AL-ADAB JOURNAL

This research aims to apply the optimality theory (OT) on Al-Mansūbāt Maʿānī Al-qurʾān Waʾʿrābih LiZZajjāj and to monitor the observations and shortcomings of this modern Western theory when applied to the syntactic aspect of the Arabic language. A descriptive approach is followed, employing the OT theory "Linguistic Superiority Table". It is found that the failure to recognize all the characteristics and criteria of language leads to a major deviation in the differential analysis of linguistic material, because the absence of conditions and criteria that determine the grammatically acceptable sentence or the grammatically optimal sentence leaves the door wide open for interpretation (linguistic chaos). In addition, the difficulty of agreeing on grammatical preference tables, which are referred to in syntactic issues, is due to the large number of grammatical constraints that sometimes conflict, and there are no clear grammatical arguments in them, and if there are, they are disputed. It is not necessary for the optimal witness in a certain differential space to obtain the linguistic preference in another differential space. The difficulty of deciding on usage preference, that we do not know how much we judge the witness to be frequently used or infrequently used, in other words, what is the magnitude of this abundance? Accordingly, there are many shortcomings of the theory when applied to the syntactic level of the Arabic language, and it cannot be applied in its Western concept on this linguistic level, but the researcher tried to develop the theory following the specificity of Arabic.

Within the framework of cultural cross-fertilization between nations, foreign literary works were translated into Arabic. Ernest Heminway’s (1953) The Old Man and the Sea was one of the most important translated novels. Over the years, multiple translations of this novel into Arabic were published. This study attempts to explore sentence structure and identify its specific features in the Arabic translations of that novel. It was prompted by the scarcity of syntactic studies on the various Arabic translations of this novel. The study further examines the impact of sentence structure and its semantic components on the quality of the Arabic translated texts. For the purposes of the study, renditions of ten randomly - selected texts from the English novel in three different modern Arabic translations of the novel were utilized. The study adopted both contrastive and analytical approaches for the investigation of the translated texts. It is revealed that while verbal sentences involving the past tense were used as the main narrative tool in the English text, their syntactic equivalents in the Arabic translated texts were dominated by the nominal sentence with the copied verb kaana (was). Besides, the Arabic lexical items used as equivalents to those in the English novel were characterized by clarity and precision with a relative variation among the three translations. A further finding is that the specific syntactic and semantic components of the Arabic sentences - in addition to the context - combined to make a positive impact on the quality of translation of those sentences. The study recommendes expanding the scope of future research in the multiple translations of this novel to include the lexicon as well as both morphological and rhetorical aspects and activating censorship procedures on multiple translations of the same English novel by referring them to qualified and experienced reviewers to remove linguistic impurities before approving their publication.

This article aims to study poetry in the Abbasid era across all four periods. It employs a descriptive methodology, drawing on previous studies of Abbasid and Arabic poetry, and a qualitative analytical approach to analyze poetic samples from several Abbasid poets. The studied poets are Al-Mutanabbi, Abu Al-Faraj Al-Hamadani, Ibn Al-Rumi, Abu Al-Atahiya, Bashshar ibn Burd, Al-Sharif Al-Murtada, Mahyar Al-Daylami, Al-Khabbaz Arzi, Khashajim, Ibn Anin, and Sari' al-Ghawwani. The results indicate that Abbasid poets utilized a diverse range of rhetorical techniques and poetic devices to create rich and meaningful imagery. They adeptly employed metaphor and allegory to embody ideas and emotions, while using symbolism to express philosophical, religious, and social concepts. Furthermore, they demonstrated an ability to evoke mystery and complexity in their poetic texts, enhancing the depth of their poems and making them conducive to contemplation and reflection across time. Additionally, it is revealed that Abbasid poets were influenced by the context of their era and the social and cultural conditions they experienced, with these circumstances closely tied to the content and stylistic approaches they employed in their poetry.

