AL-ADAB JOURNAL

This research deals with one of the lexicographic topics, which is the phonetic disagreement in the rejected words in the Arabic dictionary.It reveals the care of linguists in pointing out the rejected words. After investigation, it became clear that a number of words were mentioned in the Arabic dictionary. It contains substitution between consonants or vowels, and some scholars denied this substitution, where this study revealed.This study is divided into an introduction (the phenomenon of substitution in Arabic), and three themes. The first: it presented (the denial of substitution between consonants), the second: it included (the denial of substitution between vowels), and the third which this study tackled (the denial of reasoning vowelization).

Since the Arabic language is young, and it has not had a stage where it has aged, time has passed, and it is still fresh, the subject of attention of students and researchers, in ancient and modern times, at all its linguistic levels (phonetics, morphology, grammar, and semantics). The study of phonetics is considered the first foundation in all languages; the first building block, including the foundation and beginning, the sounds of a specific language are met together to form verbal structures, as the structures that in their meeting on discovery achieve what is called (language), what are these sounds that languages depend on? And how can this scientific status be achieved to form a specialized study of sounds called phonetics? The answer can be found in this research.

Abstract:
This research addresses the grammatical cause in conjugated verbs as discussed by Al-Qastallani in his book Latā'if al-Ishārāt li-Funūn al-Qirā'āt. Grammatical causation is considered one of the most important aspects of Arabic grammar, originating from the early grammarians, who first laid down the foundational rules. Grammatical reasoning is an essential phenomenon in the Arabic language that cannot be disregarded. This study demonstrates that Al-Qastallani was deeply passionate about grammatical causation, as he rarely passed over a topic without explaining the underlying linguistic causes. In most of his explanations, he followed the reasoning methods of earlier grammarians, adhering mainly to the Basran school of thought. This was evident from his grammatical arguments and opinions, where he appeared as both a transmitter and interpreter of grammatical rules, often supporting them with Qur'anic verses and poetic examples to validate the grammatical principles. He used specific terms to indicate causation, like "because," "for this reason," "due to," and "the lam of causation."Al-Qastallani was particularly concerned with explaining the grammatical, phonetic, and morphological rules in his work to clarify various rulings and solidify the correctness of Qur'anic readings. This, in turn, helps the listener understand complex issues and resolve ambiguities.

Some Egyptian and Levantine researchers worked on the etymology of the verbal syllable in Semitic languages (the insular). This research aims to shed light on the opinions that were said about the verbal syllable in the island languages. This work revealed the agreement of the Egyptian and Levantine researchers that the verbal refers to the unit of origin. It revealed that the relationship between the Semitic (island) language precedes the discovery of the Neskrit language, which was rumored to comparative studies. These studies have proven the existence of a clear relationship between the Arabic, Aramaic, Phoenician, Hebrew, and other languages through verbal commonality to the mother Semitic (insular) languages.

Since the beginning of the grammatical composition movement, the early grammarians have been keen to explain the grammatical functions. Even if they did not state their names, they realized the linguistic pillars and factors on which these functions depend, and the role they play within the grammatical structure. The first features of the Arabic linguistic theory were formed by their hands, which were concerned with linking the essence of language to its function. They thus understood that language is a means of communication between the speakers, and they found that the best method for studying language is the method that takes into account the circumstances of the discourse, and enhances the connection between the article and the situation on the one hand, and between the structure and the function on the other hand. This theory is considered the basis for the modern theory of functional grammar.

Forts and castles, as well as towers, served as lines of Defense for the places where they were established. The United Arab Emirates embraces many castles and fortresses of castles, forts, and historical buildings rooted in the depths of local history. Castles and fortresses over the centuries served as strongholds and residences for the rulers and leaders of the region. They also played a distinctive role in determining the history of people. The inhabitants of the region have been used to constructing forts and castles since the Umm Al Nar period, which flourished in the Emirates during the third millennium BC. Influential tribal leaders resided in fortified castles that oversaw the region and also protected the surrounding areas. The study aims to identify the most important forts and castles in the UAE and highlight the historical and social role of the historical and social fort of Sharjah during the past 200 years. The study relied on the historical approach to study the subject. The study came out with the most important results: castles and fortresses are spread all over the United Arab Emirates, in every city and village, there is a fort and a castle.

