iklil for Humanity Studies

The ethics of the administrative judiciary profession are an important element in establishing fundamental principles for members of administrative courts and promoting adherence to them. This is due to the fact that judges are human beings who make mistakes, whether due to their own will or not. Therefore, establishing principles, including impartiality, independence, confidentiality, transparency, etc., are important principles that contribute to the consolidation and dissemination of administrative justice.
It is worth noting that the Code complements the provisions contained in the French Administrative Justice Code, specifically the provisions regulating the exercise of court functions. It addresses the obligations of court members and judges to achieve the principles of independence, impartiality, and the prevention of conflicts of interest, while taking into account confidentiality.
It is no secret that the evolution of ethics adapts to changes occurring in society, and its presence contributes to strengthening litigants' confidence in the judiciary. The link between ethics and professional conduct became most clearly evident in 2011, at the initiative of Jean-Marc Sauvé, Vice President of the French Council of State.

The principle of relativity in civil litigation is a fundamental principle of civil procedure law. It means that court rulings are binding on the parties to the lawsuit, and their effects do not extend to third parties who did not participate in the civil litigation. Procedures within civil litigation have relative effects, meaning that the effects of these procedures are exclusive to the parties and do not extend to third parties. This principle protects the rights of third parties and ensures that they are not affected by a decision in which they had no role.
This principle is derived from the idea of "voluntary sovereignty of the parties" in the lawsuit, as civil litigation is initiated between specific parties and therefore is not supposed to bind others.
The principle of relativity in civil litigation ensures justice between the parties and prevents harm to non-participants in the lawsuit. However, it may be exempted in certain cases to protect the rights of others or public order. The basic principle of civil litigation procedures is relative. However, the exception is that the validity of some judicial rulings is absolute, meaning they are binding on both parties and third parties, in order to achieve justice and serve the interests of the parties. This research is divided into two sections. In the first, we address the concept of the principle of relativity in civil litigation, while in the second, we discuss the basis of the principle of relativity in civil litigation.

The study seeks to shed light on the role of the administrative judiciary in monitoring the decision to dismiss an employee on probation, as this is an important matter related to the principle of legality, which relates to the rights of a specific category of individuals: newly appointed employees who undergo a probationary period for a specified period. At the end of that period, they are either confirmed if their competence and ability to perform their duties are proven, or dismissed if such competence and ability are not achieved . Most comparative legislation, including Iraqi legislation, has tended to establish numerous rights and freedoms for all employees in order to encourage and engage them in public service work. However, these laws have regulated specific and specific rules related to a special category of newly appointed employees, or what is called (employees on trial), as these laws included a number of rules and restrictions that must be met for the purpose of confirming this category of employees if it is proven at the end of the trial period that they are suitable for the job assigned to them, or they are dispensed with if their ability and competence are not proven. Due to the importance of this issue related to the rights and freedoms of others and the extent to which the principle of legitimacy is achieved by preventing the administration from abusing its discretionary authority granted to it by law when selecting new employees, it was necessary to establish judicial oversight to monitor these administrative decisions related to the issue of dispensing with employees on trial. The study reached a number of important results and recommendations in this regard, the implementation of which would ensure that the administration does not abuse its discretionary authority on the one hand and, on the other hand, ensure the selection of competent employees who bear the burdens of public office with complete honesty and loyalty.

Five-year leave is an exceptional leave granted to a permanent employee. It allows them to temporarily cease work for a period not exceeding five years, upon their request and pursuant to an individual administrative decision issued by the competent authority, which has discretionary power to grant or reject it. This leave is subject to the oversight of the administrative judiciary. This leave can be interrupted before its expiration or repeated. The employee retains only their nominal salary during this period and remains subject to criminal, civil, and disciplinary accountability, ensuring their relationship with the public service is not interrupted. This leave was initially enacted in the General Budget Law as a temporary solution to address the financial crisis the state was experiencing. However, its continued inclusion in successive budget laws for successive years has given it a degree of relative stability within the legal system for job leaves. However, this stability is inconsistent with the nature of the interim and annual budget law, which is supposed to lack substantive provisions intended to be applied and maintained over the long term. This necessitates reorganizing the provisions of this leave under legislation. Permanently independent or included in the Civil Service Law No. (24) of 1960, as amended, to achieve legislative consistency and ensure legal job stability.

Terrorism is one of the phenomena that has crossed the territory of the state, as it is a phenomenon that threatens the interests of individuals and the internal order of states. In addition, the phenomenon of terrorism is one of the phenomena that threatens human peace and security, thus violating the basic rights and freedoms of individuals, which leads to the formation of negative effects that affect the internal and international community in This is why countries have joined efforts to legislate laws that combat this phenomenon or limit its negative effects. Therefore, the state has an important duty in the current era, which is to provide security and peace for individuals and protect them in all ways, by determining the state’s responsibility towards individuals by compensating them for the terrorist act that targets them or compensating their families when they are martyred, because in most cases they do not receive compensation from the perpetrator because he is not known or insolvent, For this reason, compensation at the present time is based on the principle of equality. For this reason, we studied the issue of compensation for terrorist operations by explaining its concept, the extent of the state’s responsibility for compensating individuals, the controls and procedures for compensation, and setting the foundations upon which it is based in compensating victims as a result of damages resulting from terrorist operations.