Abstract:
Ideology is an attempt to dig beneath the surface of the apparent meaning towards the deeper meanings, and a reactionary analysis of the ideas and visions presented by the text, and seeks to oppose their course and immanent to their true origins. This research is a reading of selected examples from the short story collection (And Ask Them About the Village) by the Iraqi storyteller Anmar Rahmatullah. Issued by Dar Sutour for the year (2016), which reshaped reality in a fantasy style that discusses the problems of the place in a way of encryption and concealment. The choice was based on the stories in which the place was clear and explicit in the naming, which is the village as a written representation of the world that seemed characterized by dystopia at times and barbarism and backwardness at other times. , with the issues and crises it produces that are closely related to man and the social system, as it derives its entity from an important theme related to the fragmented relationship between the individual and authority in the system that is driven by hybrid ideologies and awareness methods that belong to the life of the jungle, so the stories move on a woven ground in an exotic symbolic style that is effective in forming vision and openness. Interpretation by employing intellectual shifts and stylistic paradox in addressing the dilapidated reality in which man finds himself surrounded by walls of alienation and absurdity. The researcher intended to read the place from an ideological point of view, while theorizing the term critically and revealing the nature of ideology and its relationship to literature, then moving on to the stories and trying to analyze the place with its multiple formats, including revolutionary, humanitarian, and others.

This research aims to demonstrate Dr. Baalbaki's efforts in grammatical theory, through his opinions that he mentioned in the issue of the emergence of Arabic grammar and its authenticity. His opinions in the issue of documenting Arabic grammar and Sibawayh's book, and his opinions in the origins of the theory of Arabic grammar are also discussed

Abstract:
Semantics was and still is a very important science in modern and ancient linguistic studies. It is not hidden from anyone who investigates the origins of semantics the extent of the strenuous efforts of the early scholars in its path. Rhetoricians have been keen to establish rhetorical rules and search for evidence for them from the Glorious Qur’an and from the poetry and prose of the Arabs, until those efforts led to the establishment of a complete science with its well-known topics, which is known as “semantics.” Al-Qazwini’s book “Al-Talkhees” is considered one of the most important books written on Arabic rhetoric, as commentaries on it followed one after the other. I have chosen two of these commentaries to study in this research. This research aims to identify the most important phenomena of rhetorical development in terms of addressing, presenting, and analyzing evidence, as produced by Al-Babarti (786 AH) and Al-Tabrizi (855 AH) in their commentaries, especially after rhetoric had made great strides in development at the hands of many scholars, until it reached what it is in the eighth century AH. The method of comparison is adopted in this research, so after describing and analyzing some of the texts included in the two commentaries, a comparison is conducted between them to identify the similarities and differences between the two commentaries. The researcher finds that the two commentaries are of great importance in the field of rhetorical research because they sought to clarify much of the evidence of their predecessors, in addition to their use of evidence that no one else had dealt with, and this will become clear to anyone who reads the research.

History tells many stories and tales about men who left a clear imprint on the lives of their people and their country. Iraq was one of them, as it was full of many important stations, especially in the diplomatic field, which represented the important will in foreign policy and the main theme of serving national interests and highlighting its civilized image through national figures who had a prominent role in that path. Muhammad Fadhil Al-Jamali is one of these and the most prominent in the royal era (1921-1958), who had an important role in the fields of politics, diplomacy, education and teaching in Iraq.

This research focuses on the social dimension of Sharjah’s traditional markets during the 20th century and their contribution to enhancing social interactions among residents. The study examines the role these markets played in celebrating social events and regulating relationships among different social groups, thereby fostering social discipline. It also explores how these markets preserved social values and cultural principles, strengthening communication between residents. Additionally, the study addresses the challenges faced by traditional markets due to modern economic and urban transformations, and how these changes influenced the markets' social role. Furthermore, it discusses possible strategies to preserve the social and cultural heritage of these markets, to enhance their future role in maintaining Sharjah's social and cultural identity. The research aims to answer key questions regarding the significance of these markets in promoting social values and preserving the city's cultural identity amidst contemporary changes, providing a comprehensive vision for maintaining their social and cultural role.

The current research aims to built scale to measure cognitive health older adults, measure cognitive he who live with their families and peers at nursing homes,and Defining differences in cognitive health according to gender (males – females ). To achieve these objectives, the researcher built Scale to measure cognitive health older adults, The final form of this measurement after the completion of the conditions such as validity, constancy, and the ability for discrimination has consisted of( 27) items , were prepared for a sample of (200) older adults, and data is dealt. Statistically by means of (SPSS) The study reached the following results: Achieve built scale to measure cognitive health older adults, The older adults who live with their families have cognitive health and the older adults not have a cognitive health, There are differences by gender in favor of males in the older adults with their families in the cognitive health while - There are no differences by sex (male - female) in the older adults role of shelter and the older adults with their families in the cognitive health In light of the current research results, the researcher made several recommendations and suggestions. such as study the cognitive health with social support , quality of life , active personality, psychological well-being and social marginalization.