Foreign and internal political issues of common interest between Iraq and Iran had a clear impact on political relations. After the revolution of the 14th of July, １９５８ AD, when things had not yet fully stabilized in Iraq, some political contradictions and internal revolutions emerged, which led to the possibility of Iran and its allies influencing its paths and goals in an attempt to form the new regime in Iraq. The rapprochement that occurred between the two countries, especially after World War II, helped to overcome many related problems, and after the revolution of the 14th of July, １９５８ AD) in Iraq, Iran began searching for all matters related to the past to raise them against the new government to weaken and overthrowing it, or obtain regional gains. This also happened concerning the issue of withdrawal from the Baghdad Pact, as well as the issue of the borders in the Shatt al-Arab
Iraq has made clear that it adheres to friendly relations and cooperation with neighboring Arab countries and adheres to the policy of non-alignment declared by the revolution as well as emphasizes the issue of borders in the relations between the two countries, as any tension between them on the political level is the first thing that appears in the issue of borders. Especially since the Iranian side used this issue at times when Iraq followed a policy that Iran did not approve of; therefore, the issue of the Shatt al-Arab and Iran’s ambitions about it was the gateway to the crisis in the relations between the two countries. Despite this, the Iraqi government tried to avoid confrontation with Iran by trying to reach peaceful solutions to the differences between the two parties.

يهدف هذا البحث إلى استكشاف تطور الطب الإسلامي وأثره المستمر في الطب الحديث، إذ يتناول البحث كيفية إسهام العلماءAbstract: This research aims to explore the evolution of Islamic medicine and its enduring impact on modern medicine. It examines how Muslim scholars contributed to the development of medical sciences since the eighth century AD by establishing methodologies based on experimentation, observation, and patient case analysis. The study also highlights the reciprocal influences between Islamic medicine and other civilizations, such as the European civilization, which relied on translating Islamic medical texts starting from the twelfth century AD. This translation facilitated the transfer of medical knowledge and influenced the foundations of Western medicine. Additionally, the research analyzes medical theories developed by scholars like Al-Razi and Ibn Sina in diagnosis and treatment as well as surgical techniques introduced by Al-Zahrawi. The study demonstrates how a lot of therapeutic principles and terms established by Islamic medicine still retain their significance in contemporary medicine, making this heritage an

Abstract:
There were mosques in various Islamic regions in the Levant, Iraq, Egypt, Morocco, and Andalusia served as scientific and educational institutes and schools, as well as religious ones. Muslim scholars and jurists found the mosque to be the most appropriate place to study the book of Allah and the various religious sciences associated with it, due to the status and sanctity of the mosque among all Muslims. Some mosques and mosques became more like scientific universities from which many scholars, jurists and thinkers graduated, whose fame spread throughout the Islamic world. The Great Mosque in Cordoba was one of those beacons. The scientific and educational sciences that the Islamic world knew, as it was a scientific university to which students of science and knowledge flocked from various parts of the Islamic world and the European West, and various branches of science and basic knowledge were taught there, such as Islamic sciences such as legislation, interpretation, jurisprudence, the Prophet’s hadith, and other experimental and rational sciences, and many other experimental and rational sciences have emerged. Andalusia jurists who taught these sciences at the Great Mosque in Cordoba and who contributed to the progress and development of these sciences and their dissemination among the various groups of Andalusia society, as well as the graduation of a large number of students of science and knowledge specialized in religious sciences, who contributed to the spread of science and knowledge in various people thanks to the science and knowledge they received in this mosque.

The tourism industry in historical areas faces many challenges that lead to the deterioration of their physical condition and, thus, a decline in their historical value. These challenges may be due to environmental conditions, the local population, the authorities’ neglect of those sites, and the lack of sustainability surrounding the historical sites. Urban sustainability has thus increased tourism, with the emergence of the concept of sustainable tourism as one of the most prominent. Global tourism patterns at present are due to their pure and clean approach to preserving natural sites, balancing heritage, protecting the urban environment, preserving its identity, and marketing tourism in a sustainable manner, which benefits all parties involved in the sustainable tourism process that aims to optimize the investment of natural and urban resources and change from traditional tourism to cultural tourism. Therefore, the current research problem focuses on multiple challenges facing historical areas as a result of urban expansion and changing land uses surrounding historical areas, which may harm cultural heritage and hinder the promotion of the sustainable tourism industry.
Accordingly, this research aims to promote sustainable tourism in its intellectual and practical dimensions and its impact on historical regions to advance the reality of these regions and reach the highest possible efficiency in support of sustainable development in the long term with regard to their developments and impacts (social, economic, and cultural) on those historical regions.