Terrorism is one of the most dangerous criminal phenomena faced by human societies in the modern era, due to its devastating effects on security, stability, and development. Criminology has devoted significant attention to studying this phenomenon, as it represents a form of organized and complex criminal behavior that cannot be explained by a single factor. Individual, psychological, social, economic, political, and cultural factors intertwine in the emergence of terrorism, which collectively contribute to shaping the terrorist motives and tendencies of individuals and groups. From this perspective, understanding the causes of terrorist crimes from a criminological perspective is an essential step toward developing preventative and therapeutic strategies aimed at limiting the spread of this phenomenon and protecting society from its negative repercussions

The criminal lawsuit represents one of the most important guarantees established for the parties to the conflict, as it contributes to the state’s right to punish those who disturb its security and constitutes a real guarantee for the offender to obtain his right to a fair trial, in addition to its concern for the victim in order to obtain his right that was taken away by the crime. However, the developments in social and economic life witnessed during the year and the many developments they produced in terms of crime and the emergence of new criminal models as a result of the complexities of social life, greatly weakened the role of the criminal lawsuit due to its inability to keep pace with the speed of what it includes of long and complex formalities. This required the procedural criminal policy to search for other legal means that are faster, more flexible and fair, and not to be satisfied with the formal procedures of the traditional lawsuit. Therefore, what are called alternatives to the criminal lawsuit have emerged, aiming to bypass the traditional methods of trial without prejudice to the rights and guarantees established for all parties to the conflict, while simultaneously achieving the goals of punishment represented by reform and rehabilitation of the offender and ensuring fair compensation for the victim.

Cyberbullying is a negative social phenomenon and intentional bad behavior. This phenomenon or behavior has recently spread widely and noticeably across the Internet، and has also spread among school students، Its intent is to offend and harm one of the parties in any way، whether by word or deed، Bullying may occur from an individual against another individual, or it may occur from a group against another individual or group، or vice versa، The bully exploits websites to harm، such as social networking sites, to pass deliberately hostile messages of strong tone, the content of which is threats, reprimands, insults, abuse، and slander، The goal of this is to distort the image of the recipient and harm him, which may reach the point of depression and suicide to get rid of the blackmail he is exposed to، Bullying may also reach physical exposure by beating، kicking، pushing، spitting، slapping، or using inappropriate gestures and other physical actions، Therefore، the Iraqi legislator sought in its effective constitution of 2005 to protect rights and freedoms and prevent all forms and types of assault، On these rights and freedoms and in a manner that does not conflict with public order and morals, the legislator also addressed the legal penalty for the perpetrator of these acts

Our research dealt with the impact of the criminal ruling on the legal status of the public employee to clarify the position of the Iraqi legislator on the effect of criminally prosecuting the public employee after the issuance of a final judicial ruling of acquittal or conviction, and the adequacy of the legal texts in this regard, as we followed the descriptive analytical approach due to our conviction of the necessity of this for our subject, as it gives us a broader horizon. We have used many rulings from our administrative judiciary to determine its treatments and jurisprudence in cases where the legislative text was not present. Especially since the impact of criminal trials on the position of a public employee may increase to the end of the job association in cases where the public employee is convicted of criminal crimes or crimes affecting honor and honesty. However, the conviction rulings do not all mean the termination of the employment relationship, nor do the rulings of acquittal and lack of responsibility mean that the employee will not be prosecuted disciplinaryly. Whereas disciplinary prosecution is independent of criminal prosecution, with points of convergence and connection, and in our research on this topic we reached the extent to which the employee’s relationship with management is affected by the issuance of final penal rulings, and since not all of them lead to the end of that relationship.

The general state funds are considered non-disposable; given that they are allocated to achieve the public benefit. However, the legislator has provided an exception to this prohibition, which is the permissibility of disposing of them as long as their allocation for the public benefit is no longer in accordance with the methods of ending the allocation stipulated in the law, so that they are transformed into state funds, This transformation results in these funds being subject to special provisions that enable the state to dispose of them, such as by sale or lease, within a special legal framework that sets specific conditions and controls to regulate these transactions .

Legal certainty is a fundamental concept that has garnered significant attention in modern legal scholarship and judicial practice, given its role as a safeguard for the stability of legal relations and the protection of acquired rights. This paper explores the meaning of legal certainty, offering a definition from linguistic, jurisprudential, and judicial perspectives, and examines its essential foundations and legal nature.
Initially, the research clarifies the linguistic dimension of legal certainty, which denotes safety, stability, and freedom from uncertainty or disruption. In legal doctrine, it is commonly defined as a state of confidence and predictability regarding the stability of legal rules and the foreseeability of their consequences, thereby ensuring the protection of rights and legal positions against arbitrary interference. In case law, legal certainty has been affirmed as a principle that restricts retroactive legislation and requires the authorities to enact and apply legal rules with clarity and transparency.
The paper then addresses the core pillars of legal certainty, including the clarity and accessibility of legal norms, their relative stability, and their effective and consistent enforcement. Furthermore, the respect for acquired rights and the protection of legitimate expectations are regarded as key components of this principle.
Finally, the paper discusses the legal nature of legal certainty, considering whether it should be classified as a legal principle or a legal rule. The research concludes that legal certainty functions as a constitutional principle in some jurisdictions, while in others it operates as an implicit yet firmly established legal rule developed through judicial decisions and scholarly consensus. This flexible character allows legal certainty to guide the actions of the legislature, the administration, and the judiciary alike.
In sum, the entrenchment of legal certainty—whether as a guiding principle or binding rule—aims to balance the imperative of legislative development with the requirements of legal stability, thereby upholding public confidence in the rule of law and ensuring the effective protection of fundamental rights and freedoms.

