The effect of situational learning strategies In the achievement of fourth-grade female students In the subject of biology and their Smart thinking, The research sample consisted of (67) female students, with (35) female students in the first experimental group taught according to situational learning strategies, and (32) female students in the second control group who study according to the usual method, The female students of the two groups were statistically equal in a number of variables. The experiment took an entire semester. The researcher prepared two research tools: the achievement test for biology, and The smart thinking scale,The results revealed a statistically significant difference between the arithmetic averages For the grades of female students in the experimental group and female students in the control group In the achievement test for biology and the clever thinking scale, in favor of the experimental group.

Ishraq cannot be described as an unscientific movement that did not serve our Arab history because they transferred our culture and sanctities to European society while having goals and intentions hostile to Islam and the Arabs. Otherwise, the hidden goals and motives of the Orientalists were driven and supported by their church. Otherwise, there is no explanation. Writing books for a century on everything related to peace and shedding light on Qur’anic studies, such as interpreting and translating Qur’anic texts, as well as what is related to the Noble Hadith and the Sunnah of the Prophet, as well as interpreters of the narrations, revealing that they did not have a unified approach in translating the Qur’a Honorable, while all Orientalists claim that they committed themselves to objective scientific research, as they translated the meanings of the Qur’an, transmitted the Noble Hadith, and committed themselves to scientific neutrality, the errors, methodological gaps, and sources in Orientalist research on Islam and Muslims have prevailed, in which exaggeration and doubt, relying on weak narratives, and insulting people have prevailed. Who transmitted those narratives, end of story.
The Orientalists have launched a systematic war against Islam and Muslims in particular and against Arabism in general. Since the nineteenth century, they have focused on studying the Qur’an, in its collection, reading, arrangement, and even its style and drawing. Among the most important of these Orientalists are (Arbery, Goldseeher, Noldeke, Geoffrey, Blachaire, De Sacy, Massignon).

The city of karak is one of the Islamic cities that the muslims consquered and enlightened the spread of islam, and this city had a great impact andprivacy , as it became a beacon of knowledge ,as this city hadagreat impact with neighboring countries and became of a prominent position in the Arabian peninsula ,as it was for our study about this city in terms of location , development and the most important practical achievements and the urban status andits significant economic impact in the field of arab Islamic history.
Karak is considered one of the ancient historical cities and is the capital of the Karak Governorate. Its ancient name was Qir Moab. It was also known as Karaka, which means in the Aramaic language the fortified or walled city. It was mentioned in the Torah, and during the reign of the Ayyubid King al-Salih Ayyub, it was a sprawling kingdom extending From Wadi Al-Jawf to the city of Damascus in Syria, Karak is referred to as the mother of cities, as a number of its people emigrated and established the city of Ramallah in Palestine and the city of Madaba in Jordan. Therefore, it is considered the city of scenes of redemption.

The current research dealt with the workplace identity of employees, and according to Lloyd et al., 2011, the workplace identity is a construct of the self with multiple identities, facets, and layers, in which the self-concept is the fundamental basis and integrative function, which constitutes the roles in which individuals engage in the context of their job work. Therefore, the current research sought to achieve the following goals:
1- Identifying employees workplace identity.
2- Identifying employees workplace identity according to the gender variable (males, females)
For the purpose of achieving the research objectives, the researcher adopted the workplace identity scale prepared by Solphey (2020), to measure workplace identity, as the scale consists of five areas: centrality of work (6items), the area self-identity(5items), and the areas of compatibility between the organization. The individual (4) items, the job suitability domain (3) items. The scales were presented to a number of arbitrators in order to extract apparent validity, and (all items) wrer approved for the workplace identity scale, and for the purpose of extracting psychometric properties. It was applied to a sample of (400) male and female employees, who were selected using a stratified random sampling method. After that, the items of the scale were analyzed using the two extreme groups method and the relationship of the item to the total score. All (21) items accepted. As for the reliability indicators, the reliability index reached Cranach's alpha method (0.815). After applying the scale and conducting statistical analysis according to the objectives, the research the following results:
1- That employees have a workplace identity.
2- There is no difference in workplace identity between males and females.

The research aims to analyze the spatial effects resulting from population growth and urban expansion on the efficiency of service distribution in the New Baghdad Municipality Unit and the extent to which it is compatible with the needs of the population, and to provide planning strategies to improve the efficiency of service distribution and ensure its sustainability in the face of urban and demographic challenges in the research area, as population growth and increasing urban expansion in the New Baghdad Municipality Unit constitute a great pressure on the infrastructure and services provided. This rapid population expansion has exacerbated many challenges, and the continuous increase in the population has doubled the demand for various public services, leading to a deficit in the capacity of existing facilities. Therefore, the study concluded that the education sector suffers from a severe and large shortage in the number of kindergartens and schools, which led to the emergence of a double and triple shift system in some areas, which negatively affects the quality of education and student absorption. Health centers and hospitals also face major challenges due to a shortage of buildings, health centers, medical personnel and equipment. The study concluded that there is one hospital under construction and (9) health centers, which leads to an insufficient number of health facilities to keep pace with the population increase. The study also concluded that there is a significant shortage in recreational services, with the exception of cafes and restaurants, which are oversupplied. If these rates of population growth continue without well-thought-out plans, service problems are expected to worsen, threatening the quality of life of residents and hindering sustainable development in the region. Therefore, effective urban planning and increased investments in educational, health and recreational institutions have become an urgent necessity.