Abstract:
The study of oppositional defiant behavior in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is critical for several reasons, including that it contributes to accurate diagnosis and differentiation between the disorders. Many of the symptoms of ODD overlap with those of ADHD, such as impulsivity and difficulty following rules, but motivations and behavioral patterns differ, and ADHD symptoms may be associated as one of the strongest predictors of serious antisocial behavior later in life.
The current research aimed to identify the following:
1-Identifying oppositional defiant behavior in ADHD children.
2- The significance of the differences in oppositional defiant behavior according to the variables of gender (males and females).
To achieve the above, the researcher built a scale of oppositional defiant behavior according to the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition DSM5, based on the adopted theory of McKinney and Rank 2007, which consisted of a paragraph and five alternatives, and the sample consisted of (100) children in order to extract psychometric properties through the SPSS program.
The current research concluded the following results:
1-Children with ADHD have high and statistically significant oppositional defiant behavior.
2- There are statistically significant differences in oppositional defiant behavior according to the gender variable and in favor of males, and there is a statistically significant difference according to age. After that, a set of recommendations and suggestions were made.

This research aims to:
1. Identifying 21st-century skills that can be integrated into middle school biology textbooks in Iraq.
2. Analysis of biology books for middle school students in Iraq by 21st-century skills.
3. Proposing a framework for integrating 21st-century skills into middle school biology textbooks in Iraq.
To achieve the research objectives, the researcher employed a descriptive-analytical method.
It is concluded that:
1. There is a clear decline in the extent to which some 21st-century skills are included in the biology textbooks for middle school in Iraq.
2. Identification of 21st-century skills in the biology textbooks for middle school in Iraq.
3. A proposed framework for integrating 21st-century skills into the biology textbooks for middle school in Iraq.

This research aims to build a training program based on mathematical excellence skills for mathematics teachers and its impact on the achievement of their students. The researchers adopted the experimental method and the experimental design for the control group, with a post-test. To verify the research objective, the following null hypothesis is established: "There is no statistically significant difference at a statistical significance level at a significance level of 0.05)) between the average differences in the scores of the students of the experimental group whose teachers underwent the training program based on mathematical excellence skills and the differences in the scores of the students of the control group whose teachers did not undergo training according to the program in the achievement test." The program was built, and the experiment was applied to a sample of first-year middle school students for the academic year 2023-2024, whose teachers were selected by random drawing from the research community from those who did not fail in their classes. (10) students were randomly selected for each teacher, so that the total number would be (320) students, The students were divided into two groups, one of which represents the group whose teachers underwent the training program, numbering (160) students, and the other represents the group whose teachers did not undergo the training program, numbering (160) students. The two groups of students were rewarded for the variables (chronological age in months, previous achievement in mathematics, and intelligence). The research tool represented by the achievement test was built and its validity, reliability, and psychometric properties were verified. The teachers of the experimental group were trained based on mathematical excellence skills. After completing the application of the experiment, the research tool was applied to the students of both groups. The results of the T-test for two independent samples showed that the students of the teachers of the experimental group outperformed the students of the teachers of the control group in the achievement test. In light of the results, the researchers concluded that the experimental program based on mathematical excellence skills had an impact in raising the level of achievement of their students, and also contributed to meeting some of the training needs of mathematics teachers.

The research aims to conduct a geomorphological analysis of the spatial relationships between gully erosion and slopes in Sinjar District, relying on the correspondence between gully erosion maps and degrees of slope and the correspondence between gully erosion maps and the valley network, by identifying the natural factors and their geomorphological role in the occurrence of gully erosion in Sinjar District, the research was able to determine the rate of gully erosion per (km2) according to the Bergsma system for degrees of erosion. It has been found that Sinjar District suffers from water erosion in its various scopes within all slope levels in general, and suffers in particular from the dominance of light and medium erosion zones in the lower and middle slopes of the Sinjar Mountain range, in addition to its dominance within the upper parts of the slopes of the Sinjar Mountains.

Abstract:
The province of Anbar in Iraq has experienced notable changes in the average age of marriage over the period from 1997 to 2023. Data reveals a shift in the overall mean age of marriage, reflecting changing social and cultural trends. Throughout the study period, the average age of marriage generally decreased, indicating an early onset of marital commitments. This trend may be attributed to multiple factors, including social and economic changes, cultural differences, and developments in social values. Data showcases a notable variation in the distribution of age at marriage across the years, with significant regional differences. A decrease in the average age of marriage was observed in certain areas, while it remained steady or increased in others. This suggests the influence of local factors on marriage decisions. Understanding the distribution of the average age of marriage in Anbar province is crucial for comprehending the social and cultural dynamics of the region. This data provides insight into marital trends, aids in identifying factors influencing marriage decisions, informs social policy decisions, and enhances the general understanding of social transformations in the area.

