Regional Studies Journal

This research seeks to examine the circumstances of Palestinian refugees in Kuwait from 1948 to 1993 by analyzing the political, economic, and social dimensions that shaped their experience during this pivotal phase of the Palestinian diaspora. The study begins with an exploration of the early waves of Palestinian migration to Kuwait following the 1948 Nakba and the reception extended to them by the Kuwaiti state, with particular emphasis on the legal and administrative frameworks regulating their presence. It then investigates the professional sectors in which Palestinians were predominantly employed—most notably education, healthcare, and engineering—underscoring their significant and positive contributions to Kuwait’s national development. The research further addresses Palestinian political activity within Kuwait, especially during the First Intifada of 1987, a period that witnessed emerging tensions between the Palestinian community and the Kuwaiti state, which in turn influenced both political dynamics and social relations. Additionally, the study analyzes the economic and social challenges encountered by Palestinians, including labor market barriers, constraints on social integration, and the precursory indicators leading up to Iraq’s 1990 invasion of Kuwait—events that profoundly affected the Palestinian community and exacerbated their precarious situation. The findings suggest that the Palestinian experience in Kuwait represented a complex interplay of achievements and adversities, characterized by both support and opportunity provided by the state, as well as legal, administrative, and political restrictions imposed by shifting regional circumstances. The study ultimately highlights the necessity of situating this experience within the broader context of the Palestinian diaspora and emphasizes the lessons it offers for the formulation of more effective refugee policies in the Gulf region.

This study aims to explore the early stages of General Henri Giraud’s life, including his birth, education, and military activities during the First World War, as well as to examine France’s colonial dominance over its North African possessions in the interwar period, and to analyze the rationale behind France’s entry into the Second World War, which culminated in Giraud’s appointment as Deputy Commander-in-Chief in the Allied High Council. The significance of this research lies in shedding light on the character of General Henri Giraud and the critical stage during which he played a pivotal military role, exerting a clear influence on France’s national condition and its political future. This is particularly evident from the outset of his military career, which began with the outbreak of the First World War, during which he commanded a division and displayed remarkable courage, through to his involvement in the interwar period. The research employs the historical-descriptive method, alongside analytical and inductive approaches, in order to present and interpret the subject’s details and ideas. The structure of the study is organized into three main sections and a conclusion presenting the key findings. The first section examines the early life of Henri Giraud and his role in the First World War (1879–1918). The second section analyzes his role in the Battle of France and his capture in May 1940. The third section highlights his escape from captivity and subsequent alignment with the Vichy government during the period from May 1940 to May 1942. The study concludes with several key findings, foremost among them being that General Henri Giraud was distinguished by his profound patriotism, exceptional bravery during his participation in the battles of the First World War, and his unwavering dedication to defending France against its German adversaries.

The Hashemite kingdom of Jordan has sought since the real desire to Establish a government, Palestine to annex the west bank to its lands, Especially, after supporting the Palestinian opposition to the king Abdulla bin al-Hussein and their desire to join his kingdom under his Throne. Helped many factors f facilitate the task of annexation to garden , Including social and economic growth ,especially after the import and 3 Export operations were subjected to the control of Jordan and the Exercise of the economic blockade , and administrative represented By the control of the Palestinian opposition, political as the king baptized Abdullah on eliminating elements opposing the idea of annexation, it Must be pointed out that Britain was a staunch supporter of the Annexation process . The Jordanian government embarked on holding mock elections in order to gain legitimacy for the annexation process, and it proceeded to Select some Palestinian ministers, during the first session of the national assembly, verbal altercations erupted and it was suggested to postpone the vote on the annexation process at a letter time the Decision to postpone approval is an approval of the digestion process. These events were widely rejected by the Arab countries, especially Egypt and the kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and the league of Arab states Annexation was contrary to the decisions of the Arab league and resulted in about its Feisal Gordon from the membership of the Arab League.