The semantic investigations in their various types constitute an important aspect of the field of Usul al-Fiqh (Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence), due to their significance in understanding and analyzing the meanings of religious texts. This study focuses specifically on a crucial semantic aspect: derivation, and elucidates its importance in Usul studies according to al-Tufi. The Arabic language is rich in both morphological and semantic derivation. Many words in the language have been identified by scholars as branching into derivatives that are connected by semantic bonds. The research particularly highlights al-Tufi's efforts in this area, noting references in his book SharhMukhtasar al-Rawdah to the importance of derivation in Usul terminology, and its role in generating new words and concepts, as well as linking meanings between words. The research was divided into two sections: The first - Al-Tawfi and his Ktab Sharh Mukhtasar Al-Rawdah. The second - Derivation in Sharh Mukhtasar Al-Rawdah and Al-Tawfi’s position on it.

The characteristics and qualities of groundwater Different In her lineageFrom one area to another According to to Rainfall amount and intensity Firstly And nature Topography, rock composition and vegetation secondly In general, the percentage of water seeping into the ground ranges between (15- 20%) of the amount of infiltrated rain water where Groundwater plays a role indifference Its types play a prominent role in the ranges .dry little Rain, as its presence contributes to increasing agricultural areas.and human settlement
Our research aims To know the most important Features The chemistry of groundwater in Hatra district, Nineveh Governorate, through studying the depths of wells and groundwater levels in the manta Accuse me Productivity (water discharge) as an indicator necessary to express The extent of the abundance of underground reservoirs
How it works: Knowing the most important chemical properties of groundwaterThe researchers resorted to selecting (60) locations distributed in a scientifically studied manner covering all parts of the research area, where the depths of the wells and their production capacity were measured as important spatial characteristics that give a comprehensive picture of the nature of those wells and the extent of their benefit in establishing various projects, in addition to relying on the results of analyzing the samples taken directly from the wells by the researchers, and their number reached (20) wells if they were analyzed in the General Directorate of Agriculture in Anbar Governorate, and the other section was taken from the Ministry of Water Resources, the General Authority for Groundwater Investment, the Private Information Bank Department in Nineveh Governorate andWhich mainly represents its content of total dissolved salts (TDS) and the hydrogen ion (PH) and electrical conductivity (EC) and nitrates (NO3) and sulfatesSO4) and chloride (CL) and the sodium adsorption rate (SAR)To know the features and characteristics Its geographical distribution varies between parts of the research area.
The most important results of the research: Variation of well depths and groundwater levels between parts of the research area ,and The diversity of its sources of nutrition and the difference in the abundance of water within the groundwater reservoirs, And The groundwater of the studied wells was classified in terms of the value of (PH) It is divided into two categories, which range from neutral to weakly alkaline water.As it appeared The research showed that the rates of total dissolved salts varied between the studied wells due to their variation in proximity to groundwater sources and variation in water velocity within cracks and pores in the rock.

This research aims to present the general and specific authentications adopted by the Imamis, and to monitor the criticism and validation that authenticated trustworthy narrators and weakened weak ones among the hadith transmitters. Therefore, the researcher adopted a descriptive and inductive approach to monitoring the weakening and validation in narrators' sources and studies. The importance of the research stems from the studies that express their opinions on the treatment of general and specific authentications and validations, a topic of research among scholars. The research structure included dividing the research into three sections: The first section included the narrators' characteristics among the Imamis; the second section included the foundations of authentication and validation of narrators among the Imamis; and the third section included monitoring the expressions and phrases of criticism and validation among the Imamis.

This study aims to explore the impact of employing the "Vote with Your Feet" strategy on the academic achievement and retention of fourth-year literary stream female students in sociology. The researchers formulated the following two null hypotheses:
1. There is no statistically significant difference at a significance level of (0.05) between the mean academic achievement scores of the experimental group students, who study sociology using the "Vote with Your Feet" strategy, and those of the control group students, who study the same subject using the traditional lecture method.
2. There is no statistically significant difference at a significance level of (0.05) between the mean retention scores of the experimental group students, who study sociology using the "Vote with Your Feet" strategy, and those of the control group students, who study the same subject using the traditional lecture method.
The researchers ensured statistical equivalence between the two groups using a t-test for variables such as age, first-semester sociology grades, and IQ scores, and a Chi-square test for parental educational attainment.
Based on the findings, the researchers concluded that the "Vote with Your Feet" strategy is effective within the parameters of the current study in enhancing the academic achievement and retention of sociology among fourth-year literary stream female students compared to the traditional lecture method.