The research seeks to reveal the reality of private schools and learn about the quality of learning services provided by private schools, and spatial distribution in accordance with Iraqi standards for private schools, and aims to study economic changes affecting educational services in private schools.
To achieve this, the descriptive and analytical approach and the quantitative style were used, and the data was classified in statistical tables and turned into rates and percentages to compare them at the level of neighborhoods, as well as the use of maps and graphs, and the standard degree was adopted as a measure to clarify the variation of economic variables in the subject of research. To reach the spatial relations related to private schools, the statistical bag (SPSS) adopted the Person correlation laboratories, and the research in its data relied on the official publications of the Central Agency for Statistics and Technology Information, and the data of the Ministry of Education, the first Rusafa Education Directorate and the third Karkh Education Directorate, and the field study for the year 2023.
The research reached a set of results, the most important of which is the satisfaction of the researchers on private education, as the number of private schools in Al -Adhamiya municipality reached (52) schools distributed in the neighborhoods, and the highest number of private schools reached (14) schools in Al -Shammasia neighborhood, and the number of private schools in Al -Kadhimiya municipality reached ( 33) School, which numbered (13) schools in the Al -Zahra and Al -Athifiya neighborhood, that the researchers see that private schools are investment projects aimed at money and not a better education, and that most schools were established without regard to the criteria set by the state.

To achieve the goals of urban management in establishing new urban settlements known as new cities, several skills influence its goals, which are intellectual skills that enter into the formation of the comprehensive vision between planning, implementation and human skills, which require benefiting from expertise and scientific staff, in addition to technical skills that include knowing the potential of the sites available for establishing new cities and studying them comprehensively before implementation. Achieving these skills according to studied strategies and planning methodology will achieve urban management strategies at the level of technical services, and provide suitable housing in addition to the economic strategy that attracts residents to new cities. These cities differ according to the nature of the site, characteristics and available capabilities, as the problem lies in choosing sites for new cities without an integrated standard planning methodology, and without a prior study of the urban structure surrounding these sites, which causes problems in the urban prosperity of these cities and their failure to perform the expected role. This research sheds light on the most prominent global experiences in the field of new cities, leading to an analysis of the most important urban management strategies that were achieved in the selected experiences.

The current research aims to study the geographical distribution of museums throughout Iraq, except the Kurdistan region, with the help of modern geographic information systems technology, and since Iraq is one of the countries rich in archaeological sites, an ancient and prosperous civilization appeared on its land whose ruins still exist to this day, which is the raw material from which It has tourism. This led to the establishment of many museums throughout Iraq, but their investment was not at the required level at either the internal or external levels. Therefore, interest in museums and their optimal tourism investment will lead to achieving development of tourist areas and their regional surroundings in particular and to advancing the national economy in general. The number of museums reached more than 34, varying in their geographical distribution among the Iraqi governorates, as the highest percentage was concentrated in Baghdad Governorate, while the rest of the governorates obtained lower percentages of this distribution.

There is a consensus that compact urban forms represent a more sustainable future over the past thirty years. However, recent research has revealed complex issues surrounding the urban environment, which may lead to urban intensification policies that do not align with the goals of creating more sustainable cities. Rather than relying on a single solution, there is a need to understand that the urban future will be diverse, and urban intensification should be viewed as a means to achieve sustainable urban form. Furthermore, policies of intensification are likely to succeed when they adapt to the current urban landscape of the targeted neighborhoods. However, recent literature does not suggest a return to urban sprawl. By focusing on smaller scales, urban design can address criticisms regarding the viability of the compact city, while highlighting the cultural, political, social, and institutional changes needed to move away from random sprawl, which has become an integral part of urban development over the past fifty years . This research explores the impact of urban intensification on achieving sustainability goals in cities, as intensification is considered an effective strategy for improving the efficiency of environmental resource use and enhancing quality of life. It emphasizes the importance of intensification as a necessary tool for achieving urban sustainability, stressing the need for a balanced approach that combines environmental, social, and economic benefits to ensure a sustainable urban future. The theoretical framework has been applied to a high-density city model, specifically Amsterdam, to highlight how these goals can be achieved in a practical context. The research includes an analysis of the intensification policies and practices implemented in Amsterdam.