The research aims to examine the potential impact of morphological complexity in Arabic root-pattern systems on the accuracy of translation, thus filling a gap in translation studies in which morphological aspects have been largely neglected despite their fundamental role in Arabic lexical structure. As it is a Semitic language, Arabic uses a specific non-concatenative morphological system in which triconsonantal roots are combined with vocalic patterns to create words that display different levels of morphological complexity and so prove a problem for both the human users and the machine translation systems. Using quantitative analysis of bilingual corpora and systematic examination of translation products, this research shows that the greater morphological complexity of Arabic root-pattern systems is negatively related to adequate translations into morphologically simpler languages like English. In addition to analyzing the translation pairs statistically, error patterns are identified and compared with the translation strategy between professional translators and MT systems. Results from the analysis show that the words they translated struggle with intra-translatability WE with high ratios; this is when the Arabic words contain complex combinations of roots and patterns, which is higher in less-translatable words, (i.e., cases where the translation tends to be inaccurate). These results bear pedagogical implications regarding the teaching of Arabic inflectional morphology to trainee translators armed with: (a) the non-linear mapping between meaning and form for WE in as much as Arabic is a highly inflectional language and such complications are unlikely in English or French languages, (b) difficulty arising from the lack of formal morphological equivalents across the source and the target languages and the productivity of derivational processes for generating different but related word forms. Partial case studies of translation between English and Arabic show that such complexities give rise to both systematic loss of information and multiple meanings and to structural mismatches that result in poor quality in translation. The study also adds to the literature in translation studies by presenting empirical evidence on the effect of source language morphological complexity on translation products, with practical implications for translator training, machine translation system development, and cross-linguistic computational modeling. Results indicate that morphological preprocessing and specific translation strategies are required to adequately address the challenges in Arabic root-pattern systems, of relevance in translation between morphologically rich and poor languages.

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is used in this study on new Iraqi language education policy changes, in the guise of official reports and public declarations published by the Iraqi Ministry of Education between 2020 and 2025. Using Fairclough's three-dimensional model of CDA, the study analyzes how language is employed strategically in ministry messages to try and establish legitimacy, shape public opinion, and further ideological narratives surrounding teaching English and Arabic. Qualitative methodology is employed, analyzing purposively sampled data from Facebook posts, Telegram updates, and Instagram announcements posted by the ministry that reflect some of the most significant initiatives in teacher education, international cooperation, and curriculum reform. The findings show that policy speech not only charts reform strategies but also constitutively aggregates institutional power, constructs national identity, and aligns with international educational standards. The study illustrates how seemingly objective discourse is employed to mask ideological intent, place educators in the role of passive trainees, and emphasize dependency on international collaboration. This research contributes to the understanding of the function played by discourse to build educational reform in post-conflict environments.

George Orwell's Animal Farm (1945) has been widely studied for its allegorical representation of the Russian Revolution and totalitarian regime of Stalinism. However, this paper argues that the novel's significance extends beyond its surface-level critique of totalitarianism to engage with the psycho-poetic fabric of the very politics itself. From a psycho-epistemic reading of the novel's poetics, the paper explores Orwell's deployment of fictional poetics, such as narratology, allegory, and propaganda, as tropes of critique of power, ideology, and political cult. The paper accentuates that Orwell's Animal Farm holds a mirror to the political history of ideas, offering a significant critique of contemporary political idealism. Through emphasizing the perverting ideological apparatus of the animal leaders, the pigs, in Animal Farm, the paper highlights Orwell's role in shaping our understanding of the socio-political realities.

l'impact de la mort de Dieu sur l'ouvre de Maurice Blanchot. La naissance de ce phénomène a effectivement marqué l’histoire de l’humanité, un phénomène très vieux dans l’histoire, il est possible d’envisager son existence dès l’Antiquité grecque avec le sophiste Gorgias comme expression d’un scepticisme moral et intellectuel fondé sur l’affirmation radicale du non-être, on rappelle à cet égard le nom de son célèbre traité Du Non-être où on retrouve des thèses puissantes à saveur nihiliste.