Following the era of openness and reform, and particularly under the leadership of President Xi Jinping, China has pursued a vigorous strategy aimed at ascending to global leadership through innovation, creativity, and technological advancement. This trajectory has been reinforced by wise leadership, a skilled workforce, and the distinctive characteristics of the Chinese people, in addition to the mobilization of both public and private institutions. The study highlights the key factors that contributed to China’s remarkable rise in this field. The research aims to examine China’s strategy in strengthening innovation institutions as a means of achieving technological dominance, the role of think tanks and research centers in shaping innovation policies through selected models, and to assess China’s success in confronting international challenges while maintaining its technological ascent. It further seeks to identify possible future scenarios for technological hegemony. The significance of this study lies in its focus on innovation and technology as critical indicators for understanding the dynamics of power in the twenty-first century, as they have become essential tools for states to expand their influence and safeguard their interests. Moreover, the subject provides insights into the anticipated future competition over technology. The research problem is framed around two central questions: How has China succeeded in reinforcing and employing innovation institutions to achieve technological dominance, particularly through the success of its “Chinese Silicon Valley” project during Xi Jinping’s era? And to what extent has it been able to confront the international challenges that have accompanied this path? The study is structured into an introduction, six main sections, a conclusion, findings, and recommendations. Among its key findings is that Chinese think tanks and research institutions have emerged as strategic actors in supporting decision-making, setting national technological priorities, and providing policy recommendations aligned with the state’s vision.

This research highlights the role of political leadership in achieving stability in conflict-ridden countries, as it is a crucial factor in guiding the trajectory of post-conflict countries. The research aims to analyze the role of leadership in managing the post-conflict phase in both Rwanda and Burundi, compare the policies and institutions established by the leaderships in both countries, and explore the role of leadership in achieving political and social stability and the relationship between them. The importance of the research lies in understanding the factors that contributed to building states after wars and civil conflicts, highlighting the role of political leadership as an effective element in reconstruction, reconciliation, and stability. The descriptive and analytical approaches were used to describe and analyze the role of political leadership in both Rwanda and Burundi, as well as their role in achieving stability in the post-conflict phase. The research structure was divided into three axes: the first addressed the conceptual framework of leadership, stability, and conflict; the second addressed a historical overview of the conflict in Rwanda and Burundi; and the third addressed the role of leadership in Rwanda and Burundi in achieving stability. The research yielded several findings, the most important of which is that political leadership is a pivotal element in determining the path to stability or a slide into chaos in post-conflict situations. The Rwandan experience demonstrated how decisive leadership with a strategic vision can employ policies of national reconciliation, institution-building, and development to rebuild the state from the ashes. Meanwhile, the Burundian case revealed weak leadership and its direct impact on the persistence of unrest and ethnic conflicts, despite the presence of similar components in the historical and political contexts of both countries. Therefore, building sustainable peace in post-conflict countries requires leadership that transcends ethnic tendencies and narrow interests, towards a comprehensive national project that achieves security, justice, and development.

This research sheds light on employee liability for damages to public funds, by analyzing the legal and regulatory frameworks in various systems. It aims to identify and analyze employee liability for damages to public funds, and compare the legal and regulatory frameworks in force in various legal systems, with the goal of developing a comprehensive vision for enhancing protection and accountability mechanisms. The importance of this research lies in enhancing the protection of public funds by evaluating the legal and regulatory frameworks for holding officials accountable, and assisting in the development of policies and procedures that reduce damages resulting from employee error or negligence. The research methodology is based on the use of a descriptive analytical approach, as the legal and regulatory frameworks related to employee liability for damages to public funds were analyzed in various systems. The study also relied on a legal comparison between legislation, drawing on relevant theoretical and legislative sources. The research comprised three sections: the first covered the concept of employee criminal liability, the second addressed the relationship between criminal and administrative liability of public employees, and the third addressed the impact of criminal liability on the protection of public funds. The research yielded several findings, the most important of which is that criminal protection in the crime under investigation is not limited to the funds and interests of the entity for which the employee or person charged with a public service works, or with which they are connected by virtue of their job, but rather extends to include the funds and interests of persons entrusted to the employee or person charged with a public service.