This study aims to explore the perceptions of decision-makers in the private sector regarding the employment of Emirati youth in private sector jobs. The study adopted a qualitative approach, utilizing interviews as the primary data collection tool. A purposive sample of three decision-makers from human resources departments was selected, representing entities such as the Sharjah Entrepreneurship Center (Sheraa), the International Food Industry Company, and Mohammed and Sultan Ahmed Lootah Contracting Company in the emirates of Sharjah and Dubai. It also aims to gather data and analyze their perceptions concerning the employment of Emirati youth. The study focused on three main themes derived from the research objectives, questions, and problem statement. The findings revealed that the private sector seeks to attract Emirati youth by improving salaries and providing administrative job opportunities. However, it faces challenges, such as offering fewer benefits compared to the government sector. The private sector also implements training programs, such as the "Najoom Program," to develop skills. Despite the availability of opportunities, Emirati youth encounter challenges like insufficient training and long working hours. The views of private sector employees highlighted a decline in the commitment of Emirati youth to private sector jobs, underscoring the need to address these challenges to enhance benefits and better meet market demands.

This study addressed the topic of digital safety for children, a recent topic that has emerged from the new digital environment. Digital safety is part of the socialization process for children, and parents must play their role in protecting children from the dangers of the digital world and making them aware of these dangers. This study is one of the analytical studies that aims to identify the cognitive and skillful role of parents in achieving digital safety for children and monitoring the challenges that hinder them from achieving digital safety. The current research addresses the cognitive aspect of parents, as it includes knowledge and information related to the digital world and its rapid developments, and the skill aspect, which includes the technological skills that parents must master to avoid problems resulting from the digital world. The study emphasizes the importance of the cognitive and skill role of parents in protecting children from the dangers of the digital world.

The current study aims to analyze the situation of drug addicts in the Emirate of Dubai by using the available data analysis approach. This was done through a detailed overview of each of the federal and local laws and legislation related to drug control, extracted from the annual reports of the Public Prosecution of the Government of Dubai, in addition to the data available on the official website. For both the Ministry of Interior and the Community Development Authority, represented by both the Erada Center for Treatment and Rehabilitation and the Ownak Center for Social Rehabilitation Finally to what was circulated in the official newspapers in the country. Which in its entirety confirmed that the United Arab Emirates in general and the Emirate of Dubai in particular are keen to fight everything that would disturb its security, safety and stability, by imposing penal penalties on anyone who dares to violate its laws and legislation. The study mentions a group of programs and services active in the Emirate of Dubai that work to implement anti-drug laws and legislation. The study concluded that there is an increasing number of cases registered with the Narcotics Prosecution in the Emirate of Dubai, in addition to an increase in the number of types of narcotic substances and the discovery of new types of them on an ongoing basis, despite the tireless efforts made by the law enforcement departments in the emirate. This may be attributed to the need to increase the punishment. Criminal law or reconsidering the nature and content of treatment and rehabilitation programs in a manner consistent with the conditions of a conservative society to limit these crimes and reduce their risks.

Abstract:
Methodology is a major pillar in constructing scientific studies and research, as it is one of the theoretical and applied foundations that the researcher relies on as a whole, starting from determining the research topic, formulating the title, collecting scientific material, and arriving at the results. Therefore, this study seeks to provide a methodological tool to evaluate the procedures followed in writing theses and dissertations in sociology. This scale included several criteria and was used to analyze a sample of theses and dissertations from the Department of Sociology at the College of Arts at the University of Baghdad. It relied on the descriptive analytical approach. The study found that there were many problems in applying the correct methodology in the department’s theses and dissertations. The method of formulating the study problem and writing the objectives, the method of defining concepts, the methodology of employing the theory, as well as selecting the sample and using the tool, formulating the study’s conclusions and recommendations. The study reached several conclusions, as follows:
1. Some researchers were overly biased toward one of the variables in their title and did not detach themselves from their study when formulating the research problem, and the formulation was not objective.
2. There is a clear flaw in the standard formulation of the study's objectives, which is consistent with and appropriate to the title, level, and type of study.
3. There is a flaw in the systematic use of theory in most sample studies. They either developed it but did not employ it—that is, they merely presented its contents—or they did not use theory at all.
4. Some researchers used borrowed operational definitions, and some formulated borrowed hypotheses.
The study suggests the following recommendations:
1. A greater focus on teaching methodology on hypotheses, their types, how to link and test them, and their relationship to the title, objectives, and questions.
2. A method for teaching concepts in research methods, using appropriate examples and exercises to apply them, is essential to consolidate sociology students' understanding of how to write them.
3. Training for students on how to employ theory in social research.