این پژوهش به بررسی تأثیر بافت اجتماعی بر تغییرات زبانی در جوامع چندزبانه با تمرکز بر ایران پرداخته است. زبان ، به عنوان يك چالش اجتماعی، وانعکاس تحول و تعاملات اجتماعی است و در جامعه های چندزبانه، این تأثیرهای به‌ وضوح روشن می باشد. بافت چندزبانه ایران، شامل زبان‌های متنوعی مانند فارسی، کردی، آذری، عربی، بلوچی، گیلکی و مازندرانی، بستری منحصربه‌فرد برای مطالعه ارتباط میان ساختارهای زبانی و اجتماعی فراهم کرده است. این تحقیق با رویکردی توسعه‌ای و پهنانگر، و با استفاده از تحلیل اسنادی و دسته‌بندی مفاهیم کلیدی، به بررسی تغییرات زبانی ناشی از عوامل اجتماعی نظیر مهاجرت، دوزبانگی، سیاست‌های زبانی، رسانه‌ها و جهانی‌شدن پرداخته است.
یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که زبان فارسی به‌عنوان زبان رسمی و مشترک، تأثیری عمیق بر زبان‌های محلی ایران داشته است. از سویی، فارسی با جذب واژگان و ساختارهای بومی غنی‌تر شده و از سوی دیگر، زبان‌های محلی تحت فشار، با کاهش کاربرد و تضعیف مواجه شده‌اند.
دوزبانگی، که در بسیاری از مناطق ایران رایج است، به تغییراتی در کاربرد زبان‌های بومی منجر شده و نسل‌های جوان تمایل بیشتری به استفاده از فارسی نشان داده‌اند. مهاجرت داخلی نیز به کاهش نقش زبان‌های محلی انجامیده است، زیرا مهاجران برای انطباق با محیط‌های شهری، به زبان فارسی روی می‌آورند. همچنین نقش رسانه‌های ملی و شبکه‌های اجتماعی در تغییرهای زبانی خیلی نقش مؤثر وروشن است؛ این رسانه‌ها از راه گسترش زبان فارسی، به ترکیب كلمات وعبارات فارسی در زبان‌های بومى و کاهش کاربرد زبان‌های اقلیت کمک کرده‌اند. در عین حال، جهانی‌شدن و پیشرفت فناوری‌های دیجیتال فشارهای بیشتری بر زبان‌های محلی وارد کرده و موجب گرایش نسل جوان به استفاده از زبان‌های غالب مانند فارسی و انگلیسی شده است. سیاست‌های زبانی رسمی، متمرکز بر تقویت جایگاه زبان فارسی در آموزش و رسانه، نیز جایگاه زبان‌های محلی را محدود کرده‌اند. با این وجود، تلاش‌هایی مانند برنامه‌های فرهنگی محلی و مستندسازی زبان‌ها، نشان‌دهنده امید به حفظ این میراث زبانی است. این پژوهش نتیجه می‌گیرد که تغییرات زبانی در ایران، در کنار تأثیرپذیری از بافت اجتماعی، به‌عنوان ابزاری برای شکل‌دهی و تقویت هویت اجتماعی عمل می‌کند. جهت نگهداری این تنوع زبانی، به برنامه‌ریزی‌های دقیق در حوزه‌های آموزشی، رسانه‌ای و فرهنگی نیاز است تا ضمن مدیریت تغییرات زبانی، از زوال زبان‌های محلی جلوگیری شود. این مقاله حاضر علاوه بر ارتقای درک ما از پویایی زبان در جامعه های چندزبانه، راهکارهایی را جهت برنامه‌ریزان آموزشی و فرهنگی ارائه می‌دهد تا بتوانند تنوع زبانی و هویت فرهنگی ایران را نگهداری کنند.

بازی‌های زبانی در مبحث ساختار و مفا هیمی قرارمی گیرد که وجه اشتراک بسیاری با علومی مثل زبان‌شناسی، ادبیات، دستور زبان، روان‌شناسی، فلسفه وجامعه‌ شناسی دارد. نخستین فردی که به صورت مصمم به بازی‌های زبانی و کارکرد های آن پرداخته است ، ویتگنشتاین بود. وی در نظریه های خود بر جنبه‌های فلسفی وزبان ‌شناسی اصرار کرده و بیشتر از هرچیز بر راندمان زبان در زندگی مردم توجه و دقت به خرج داده است. ویتگنشتاین کارایی های زبانی توسط مردم را عملکرد قانون مند و برداشت درست از زبان ملاحظه کرده است. بازی‌های زبانی در ادبیات به صورتی است که از به کارگیری واژه ها، عبارتها و جملات در کارکرد های زبانی افراد اختصاص یافته است . از مقوله این اقسام می‌توان به تکرار، ساخت‌های زبانی، عملکردهای دستوری، استعمال نام‌آواها، عملکردهای محاوره‌ای و بهره گیری از زبان شکسته، تصویرگری‌های زبانی، تقدیم و تاخر صفت وموصوف، اشکال جمع بستن، ساخت واژگان اشتقاقی وکاربرد جملات کوتاه و بلند اشاره کرد. در این پژوهش برخی از مصادیق بازی های زبانی¬را بصورت موردی در داستان (روز و شب یوسف )اثر محمود دولت آبادی از دیدگاه مولفان مطرح ادبیات مورد بررسی قرار می دهیم .