The current study aims to review the role of the Emirates and the Sharjah administration in taking care of heritage. First, by defining the meaning of heritage and clarifying the concept of heritage awareness, then by examining the efforts of the government in merging the heritage with education, media, and law, in addition to establishing various cultural activities, especially the Sharjah Heritage Institute, and reviewing all its activities. Theoretically, the study shows the steps taken by Sharjah to enhance awareness of heritage among the population, while practically the study measures the awareness of heritage among the population, via an electronic questionnaires and analysis of it to find out the percentage of heritage awareness among the youth and the citizens to reach the results and recommendations of this study.

Cuneiform texts played an important role in ancient Iraq. By them, we were able to know the first written language in the world, which led us to the secrets and treasures of cuneiform writing. We were also able to know the various sciences and knowledge that they reached. Economic texts are considered one of the most important types of cuneiform texts, as these texts contain various contracts and daily transactions such as buying, selling, leasing, mortgage, guarantee, distribution, etc… Their study is of great importance because it fills a large gap of knowledge about the nature of the economic situation in those eras and how daily life was going in that society. The texts studied in this research included texts especially for distributing barley to a group of people. They also all have in common the fact that the king (Ibalbel II 1785-1773 BC), who ruled in the city of Tel Harmal (Babylonian ancient Shadboum). His rule lasted 19 years, and his period of rule is considered one of the most important. During the periods in the Kingdom of Eshnunna, the kingdom reached the height of its greatness, and its interest was not limited to one aspect only. He was interested in building and bringing statues, as well as the military aspect.

This research aims to identify the total government spending represented by the salaries of teachers and employees for the evening secondary schools in Baghdad, and the success rates of the completed intermediate and preparatory stages for the academic year 2016-2017. The study covered geographically all the evening secondary schools in the six General Directorates of Education of Baghdad, with a total of 24,450 male and female students. To achieve the aim of this study, a questionnaire was distributed, including data on the number of teaching staff and employees, the success rates of the intermediate and preparatory stages for the completed grades, and the annual spending of the six General Directorates of Education in Baghdad. The study also relied on the data of the estimated student share per capita for the academic year (2016/2017), which amounted to an annual cost of (936,223). Iraqi dinars per student.
The field study showed that the evening schools occupy (101) buildings for the six directorates, and the number of teaching staff reached (1,882) teachers, in addition to (361) employees. The annual success rate for the intermediate stage is (12%) for males and females, and for the preparatory stage is (32.9%) for the scientific branch, (15.2%) for the applied branch, and (16.5%) for the literary branch. The annual cost for students reached (22,890,652,350) Iraqi dinars. The study concluded with a set of proposals, the most important of which is to reduce the number of evening schools by canceling the schools with low success rates or transferring their students to private schools to reduce the large government expenditures compared to the low success rates.

This research is based on studying accumulated temperature degrees in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia at seasonal and annual levels. It aims to estimate the accumulated temperature degrees for each season of the year and estimate them at the annual level. The research also aims to classify the accumulated seasonal and annual temperature degrees into groups using the cluster analysis method. In carrying out the research, data were gained on monthly temperature data at (16) climatic stations affiliated with the National Meteorological Center in the city of Jeddah. These data extend over thirty years (1989 - 2018). This research highlighted many results, as the results showed that the highest accumulated seasonal temperature degree was 2877.3°C in Al-Ahsa station during summer, and the lowest degree was 401.7°C in Arar station during winter. Also, the highest accumulated annual temperature degree was 9192.4°C in Mecca station, which is the only station whose degree exceeded 9000°C, while the lowest degree was 4801°C at Abha station. The differences in classification of accumulated temperature degrees between Winter and Summer were very clear. Any group in Winter did not have stations in the same group in Summer, except Abha station, which indicates the large differences in the accumulated temperatures between the two solstices. Summer recorded the highest average of cumulative seasonal temperature degrees, which is 2533.9°C, while Winter recorded the lowest average of these temperature degrees, which is 997.3°C. Concerning standard deviation, Winter showed the highest standard deviation at 443°C, while Autumn showed the lowest standard deviation at 313.2°C. Regarding the average accumulated annual temperature degree and its standard deviation, the average was 7233.1°C, and the standard deviation was 1224.3°C.