The current research is one of the most important types of studies concerning vocational rehabilitation for individuals with disabilities. This is because of the significant lack of researches that combine rehabilitation and integration processes in one article. The research also serves as a scientific reference for researchers and students working in this field. In addition, this article increases the reader's knowledge about the connection between rehabilitation and integration. The methodology of this research includes gathering information from literature concerning the rehabilitation and that concerning integration, then summarizing and arranging them in a set of paragraphs, including four paragraphs for rehabilitation and another four for integration. The rehabilitation paragraphs are related to the objectives, the principles, the stages and the programs of rehabilitation, as the rehabilitation process is a systematic process that are executed in dedicated institutions with the supervision of a specialized team such as the social worker, doctor, professional expert, and psychologist, who cooperate in their relevant fields of knowledge to accomplish the desired goals. The title of these paragraphs is the knowledge foundation for vocational training. The other four paragraphs are related to the elementary trends about the integration process, focusing on its objectives, the bases of its success, and its types. The researchers have concluded that the interdependence between vocational rehabilitation and the integration of disabled people is quite vital, as one of the objectives of the vocational rehabilitation process is to empower the trainee and integrate them into society. The research also suggests that combining the rehabilitation and integration processes will achieve substantial gains, such as employing disabled people after their graduation from rehabilitation institutions.

This research explores the characteristics of strategic planning and its impact on increasing performance in social institutions in the Government of Sharjah, focusing on two pivotal case studies: the Department of Social Services and the Sharjah Social Security Fund. The results show that systematic and integrated strategic planning contributes significantly to improving social services and increasing performance by setting clear goals and developing effective strategies to address diverse social challenges. The case studies highlight how the Department of Social Services and the Sharjah Social Security Fund used strategic planning models to enhance social security and support vulnerable groups in a targeted and impactful manner. By applying models such as SWOT and PESTEL, and leveraging management information systems to measure performance, these two institutions have been able to achieve tangible social impact and improve the quality of life for beneficiaries; The research shows the importance of actual responses from citizens as indicators of success and their role in improving and modifying programs and services, which enhances the positive impact of social enterprises in society. In addition, the results highlight the importance of innovation and cooperation with various partners to expand the scope of services and enhance overall performance, which emphasizes the vital role of strategic planning in achieving sustainable and comprehensive social development

The current study seeks to reveal the impact of social, cultural, and economic factors on recidivism from the perspective of workers in penal and correctional centers in the United Arab Emirates. Therefore, the research uses the descriptive analytical approach by preparing a questionnaire consisting of two sections: the primary data section and the influential factors section, which includes three themes: social factors, economic factors, and cultural factors. The questionnaire was applied to 30 male and female workers in the UAE correctional and punishment centers. The results revealed that social factors have a high impact on recidivism with an average of (3.526) and a percentage of (70.7%), while economic factors had a medium impact on recidivism with an average of (3.44) and a percentage of (68.8%), and cultural factors had a high impact on recidivism with an average of (3.50) and a percentage of (70.1%), while the contribution of these factors combined was (16.2%) in recidivism from the sample's point of view.

This research aims to analyze the content of preventive programs targeting children in the United Arab Emirates. It examines the preventive protection programs provided by governmental social institutions in the country, focusing on the areas of awareness these programs emphasize and the extent to which they incorporate methods to educate and empower children to protect themselves and report cases of violence. This study adopted a qualitative methodology, analyzing a sample of (23) child protection programs implemented by governmental social entities responsible for children in the UAE. The key findings indicate that preventive programs for children are delivered by various local social entities in Abu Dhabi, Dubai, and Sharjah, while some are managed at the federal level. These programs cover multiple areas of prevention, with a primary focus on raising children's awareness of self-protection, followed by educating them about their rights under the UAE Child Protection Law (Wadeema Law), and emphasizing the importance of reporting abuse and using reporting hotlines specific to each emirate. The findings reveal that educating children on self-protection primarily involves raising awareness about avoiding compliance with strangers' requests, which accounts for 22.3%. Programs aimed at educating children about their rights focus 16% on informing them about their right to protection from abuse. Regarding abuse reporting, 38% of programs focus on educating children about the free hotline numbers designated for reporting abuse in each emirate. Notably, despite the presence of multiple reporting hotlines across the UAE, all of them follow a unified plan for responding to reports and operate within an institutional network that enables case referrals based on the jurisdiction of each emirate.