The development of Atticus Finch as a moral parent figure in Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird (1960) and Go Set a Watchman (2015) is examined in this paper. While Go Set a Watchman reveals Atticus's ideological contradictions by depicting him as a segregationist upholding the racial status quo of the mid-twentieth-century South, To Kill a Mockingbird established Atticus as an enduring symbol of integrity and justice — an honorable father who anchors both Scout's moral development and the American literary imagination. This paper makes the case that Harper Lee's contradictory depictions show not just the limits of Atticus's moral authority but also the deep disillusionment required for Jean Louise Finch to mature, based on rigorous textual analysis bolstered by historical and cultural critique. This essay illustrates how Go Set a Watchman subverts the notion of the incorruptible parent by placing Atticus within the historical context of southern liberalism and white paternalism, forcing readers to consider the brittleness of inherited moral certainties. The study concludes that Lee’s two novels, when read in dialogue, invite a more mature ethical reckoning with the complexities of race, conscience, and the fallibility of even our most cherished heroes. According to the study's findings, reading Lee's two books aloud encourages a more responsible ethical examination of the intricacies of race, conscience, and the frailty of even our most beloved heroes.

This study explores the uses of hedging phrases in English for both males and females, using discourse analysis to understand how gender influences communication patterns. The phrases "maybe," "somewhat," and "I think" are examples of hedging phrases or words that soften a sentence. These phrases are often associated with politeness, ambiguity, or confusion.
To analyze differences in communication language between men and women in educational contexts, a questionnaire was used to analyze academic discourse. The sample ranged in age from 35 to 57 years and was divided into faculty members and department heads, as well as gender (male and female). The sample was selected from Al-Mustansiriya University.
They were then asked to complete a questionnaire containing six general questions. The study was conducted because these topics require a balance between understanding and flexibility on the one hand, and consistency and clarity on the other.

Midnight's Children, written by Salman Rushdie, is a must-read postcolonial novel, as it skillfully combines personal narrative with the chaotic events of India's independence and division. This paper investigates the fundamental influence of memory and narrative in the formation of postcolonial national identity within the novel. Emphasising the protagonist, Saleem Sinai, whose life is permanently 'handcuffed to history,' the paper examines how his fragmented, regularly unreliable, memories and narrative style act as a microcosm for the complex, contested, and complex nature of Indian nationhood in the years after of colonial rule. Using a thematic analysis, this paper looks at the interaction between personal memory, communal history, and the act of storytelling drawing on genuine academic materials like research papers and theses. It states that Rushdie critiques the solid or unchangeable ideas of nationalism and historical truth as well as represents the fragmentation and hybridity typical of postcolonial identity by using a non-linear, magical realist story and the natural subjectivity and fallibility of memory. The study looks at how Saleem's 'chutnification' of history—The novel's metaphor for preserving history is a story-telling process that, like making chutney, selects, mixes, and changes different parts of memory to make a strong but different representation of the past. —acts as a counter-narrative to official histories, therefore implying that national identity is a never-ending, fought over process of remembering and narrative rather than a static thing. The results underline the importance of story in forming views about the country and the person's position within it.

The current study deals with the means of persuasion in Sheikh Al-Waili's selected sermon about the personality of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) and his biography with his flock. It focuses on the appeals of emotion used in the selected sermon by attempting to analyze speech acts and the effects of the implicit meaning resulting from their use and employ the principles of community interaction through them. There are many different theories that deal with persuasion such as Sherif et al`s (1965) the social judgment theory, Fishbein and Ajzen`s (1980) theory of reasoned action, Festinger`s (1957) cognitive dissonance theory. The study aims at figuring out the most used persuasive appeals of emotion and the most prominent speech acts in the selected sermon. Furthermore, the study assumes that the indicators of feeling are the most used persuasive appeals of emotion and assertive acts are the most prominent acts in the selected sermon. It concludes that the values and desires of the target are the most prominent appeals. On the other hand, the assertive and directive acts are the most observed which suit the nature of a religious sermon.

This article examines the role of the female body as a material archive of trauma and resistance in Edwidge Danticat’s Breath, Eyes, Memory. Using trauma theory and feminist literary criticism, the article explores how silence, pain, and inherited violence are encoded in Haitian women’s bodies, particularly through the intergenerational practice of virginity testing. Focusing on Sophie’s journey from silence to speech, the research explores how trauma is transmitted across generations and how women reclaim their initiative through voice, narrative, and bodily autonomy. The study also engages with concepts of cultural memory and anti-colonial resistance, arguing that Danticat’s novel transforms private experiences of trauma into collective testimony. Through close textual analysis, the article highlights how reclaiming the silenced body becomes a feminist and political act—an act of resistance against patriarchal oppression and colonial legacies. Breath, Eyes, Memory emerges as a powerful narrative of survival in which trauma is not only remembered, but transformed..

This study explores Toni Morrison's Beloved through a postcolonial feminist lens, examining how the novel represents Black female trauma, resistance, and the reconstruction of identity in the aftermath of slavery. The study fills a significant gap in the literary field, offering an opportunity to synthesize the concepts of colonial legacy and feminist agency within a single interpretive context. The study pursues two primary objectives: first, to analyze how trauma is depicted and its impact on the identities of Black women; and second, to examine the narrative strategies through which resistance is articulated. The study situates the work of this novel within the context of questioning major historical discourses and giving voice to those traditionally silenced, as it emphasizes memory, silence, and tales as tactics of resistance. The methodological approach employed in the study is a qualitative literary analysis, informed by the theory of postcolonial feminism. Concepts of Spivak's subalternity inform the analytical framework, as well as Bhabha's hybridity and bell hooks' gendered silence. The scenes chosen in the novel are analyzed in terms of their symbolic coding and their impact on character development, trauma, and issues of agency. The findings reveal that trauma and silence in Beloved function not only as signs of suffering but as complex expressions of empowerment. The study concludes by asserting the need to extend the comparative and interdisciplinary study of Morrison, as she remains relevant in contemporary postcolonial and feminist ideas.