In the marginal areas of Baghdad Governorate, industries face many challenges that hinder their growth and expansion, posing obstacles to their diversity and increased productivity, as well as their localization. These problems are manifested in (raw materials, capital, workforce, marketing, transportation methods, pollution), which directly and indirectly impact industries. The difficulty in accessing capital affects the availability of local and imported raw materials. Capital is also an unstable and worrying factor, linked to the stability of the economic, security, and political situation. Additionally, the workforce is characterized by instability in its work in the private sector, with some workers turning to government jobs due to the lack of future guarantees in the private sector. Most industrial establishments do not rely on daily production schedules but depend on consumer demand, leading to fluctuating and unstable work in industrial establishments, resembling a form of disguised unemployment in the industrial sector. Consequently, some workers have shifted to work in government industrial establishments, which have also become bloated with employees since 2003. A large portion of its industrial facilities are losing companies, costing the state significant amounts to cover the deficit in salary discrepancies in self-funded companies. The factories' lack of attention to occupational safety conditions has increased work risks and fear of working in some industries due to their danger. Additionally, industries face difficulty marketing their products due to import competition and the lack of government support through protecting local products and encouraging their local marketing. Inefficient transportation methods, lack of flexibility, and diversity have made it difficult to transport raw materials and final products between peripheral areas and the city of Baghdad. Regarding industrial pollution, often accompanying spontaneous and unplanned industrial growth, numerous problems affecting the environment arise, including health problems resulting from industrial pollutants. The selection of industrial sites should consider environmental and climatic determinants in industrial localization within the spatial zone. Failure to address these challenges generally leads to industrial growth weakening and declining, which is not in line with the promising future vision of industries in peripheral areas as industrial attraction zones and economic hubs for industrial clustering and transfer from the centre of Baghdad towards Al-Karkh and Al-Rusafa, according to the proposals of the Comprehensive Development Plan for the city of Baghdad for 2030. The economic activity in general and the industry in particular face many problems, including changes in demand for production in terms of quantity and type, the issue of raw materials, marketing, workforce, the weakness of financial resources (capital), and the inability to compete with foreign products. Most of its establishments have ceased operations due to the industrial sector's instability and stagnation resulting from the political instability in the country since 2003. This has led to the absence of a suitable investment environment, as industrial establishments in peripheral areas suffer from the obsolescence of production lines, their primitiveness, the lack of appropriate storage methods, the low skill level of the workforce, in addition to problems with infrastructure, its inefficiency, and power outages, as electricity plays a crucial role in operating production lines regularly. Therefore, there is a need to increase government financial support for the industrial sector by increasing annual financial allocations, considering the position that the Ministry of Industry and the industrial sector are supposed to occupy within the economic system in Iraq, especially with the presence of several companies and facilities under this ministry that require qualification and special support for development and achieving the expected and desired role.

Iraq does not differ much in its urban problems from the rest of the third and developed world countries in terms of the need for service lands, which is constantly increasing, which has led to illegal encroachment on legal land uses, distorting the aesthetics and environment of cities and affecting the level of quality of life in them. To choose the best solutions to overcome them and to increase the efficiency of development projects and the sustainability of urban life as well as the reality of the situation in Iraqi cities shows, the ideal solution is to think about the policy of establishing new cities, and to attract and completely contain the mother cities of additional cities, that is, real cities that are independent economically, physically (not satellite cities). ) It can share the burdens of urbanization with the mother city, to reach a wide network of cities and effectively connect them with extraordinary paths, seeking to achieve a kind of functional integration and mutual services among them, and to meet the housing need of the mother city. the research problem stemmed from the haziness and lack of clarity of the useful foundations and indicators for selecting new city locations (the inadequacies in locating the new city following the planning vision and regional relations) and the reliance on land availability alone, , according to a hypothesis that implementing the foundations and principles for selecting new city locations contributes to growth's success and continuity. The research aims to identify indicators that can be used to select appropriate locations for the planning and implementation of new cities through sustainable integration applications. Al-Mutanabbi, a recently established city, was used as an applied example in the study and analysis of new city planning. The research dealt with two main themes: the first dealt with the policy of the new city, its objectives, classification and positioning, and the second presented the concept of sustainable integration and its practical applications between cities and adopted the method of the analytical approach for the location of the new city of Al-Mutanabbi in Wasit Governorate, to reach the most important indicators of achieving spatial suitability in the signing of new Iraqi cities. Reaching approved standards in the future when signing new cities.