Japan has always been ambiguous in its religious beliefs and references, as this research attempts to identify the most prominent elements of Japanese culture, as it is Japan's first religion (Shintoism). Shintoism has always been known as the worship of nature, as it is a religion affected by environmental fluctuations such as earthquakes, floods and storms, and for protection from this reality, the Japanese try to worship multiple gods called (kami), each of which is specialized in an environmental/natural reality that establishes his worship to seek his satisfaction and not be angry, thus survival. This applies to a wide range of human needs, not only natural disasters from which he tries to survive, but also tries to succeed in work, succeed in school, get a partner, and other human needs, so the Japanese individual performs a set of religious practices and rituals. The founding history of Shintouism saw the development of two Shintoya scriptures, the first (kojiki) and the second (nihongji). These two books were written for various reasons, including political and social reasons, this was done under the auspices of an empire, to write the Japanese myth, it is a tale that interprets the primitive time, and describes the method of birth of the gods, the way the Japanese Isles were created and ruled, and the gods' association with the imperial family biologically. But the most prominent dynasty remains the breed (Amaterasu), from whose descendants the dynasty of Japanese emperors appeared, which was the reason for the dominance of many emperors to rule Japan, the most prominent and famous of which was Meiji), who ruled Japan with an iron fist. Kojiki became an important book during his reign, which was established in Japanese schools, until the emperor became a god. But this ended completely after Japan's surrender in World War 2, where the United States imposed on Japan to keep religion away from government institutions, not to teach Kojiki in schools, and to give absolute freedom to the Japanese people to adopt the religion that is appropriate for them, which helped the return of Buddhism and Christianity. Shintoism became as private companies, which finance themselves by selling prayers, collecting money from people to participate in religious rituals, making a lot of money selling amulets and souvenirs, and organizing weddings led by specialized monks.

Our Arab society and our Iraqi society in particular need debate (critical theory) and this type of thinking, and this is what Marcuse emphasizes in his book (Reason and Revolution) He does not aim to revive Hegel as much as he revives a mental property that he fears is in danger of being lost, which is the ability to think negatively, as we do not have the ability to (think negatively) about many of the negative Western issues and phenomena that are foreign to Iraqi society, especially after 2003, but rather there was an idea of admiration and fascination with the degrading Western content and submission, and the word (negativity or negative view) in our society has become synonymous with humiliation, submission, satisfaction and surrender, and it is devoid of all positivity, effectiveness and will, and the negative view does not mean harsh criticism, voluntary intervention and positive effectiveness, not only for the sake of denying a subject, but perhaps also killing it from its roots, and we notice the negative view of the Arab countries towards (the issue of Gaza and its extermination), as the countries were subjugated and surrendered to the colonial West for its interests. It is necessary to revive the kingdom of negation (criticism) that we have completely lost, as all our lives are positive and accepting. We know nothing about negation at all, as negation is evidence of the individual’s independence, his entity, and his progress. That is why critical (dialectical) thought is the thought that agrees with democracy in political life. It is necessary to get rid of the stagnation and lethargy of the mind that indicates the stinginess of the educated person who has become a slave to Western culture and civilization, or the previous culture. Either because of intellectual sterility or thinking about personal interest, it is necessary to resort to the dialecticl.We live in a modern society because it helps us to build all our knowledge. After all, there is a lot of knowledge and information that is not a subject of question and ultimately turns into an epistemological obstacle that hinders the progress of knowledge.

Abstract:
Bilingual paper dictionaries are very useful in translation. However, they can also be tricky because they do not provide definitions and are restricted to indefinite equivalents. This means that when searching for a word in the source text, there are often some possible alternatives. The difficulty arises for those unaware of the adequate operation of the different equivalents in the target language, or how to associate them in terms of structures. This is the problem that many Iraqi student translators encounter, as they are not competent enough to decide the most acceptable alternative. Therefore, they spend much of the exam time translating individual words, i.e., their overall product lacks cohesiveness. The absence of a systemic approach they can follow in the exams can negatively contribute to the quality of their translations. The present paper addresses such a problem with special reference to literary discourse. Like AlFayez (2023), a hybrid approach is followed, one that allows the use of paper dictionaries, but with a crucial modification in the procedure; dictionaries are allowed only in the first third, not the first half of the exam allocated time. After that, dictionaries are withdrawn, and trainees have to complete their assignments depending on their knowledge. Results indicated that translations produced according to the first third of the allocated time approach are more cohesive, accurate, and stylistically appropriate than those relying on dictionaries for half the time. The findings underscore the significance of time management and efficient dictionary usage in achieving high-quality translations, emphasizing that excessive reliance on dictionaries can impede coherence and overall translation quality.