Las herramientas digitales están hoy día presentes en todos los entornos de interacción, por ello es fundamental que los docentes posean competencias digitales para el manejo competente de su labor pedagógica, ya que forman parte de la alfabetización básica de las personas, porque constituyen un elemento esencial de la capacitación académica y profesional. Por ello el objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar el nivel de competencias digitales para el manejo de herramientas tecnológicas de los docentes de Ele en la facultad de Lenguas, Universidad de Bagdad. Para ello se hizo uso de una entrevista semiestructurada a una muestra intencional de 6 docentes voluntarios y se aplicó el análisis de contenido a sus discursos, encontrándose que estos se ubican en el nivel 1 del área de competencia de información y alfabetización, siendo necesario su alfabetización digital.

ئامانجی توێژینه‌وه‌كه‌ زانینی راجه‌یگونجاوی پرۆگرامه‌كانی زمانی كوردییه‌، له‌گه‌ڵ كارامه‌ییه‌كانی سه‌ده‌ی بیست و یه‌ك، هه‌روه‌ها شیكاركردنی پرۆگرامه‌كانی ئێستا و دیاریكردنی ڕاده‌ی ته‌واوه‌تی له‌گه‌ڵ كارامه‌ییه نوێیه‌كان، توێژینه‌وه‌كه‌ په‌یڕه‌وی ڕێبازی وه‌سفی شیكاری كردووه‌، توێژه‌ر شیكاری ناوه‌رۆكی پرۆگرامه‌كانی زمانی كوردی بۆ پۆلی چواره‌م و پێنجه‌می ئاماده‌یی له‌ وه‌زاره‌تی په‌روه‌رده‌ی عێراقی كردووه‌، هه‌روه‌ها توێژه‌ر لیستی ڕاپرسی ئاماده‌كردووه‌، به‌سته‌رێكی ئه‌لیكترۆنی بۆكردوه‌، ئه‌و به‌سته‌ره‌ی له‌سه‌ر پێگه‌ فه‌رمییه‌كان دابه‌شكردوه‌ و بڵاوكردووه‌ته‌وه‌، هه‌روه‌ها ڕاپرسییه‌كه‌ی ختووه‌ته‌ به‌رده‌ستی كۆمه‌ڵیك له‌ داوه‌ان، ژماره‌یان گه‌یشتووه‌ به‌ 9 پسپۆڕ له‌ زانكۆ و كۆلێژه‌كان، بۆئه‌وه‌ی دید و بۆچونیان سه‌باره‌ت به‌ گونجاوی و ڕوونی و داڕشتنی هه‌ر بڕگه‌یه‌ك و ڕاده‌ی گونجاویان بۆ بواری خۆیان، ئه‌نجامی توێژینه‌وه‌ مه‌یدانییه‌كه‌ سه‌باره‌ت به‌ ئاگایی و درككردنی نموونه‌ی توێژینه‌وه‌كه‌یه‌، به‌ ئاراسته‌ی ڕاده‌ی گونجاونی پرۆگرامه‌كانی زمانی كوردی له‌گه‌ڵ كارامه‌ییه‌كانی سه‌ده‌ی بیست و یه‌ك،كاریگه‌ری واتایه‌ له‌سه‌ر ناوه‌رۆكی پرۆگرامه‌كانی خوێندنی زمانی كوردی هه‌یه‌، به‌ ڕێژه‌ی %71.5 له‌ چاكتركردنی كارامه‌ییه‌كانی بیركردنه‌وه‌ی ڕه‌خنه‌ی و چاره‌سه‌ركردنی كێشه‌كان ده‌گۆڕێت، هه‌روه‌ها كاریگه‌ری واتای بۆ پرۆگرامه‌كانی خوێندنی زمانی كوردی هه‌یه‌، ڕێژه‌ی %80.2 له‌ چاكتركردنی كارامه‌یی هه‌ره‌وه‌زی و كاری به‌كۆمه‌ڵ ده‌گۆڕێت، هه‌روه‌ها كاریگه‌ری واتای له‌ پرۆگرامه‌كانی زمانی كوردی هه‌یه‌،. به‌ ڕێژه‌ی %78.1 له‌ چاكتتركردنی كارامه‌ییه‌كانی به‌كارهێنانی ته‌كنه‌لۆژیا و كارمه‌ییه‌ ژماره‌ییه‌كان ده‌گۆڕێت، توێژینه‌وه‌كه‌ ڕاده‌سپێرێت، پێویسته‌ پرۆگرامه‌كانی زمانی كوردی دووباره‌ نه‌خشه‌بكێشرێنه‌وه‌، بۆئه‌وه‌ی جه‌خت بكاته‌ سه‌ر گه‌شه‌پێدانی كارامه‌ییه‌كانی بیركردنه‌وه‌ی ڕه‌خنه‌یی و شیكاركردن و چاره‌سه‌ركردنی كێشه‌كان، له‌ بری پشت به‌ستان به‌ ئه‌زبه‌ركردن و خستنه‌ڕوو.