The most important aspect of the 21st century is opening new frontiers in human settlements, the remarkable concentration of people in major global cities and increasing urbanization. According to United Nations projections, 75% of the Earth's population will reside in urban areas by 2050. While urbanization, the growth of cities, and globalization have accelerated social and economic development, from here came the research problem, which is that urban planners need to rethink the methods used for urban planning and design and the city they envision, and how to find solutions to the spontaneous urbanization process and move to urban design adapting that harnesses the power of individual endeavour through sustainable urban projects. ‏
This research discussed the concept of spontaneous urbanization's characteristics, reasons for its formation, challenges and opportunities. Additionally, the urban project, its characteristics, and how to integrate it with sustainable development goals to design a sustainable urban project for spontaneous urbanization areas has been discussed. This research assumed that spontaneity has a positive and negative sides, and some researchers have addressed it with its positive meaning through international and Arab research benefiting from the positive characteristics and principles of spontaneous urbanization and how the urban project applies them to achieve sustainable social development through global experiences. It is concluded that spontaneous urbanization can complement official systems by providing housing for those not covered by official urban plans. This aspect reflects the ability of people to organize themselves and meet their basic needs in the absence of government solutions, and also through the implementation of the project. Urban can be formalized and the phenomenon controlled, with governmental intervention framed through sustainable urban projects, aiming to create flexible, socially sustainable, adaptable and easy-to-understand environments. Strengthening local strengths and individual endeavours in projects that serve them.

This study aims to identify the factors that caused the increase in housing need in the city of Fallujah, and to estimate the need, stock, and housing deficit therein. The survey approach was used to identify the factors that caused the increase in housing need in the city, and the quantitative approach was applied by a set of equations to estimate the housing need and the housing deficit. This study includes three topics. The first topic presents the factors that led to an increase in housing need. The second topic shows estimated housing need, the housing stock, and the housing deficit. The third topic indicates the estimated future housing need. It is concluded that the increase in housing need in the city of Fallujah resulted from a group of factors: These are factors related to population, those related to the characteristics of housing units, and factors related to some housing policies. It is also found that the housing need in the city in 2023 is estimated at (4216) housing units, while the uninhabitable stock reached (1562) housing units compared to (32883) inhabitable housing units, while the housing deficit reached (5778) housing units. The research recommends the necessity of working on an urban renewal policy for dilapidated and old housing units in the city, through the renovation and maintenance of old housing units, so that they are part of the housing stock for families with limited income.

The economic characteristics of females are among the vital topics that deserve study and analysis, given their increasing role in the economy. This research addresses the economic characteristics of the female population aged 15 and above in Baghdad Governorate (1997-2016) to understand the demographic structure and distribution. This study was carried out over a period, encompassing two main topics: the first topic covers the theoretical framework, while the second topic focuses on the spatial differences in the economic characteristics of the female population by district in Baghdad Governorate. The results showed a significant increase in the percentage of females involved in economic activities in the governorate from 10% in 1997 to 17% in 2016. Additionally, a significant increase in female unemployment rates during the study period is found. The research also indicated that females entering the labor market are influenced by a set of social and economic factors, with spatial distribution being linked to the extent of women’s presence in society, their educational levels, and the roles they undertake in economic activities.

This research aims to study and explain social behavior through the constructivist-functional theory between Talcon Parsons and Robert Merton. It was based on the following research hypotheses: “The constructivist-functionalist trend is characterized by providing many explanations for social behavior, between Parsons and Merton.” “Parsons’ contributions had an impact.” The greatest in explaining social behavior, and then Merton came to renew the theory and clarify its ideas. “Both Parsons and Merton explained social behavior by analyzing apparent social patterns, patterns, and behaviors.” The research concluded that Parsons was interested in studying the social system in modern societies, and he studied The functions of the social system through the concept of “adaptation” or “harmonization”, and the human being is considered a miniature model of the institution, and the individual and the group are an integral part of it with the desires and needs that he possesses and seeks to achieve, and human and social relations through the means of communication, communication and knowledge constitute an important role in achieving these. Desires, which satisfy the needs of the individual and contribute to the organization of social life in accordance with the theory of needs and satisfactions, which is part of Parsons’ thinking in understanding the social system.
On the other hand, Parsons presented an integrated social view of social action or social behavior, which is linked to the social system to which this individual belongs or the apparent content of this system. He distinguished between systems and their contents, and each system is linked to one of the four functions of action through interconnected sub-systems as an integrated social system. Each of its elements constitutes the action in a different way, namely the organic, personal, social, and cultural, and behavior is ultimately the result of the interaction of the four components. As for Merton, he explains that in social behavior, humans assume different adaptive positions ranging from positivity, such as compliance and creativity, to negativity, such as withdrawal, rebellion, and opposition. These positions seek either to achieve the goals of the group and adapt to them or to oppose and change them, which focuses on analyzing how social behavior affects job performance and the extent of its compatibility with the goals of the organization or the challenges it faces, which represents an important aspect in understanding the role of the individual within the social structure and his contribution to its development or development. Its challenges, and that understanding an individual's responses to stress, refers to the individual's behavior in specific situations and not to his personality traits in general, as two individuals of the same economic and social level can show different responses and conflicting behaviors at times.
In interpreting human behavior, each of them has a specific model for that interpretation, as patterns, factors, and patterns are used to analyze social behavior. Parsons expressed them as stereotypical patterns and behaviors, and Merton expressed them as adaptive behaviors, according to the constructivist-functional theory, which is based on the idea of this behavior achieving goals. Collectivism achieves these goals as a kind of satisfaction of the needs of individuals in society, but credit is due to Parsons in laying the first foundations for analyzing the functional structure of society, and interpreting social behavior in a way that led to the construction of functional theory, and credit is due to Merton in reformulating the theory again and ridding it of the criticisms that It threatened its existence and history, and returned it to its context among social theories. What distinguished Parsons from Merton is that he pointed out the role of socialization in building social behavior and transmitting culture and values among members of society, and pointed out the importance of the role of communication between them in relation to it, and in solving problems that could arise.