Eve Ensler’s play Necessary Targets (1996) dramatises how violence in Bosnia must be understood within the context of epistemic violence exercised by the ideological apparatuses of the Western powers. The play suggests that the dominant system of knowledge represents the Bosnian refugees as primitive to silence them and to maintain the superiority of the West. Using Johan Galtung’s typology of violence, this research article investigates the forms of violence endured by women refugees in Bosnia. Galtung introduces three types of violence: direct violence, structural violence, and cultural violence. The research article also highlights the conception of violence as a self-perpetuating cycle to explore the possibility of breaking it.

Imaginations and facts are necessarily interlocked in different forms of art. Their level of inter-connectivity, however, cannot be easily determined. They co-exist, co-present, and co-participate in the construction of narratives anywhere in the world. Research in African literature, especially texts in foreign languages such as English, French, Arabic, and Portuguese, has become more interesting, engaging, and encouraging. Scholars have treated different literary texts - plays, poems, and novels in their discourses with different perspectives, methodologies, conceptual frameworks, and theories. However, less attention has been paid to the impact of Ahmed Yerima’s works on the issues affecting the Niger Delta. In developing nations, development is hampered or gets distorted by social injustice caused by bad governance. Using Ahmed Yerima’s play, Hard Ground, as a corpus, this research article investigates the situation in the Niger Delta part of Nigeria. The study reveals that hostility, corruption, greed, betrayal, and inhuman treatment are responsible for the underdevelopment of the Niger Delta. It is also revealed that the “divide and rule” strategy, which is often used by the ruling class, deepens the hatred and suspicion among the marginalized people of the Niger Delta. Therefore, it is concluded that there is a need for unity among the various nationalities in the region; the leaders should ensure transparency, and the youths should be empowered to meaningfully engage in legitimate economic activities.

Abstract:
Nawa Zade Atai is one of the literary and Sufi figures who is considered the most genuine and valuable one during the 17th century. He is also a poet of Divan known by his identity as a historian and a Jurisprudent. The poet was born in 1583 in Istanbul, the capital city of the Ottoman Empire at that time. His real name is Atta’ullah. His father was a Sufi whose name is Yahya Bin Beer Ali Bin Nasooh. Because his father was known by his nickname Nawa, the poet got this nickname Nawa Zade Atai, which means the son of Nawa. As he used the nickname Attai in his poetry, his full name became Nawa Zade Atai. After receiving his religious education, he was employed in several jobs in teaching and justice. He died in 1635 in his hometown Istanbul. He was released from his work as a judge one year before his death. His grave is close to his father’s grave in a religious building that is called Takyat Al-Shaikh Wafaa in Istanbul. Nawa Zade Atai is considered a Hanafi jurisprudent and has books in poetry and prose. One of these books is called Divan.
Nawa Zade Atai devoted his poetic work, which is called Diva, in which he collects his poems, to the soul of the Shaikh Yahia Afandi. It includes one preface written in prose, 31 poems, 275 courtly love poems, 56 historical sections, 15 rubaiyat, and 93 verses. The language is very simple and interesting. He creatively dealt with the structure of the language at that time.

This paper explores the application of historical theories by Sir John Glubb and Ibn Khaldun to analyze modern empires, specifically the United States and China. Glubb's six stages of empires and Ibn Khaldun's concept of Asabiyyah provide valuable frameworks for understanding the dynamics of empire-building and decline. The current paper examines key factors such as leadership, social cohesion, economic growth, and moral integrity in sustaining the power of modern states. By comparing Glubb's "Age of Decadence" and Ibn Khaldun's theories of social fragmentation, this research identifies the importance of strong, ethical leadership and unity in preventing the decline of empires. It also emphasizes the need for economic and political reforms to ensure a balanced distribution of wealth and maintain prosperity. Through the lens of historical analysis, the relevance of these theories for understanding the challenges faced by contemporary powers are addressed. It offers insights into strategies that can help maintain the vitality and resilience of modern empires. Ultimately, it underscores the significance of historical lessons in shaping future trajectories of global powers.