The study uses a descriptive-analytical approach in order to investigate basic ideas in logical semantics and assess how they are used to evaluate logical structures and linguistic meaning. First, it shows the meaning of semantics as the study of the meaning of human language and then shifts to explain logic as the study of truths based completely on the meanings of the terms they contain. Consequently, logical semantics is a branch of semantics that studies the meaning or interpretation in formal and natural language using logic as an instrument. Logic is a process for making a conclusion and a tool we can use. This depends on an argument and its proposition is either accurate (true) or not accurate
(false). Then it builds on premises that lead to inference, and finally, a conclusion is drawn. The four basic types of logic are explained, too. The opposite terms, inductive and deductive reasoning, are compared, and logical equivalence and properties are mentioned. The study aims at showing how logical semantics can be used in real life, focusing on inference to conclude the truth values and using deductive reasoning because it is true and accurate. The researcher sets up five questions and tries to answer them throughout the theoretical and practical use of logical semantics in real life. Finally There is a relationship between semantics and logic, the former concerns with meaning and the later concerns with truth and any difference in truth value implies a difference in meaning. Also, semantics deals with relations, and all relations between components are logical relations. The sentence is composed of elements, but proposition deals with the meaning of these elements. According to logical semantics, the meaning and the truth depend on an inference, and deductive reasoning is more accurate, and its conclusion is always true and correct. Finally, the practical side is explained: how you can use logical semantics to solve many daily problems as ambiguity.

This research presents a critical and cultural analysis of the novel A Boy Called Bat by Elana K Arnold, discussing the issues of Autism and how it is represented in contemporary American children’s literature. this research starts by discussing how autism and disability are situated within the broader context of American culture, especially with identity, empowerment, and the intersectionality of race and disability.
The critical analysis focuses on the protagonist of the novel Bixiby Alxander Tam (Bat), through examines the medical and the social model of disability. The research investigates how Bat’s autism is portrayed, whether it is medicalized or socially constructed. Also showing Bat’s style of communication that illustrates his emotional expression, behavioral patterns, and sensory sensitivities. The analysis explores Bat’s interactions with family members, classmates, and his pet skunk (Thor), showing how these relationships can support or challenge his self-identity and social development, the effect of communication, and examines whether Bat is verbal or non-verbal and how this affects the narrative structure of the novel.

Basically, Ecocriticism is meant to speak literally of a material entanglement with the world. It used to be concerned with literal and cultural embodiments of nature, aiming at strengthening literary realism. The most effective proclamations of returning to the real are based mostly on Ecocriticism. Usually, any blame for problems or defects in our environment refers to the postmodern way of dealing with it. In this paper, we try to amend the mostly confused question concerning the importance of the connectedness between Postmodernism and Ecocriticism in adding to the new understanding of the natural environment. Hence, the necessity of declaring the forms of imaginative interrelation with the world from the material point of view. Since each of Ecocriticism and Postmodernism give a high estimation of cultural and biological differences combining both effects will come with a worthy understanding of the elements and the consequences, they both rely on.

The research aims to study the relationship between technology and language, where there is a convergence between them through linguistic analysis and intelligent language. Central issues in philosophy and linguistics have acquired a new relevance to artificial intelligence, in order to identify additional problems raised by the philosophy of language and mind. This has made it extremely difficult, if not impossible, to separate the subject of translation from the development of work in the field of computational linguistics, which is the first objective. The second objective is to demonstrate that machines have become among the users of language, and to pose a set of questions, including: What is the impact of machine language on translation? If the goal of computer translation is to represent the world, is this achieved when practices are a hybrid between humans and machines? Will quality be considered linked to machines or humans? Or will it be considered "superhuman" outputs?

Descartes sets the general،framework،for philosophy—as he sees it—when he likens it،to a tree: its root is metaphysics, its trunk is the science of nature, and its branches represent،the rest of the sciences, which he limits to three medicine, mechanics, and ethics. Anyone who examines Descartes' philosophy and his stance on،philosophy can easily conclude that he aims at two things: trust in God Almighty, the All-Knowing, the Wise, and trust in the،perceptive mind. His philosophy is one of reason, which opens to humankind the horizons of knowledge and learning, illuminating both the heavens and،the earth. With proper use of one's perceptive mind and unwavering trust in God, the Creator of the universe, man attains،happiness, maintains his health, and establishes peace among individuals and societies. It appears from،Descartes’ depiction of philosophy that he takes the highest principles and metaphysical truths as the foundation of his thought, relying first and foremost on reason. Descartes rejected،all previous،knowledge to start from a fixed point, which would serve as the foundation of his thought and as a pillar for constructing his philosophical،doctrine in،both the natural and metaphysical realms. If Archimedes sought a fixed, immovable point from which he،could displace the Earth, then Descartes, similarly, believed he had the right to place his،greatest hopes on the existence of something absolutely certain, should fortune favor him, as he put it. To him, the most reliable truths were those acquired through the senses. However, his،experiences sometimes led him to question sensory perception, which in turn motivated him to develop an intellectual framework that would serve as a fertile،foundation for metaphysical inquiry.