This study addresses the concept of social stigma associated with mental illness and its impact on patients and their families, in the context of the increasing prevalence of these disorders globally. It aims to explore the concept of social stigma, its patterns, and to understand mental illness and its causes, while examining the social repercussions faced by individuals suffering from mental disorders. It also seeks to uncover families' strategies to combat this stigma. A descriptive approach is employed to collect and analyze data related to these phenomena. The results revealed that social stigma intensifies feelings of isolation and negatively affects social interaction, hindering recovery efforts. It particularly affects family members, who may experience psychological stress due to the stigma attached to their ill relatives, which may lead to delays in seeking treatment and, consequently, result in the worsening of the condition. It is recommended to eliminate negative terminology, raise public awareness through awareness campaigns, and enact laws to protect patients' rights. Additionally, it highlighted the importance of supporting families and empowering them to provide the necessary care to their loved ones by offering appropriate information and resources. This research is considered a valuable contribution to enhancing understanding and awareness of mental health issues, contributing to improving the quality of life for affected individuals and their families.

This study aims to identify the mechanisms of reducing the crime rate within the UAE community using artificial intelligence techniques in the country from the viewpoint of security personnel. It also aims to identify the degree of application of artificial intelligence techniques in the UAE to reduce the crime rate within the UAE society from the point of view of personnel security and to study the effect of applying artificial intelligence techniques to reduce the crime rate within the UAE society from the viewpoint of security personnel. To achieve the objectives of the study, a descriptive and analytical approach was followed by preparing a questionnaire on the sector managers and their assistants in the Ministry of Interior sector in the UAE. Interview questions were also prepared to target a sample of managers in the Ministry of Interior sector in the UAE. For this study, a non-probability objective sample was used, consisting of (326) workers in the Ministry of Interior sector in the UAE, from sector managers and their assistants in the branches related to the topic of artificial intelligence and its role in reducing crime rates. As for the study sample, only interviews were conducted with (21) managers due to the nature of managers ’work and their preoccupation in many cases. Among the most important findings of the study, the results revealed that the application of artificial intelligence techniques in the UAE has a strong role in reducing the crime rate within the UAE society from the point of view of security personnel.

This research highlights the vital role that strategic planning plays in enhancing the ability to achieve the strategic objectives of the Sharjah Government.It explains how organized and thoughtful planning processes contribute to improving government performance and promoting sustainable development. Various aspects that form part of the strategic planning process are investigated, including defining vision and goals, analyzing the internal and external environment, and formulating strategies that enable meeting challenges and exploiting opportunities effectively. The importance of community participation and the use of technology are emphasized as key factors in supporting and improving the process of planning and implementing strategies. It is concluded that strategic planning represents an essential element in the management and governance of the government sector, emphasizing its ability to direct efforts and resources towards achieving specific goals efficiently. It is clear that the Sharjah government has been able, through its adoption of advanced strategic planning methodologies, to strengthen its position as a role model in sustainable development and effective management, which calls for encouraging more research and studies in this field to explore new horizons that contribute to developing and improving the planning and administrative process at the governmental level.

This study aims to identify the role played by Sharjah Youth Shura Council in empowering Emirati youth socially, and to identify statistically significant differences in this role according to the variables of gender and session, in addition to presenting some proposals capable of developing the council's strategy in empowering Emirati youth socially in the future.
To achieve this, the study adopted the social survey method by sample, and an electronic questionnaire was distributed to a random stratified sample of (90) members of the Sharjah Youth Shura Council during its four sessions extending from (2005-2012), and the results concluded that the Sharjah Youth Shura Council plays an effective role in empowering Emirati youth socially, through programs and activities that work to create a participatory environment that helps youth express their opinions and communicate them to the responsible authorities, which enhances the principle of community participation and supports community development. There are no statistically significant differences in this role that can be attributed to the variables of gender and term. The former council members who were interviewed recommended the need to develop the experience of the Sharjah Youth Shura Council by creating virtual youth platforms and updating the work mechanisms and objectives.

The current study aims to identify the forms of school bullying (verbal, non-verbal, symbolic, physical, electronic, and social). To achieve the goal of this research, a mixed social survey approach was used, and a sample diagnosed by social researchers with intentional bullying was taken, which amounted to (110) male and female students, from schools in the Emirate of Sharjah.Besides, a questionnaire consisting of two interviewers was applied, the first related to the personal characteristics of the student and His family, and the second related to forms of bullying, which consists of (40) items. It is found that cyberbullying is the most common type of bullying with an average of (27.03). It is recommended that school administrations provide awareness programs for students, parents, and teachers about the dangers of bullying and how to recognize and deal with him.

Abstract:
The topic of "speech verbs" is one of the important topics in the semantic classifications of verbs in language. This is due to its importance in determining its meaning, connotation, and how it is used in different contexts. It is beneficial in understanding the subject matter of texts and interpreting them more deeply by analyzing the verbs used and understanding their connotations. Speech verbs form a field of semantic fields classified by linguists in the science of semantics. Therefore, our study aims to collect speech verbs' semantic fields classified by linguists. This study aims to collect speech verbs (a single category) in the Syriac language from the lexicon of the late distinguished scholar, Bishop Mar Jacob Eugene Manna (Chaldean-Arabic), and classify them semantically according to semantic theories, and compare them with other Semitic languages. This research is divided into three main sections: The first section is "Speech Verbs and their Structure in the Syriac Language," which is divided into two subsections. The first subsection, "Grammatical Classifications of Speech Verbs," classifies speech verbs in the Syriac language according to grammatical categories such as regular and irregular verbs, transitive and intransitive verbs, etc. The second subsection, "Weights of Speech Verbs," discusses the verbal weights of speech verbs with examples. The second section, "Semantics of Speech Verbs," is also divided into two main subsections. The first subsection, "Types of Semantics," discusses the most important semantic theories. The second subsection talks about the theory of semantic fields, with a general classification of verbs in the Syriac language and a specific focus on the class of speech verbs.The practical and applied aspects of the research are found in the third section, which is entitled "Speech Verbs in the Syriac Language,". There are also two subsections. The first subsection, "Verbal Semantics of Speech in the Syriac Language," revolves around verbs that indicate speech in their secondary meaning in the Syriac language. The second subsection, "Analytical and Lexical Study of Speech Verbs in the Syriac Language," is the applied section that discusses speech verbs in the Syriac language and compares them with other Semitic languages, providing examples and historical evidence.

Poetry serves as a transparent medium that reflects the realities of individuals or society. Throughout his poetic career, Countee Cullen (1903-1946) addresses political violence, sexual desire, religion, childhood, and memories. To explore these themes, this research delves into the psychological interpretation of three of Cullen's selected poems: "Heritage" (1925), "Incident" (1925) and "From the Dark Tower" (1927), By applying a psychological analytical approach, the study discloses the hidden reasons, desires, and motives behind these works in relevant lines from the above selected poems. The research concludes that poetry can act as a window that shows the inner feelings, thoughts, and motives, both conscious and unconscious. In Cullen's case, his poems reveal a deeply personal response against the extremes of discrimination and racism he experienced.