Imagination is a process carried out by a person willingly and with all flexibility, through which he can wander in his own world using his mind, forming images and moving them until he reaches what he wants. It is a comprehensive process with its own branches. The researcher relied on the descriptive and analytical approach in writing the research, and she concluded
that Aristotle emphasizes that imagination is a movement arising from the feeling of two things, that sensation and perception are the basis of imagination, and imagination cannot exist without them. The second is that the definition indicates the dynamic power of imagination, and if imagination results from sensation, then the images of sensory perception may appear similar to the images of imagination, and the difference between them is governed by the idea of strength and weakness, and is guided by the saying of clarity and ambiguity.

Human life was primitive, the world was not governed by any law, and there were no laws and regulations to protect the general rights of individuals. This is what prompted philosophers to think about their people and find ways to get rid of that primitiveness, and to get rid of that primitiveness and preserve the rights of humanity, there must be internal laws that govern humanity, and these laws belong to the state
The state, in its simple sense, is a group of governmental institutions administered by regulations and laws so that it does not get out of control, as is the case in the solar system. Each planet adheres to the specific lines drawn for it. When any of the planets deviates from its path, it causes confusion for all the planets
Many Greek philosophers, including Plato, were interested in the formation of the state and the systems that must govern it. Some of them succeeded in laying the foundations and framework for the formation of those states and their systems
The state and its systems are important for the livelihood of humanity, and that importance remains to this day in order to preserve the rights of citizens residing in those countries. The citizen must be considered a sacred member of those states that were established primarily to preserve his life and stability.

Chaos Theory isn’t just about rigid equations or complex graphs; it’s the story of the cosmos. It explains why weather is as unpredictable as our morning moods, and how a butterfly flapping its wings in Brazil might cause a tornado in Texas. Or how a spilled cup of coffee might disrupt an entire train schedule! This isn’t a science fiction plot—it’s the core of Chaos Theory: the idea that the world is nonlinear, and that tiny causes can lead to vast, unforeseen effects.
In this paper, we don’t approach “chaos” as meaningless randomness, but as a delicate fabric of sensitive interactions. Did you know your smartphone relies on principles of chaos to encrypt your data? Or that your heart beats in a “chaotic” yet organized rhythm?
We will explore the theory not as a dry topic, but as a scientific and philosophical model—where order gives way to chaos, and randomness conceals a hidden structure.
After reading this paper, you might begin to see chaos in everything around you… and that’s not a flaw in your perception—it’s the theory in action!

This analysis examines Iraqi press discourse on security and international issues, highlighting the general features of media coverage in light of the challenges Iraq has faced since 2003. This discourse is characterized by diversity and variation as a result of political and sectarian divisions, as well as regional and international influences on media direction.
On security matters, emotional and patriotic aspects dominate the discourse, particularly in coverage of terrorism and security forces operations, with clear variations in the description of armed groups, depending on the newspaper's orientation or the party behind it. In coverage of international issues, some newspapers tend to adopt the official positions of the state, while others reflect the agendas of political forces or foreign interests.
It is generally noted that much of the coverage lacks balanced and in-depth analysis, and that there is little focus on the humanitarian and social dimensions of crises. This indicates the need for more professional and independent media in addressing sensitive issues.

This study aims to explore the impact of digital content produced by social media influencers on the formation of social awareness among Iraqi youth. The research adopts a qualitative descriptive-analytical approach using content analysis and discourse analysis tools. The sample includes (10) Iraqi influencers and (50) digital posts from platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, and TikTok, along with (1000) audience comments.
Findings reveal that influencers' discourse tends to be emotional and realistic, focusing on issues such as migration, poverty, unemployment, and identity. The study demonstrates significant value-based and behavioral impacts on youth, as well as active critical engagement reflecting a spectrum of awareness that ranges from support to opposition and reinterpretation. The research concludes that digital content has become a vital agent in reshaping collective consciousness among Iraqi youth.

Social media provides significant opportunities for communication and dialogue, as well as for promoting and marketing various products and services easily and at a low cost. This has enabled women to showcase some of their skills and creativity in achieving their ambitions in the business world. Hence, the study sought to shed light on the importance of social media in empowering women through a survey of (40) women's business accounts in Wasit used for various businesses. Through a field survey methodology, the study concluded that:
1. Women working on social media have achieved social empowerment by expressing their opinions, gaining the respect and appreciation of others, and forming broad networks of social relationships.
2. Achieving stability and economic independence, which is one of the most important indicators of empowerment achieved by women through simple projects on social media.

This article examines the concept of the body in contemporary Arab visual art, offering a critical perspective informed by previous studies. It argues that representations of the body are shaped by cultural and social constraints, turning the body into a symbol of repression, identity, and psychological tension. While earlier research focused on aesthetic aspects, deeper cultural and political meanings were often overlooked. The article views the body as a space of conflict and expression, and calls for multidimensional critical approaches to better understand identity and artistic resistance in the Arab context