This research explores the pervasive issue of racism in football and its broader societal implications. It tackles key problems such as the widespread presence of racism in football, the media's role in fostering racist behavior, and the impact of consumer culture on fan actions.It is guided by three main hypotheses: (1) Racism in Italian football reflects larger societal issues; (2) The media's depiction of racial interactions heightens racist attitudes among fans; and (3) The consumer culture in football promotes discriminatory behavior by commodifying players and diminishing fans' sense of citizenship. To investigate these issues, a Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) approach is used, as articulated by Fairclough (2013) and Fowler (2013), focusing on a specific instance of racist chanting. This analysis uncovers the links between social phenomena, media influence, and consumer culture that foster racism as a form of intolerance. The findings highlight how entrenched stereotypes, when given a platform, can incite fans to engage in racist chanting, even in environments that outwardly support tolerance and anti-discrimination. This incident acts as a reflection of broader societal trends, underscoring the importance of examining the media, consumer culture, and underlying structures that sustain racism. This research shifts the view of racism from random acts of prejudice to a systemic issue tied to power structures. It shows how the commercialization of football, coupled with the media's portrayal of racial interactions, reinforces narratives that consider certain groups inferior and worthy of humiliation. Moreover, the research emphasizes the role of fans within consumer culture, illustrating how being treated as consumers rather than citizens creates an idealized but prejudiced understanding of the game and its players. This idealization, combined with existing biases, ensures that discrimination remains ever-present.

This research is devoted to the study of a special type of syntactic units of the Russian language: process single-part sentences. The semantics and structure of active-process and passive-process sentences are considered separately. The position of the subject - the source of the process – is not explicated in active-process sentences. Passive-process sentences present a complex four-component system that includes the source of the process, the process itself, the intermediary carrying out the process, and the carrier of the process attribute. Active-process proposals are also divided according to the degree of anthropocentricity. In this case, the carrier of anthropocentric semantics indicating human participation is a verb that can indicate a process that takes place without human participation, or reflect components of emotional or sensitive perception. Passive-process sentences can be divided based on the typological feature of the representation of the material and existential components. At the semantic level, the passive-process sentence reflects the dynamics of human existence in a philosophical understanding, when life appears as a chain of events occurring in the flow of time. A specific feature of passive-process sentences is the way of understanding reality. If in active process constructions a process is understood as having a source that has become the result of the influence of some force that is not always definable and visible, then passive process sentences designate the process as an initially specified phenomenon that is not questioned and cannot be challenged. The general linguistic character of single-part process sentences and their functional features are revealed. The specific characteristics of process proposals are noted, which allow them to act as carriers of historical, social, and cultural information. The complex semantic structure of process sentences will enable them to be used as a visual and expressive means in poetic discourse.

Abstract:
The Just War tradition (JWT) is viewed in this paper as a corpus of ideas that discusses the morality and ethics of war. It has changed throughout more than 1,500 years, making it a complicated one. The Just War tradition is broad and multifaceted, yet it is confined within some essential principles that determine its boundaries. It differs from pacifism in that it holds that wars can occasionally be justified and from realism, which views war as outside the purview of moral judgment, in that it holds both the choice to go to war and the tactics used in conducting it are subject to moral inspection. Within such confines, just war theorists disagree with one another not only about subtleties of the theory but also over fundamental issues like whether or not a war may be justified by something other than the necessity of defending oneself against an already-initiated armed attack. The main goal of this research is to provide a clear and comprehensive understanding of the JWT, the conditions under which it permits and restricts acceptable damages and the moral conundrums these arguments raise. Regarding modern just war theory, one of the central concerns is whether war can be fought and damage done for "humanitarian" or "cosmopolitan" purposes, including protecting human rights. Stated differently, the question is whether there exists a clear and present need to conduct war. This paper lays out the main problems with the use of violence, evaluates the cosmopolitan and anti-cosmopolitan contributions to Just War thinking, and ends with some observations on the suitability of Just War thinking and its connection to cosmopolitanism.

The Subject of parenting and motherhood in African literary writings continues to be a major concern. The quest by many African feminists and other nationals looking for equal social opportunities between men and women has become prevalent in post-independence era writings. Some considered this move as the stimulant for societal vices, assumed to be borne out of a lack of parental care and home training. Parenting/ home training is deemed not to be reserved in formal educational settings but only with parents at home. In the current age, where men and women strive for economic equality, women have no more time to play their feminine roles, thereby subjecting their children to babysitters and crèches. This article examines the effects of African women in their struggle for economic power and the lack of time/energy to instill necessary and required knowledge in these younger ones, with the probable effects on society. This paper highlights how to cope with the challenges caused by this negligence, using some available documents, novels, and articles. Through a critical analysis, the article proffers promising solutions to curb the diffuse social reality.