The practical value of a constitution depends on the conduct of the public authorities responsible for its implementation. These authorities are responsible for applying constitutional provisions correctly, ensuring that they are applied according to the constitution. However, if the constitutional provisions become entirely separated from the prevailing political, economic, and social realities, it may become necessary to abolish the existing constitution and adopt a new one. Yet, it is unreasonable to expect a constitution to outline the procedure for its own termination. Between the time a constitution comes into use until the moment it is repealed and replaced, certain exceptional circumstances (e.g., crises or emergencies) may arise, necessitating the suspension or temporary deactivation of some of its provisions due to threats endangering the state’s existence. In more severe cases, this may involve the complete suspension of the constitution while it is still formally in effect. This exceptional situation, which compels the suspension of the constitution, may lead to the undermining of the constitutional order itself which is known as “suspension of the constitution”. Therefore, the suspension of the constitution refers to the temporary halting of its provisions, either partially or entirely, when the state or its democratic institutions face danger, thereby permitting the president to make use of the exceptional powers temporarily.

The research aims to demonstrate the extent of auditors\\' commitment to International Auditing Standard No. (570) and its impact on achieving sustainable development. To achieve this goal, a questionnaire was distributed, comprising (110) questionnaires, (90) of which were valid for analysis, to a sample of auditors in the Federal Board of Supreme Audit in Iraq. The purpose was to analyze their answers to determine the relationship and impact between the variables. It was found that there is a strong positive correlation between auditors\\' commitment to International Auditing Standard No. (570) and achieving sustainable development. The importance of the research lies in the exploratory study conducted by the researcher to evaluate the reality of sustainable development practices in economic units when their accounts are audited by auditors, with the aim of identifying the strengths and weaknesses in the performance of these units, as well as benefiting from them when conducting audit work in other units to determine the extent of continuity of these units. The sample\\'s opinions were surveyed regarding their commitment to applying International Auditing Standard No. (570) in a fundamental way to achieve sustainable development. Many conclusions were reached, the most important of which is that auditors\\' commitment to International Auditing Standard No. (570) contributes to achieving sustainable development.

The India–Middle East–Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) is a strategic project announced at the 2023 G20 Summit in New Delhi. It aims to enhance economic connectivity between India, the Middle East, and Europe. This corridor links Asia to Europe via the Middle East, making it one of the most important global trade routes. Despite its economic potential, the corridor presents a theater of strategic and security-related confrontations. Iran, which has been excluded from the project, adopts an oppositional stance due to its geopolitical and economic implications on the country’s regional influence. This study aims to explore and analyze Iran’s position on the India–Europe Corridor project by examining its geopolitical, security, and economic dimensions and their impact on Iran’s regional interests. It also assesses Iran’s alternative strategies, particularly the North–South Corridor, to understand how the country is responding to this regional and international challenge. The significance of this research stems from the strategic location of the Middle East and Iran’s vital geographic and economic role in regional trade corridors. The study is further contextualized within the framework of major geopolitical shifts that are redrawing the maps of influence and competition among global and regional powers. The study is based on the hypothesis that the IMEC poses a direct threat to Iran’s strategic position, prompting it to adopt multifaceted strategies to maintain its trade and diplomatic presence and avoid isolation. The research is structured into an introduction and four main sections. The first section addresses the general background of the India–Europe Corridor and its strategic and economic objectives. The second section highlights Iran’s geographic position and its importance in regional and international trade. The third one focuses on Iran’s stance on the project and analyzes its political and economic responses. The fourth section examines the potential dimensions and risks the corridor may pose to Iran’s interests, particularly in the fields of economics, geopolitics, and regional security.

The research idea revolves around the existence of a budget attached to the general budget. This budget enjoys financial independence, which enables the institutions that adopt it to perform their duties easily and smoothly, with some freedom from the governmental routine restrictions that delay the work of state institutions. Many Arab and foreign countries have adopted this budget. The research aims to clarify the meaning of the attached budget, highlight its importance and characteristics, and encourage state institutions to adopt it. The importance of our research stems from the importance of the attached budget, as this budget grants the institutions that adopt it financial independence and a degree of flexibility and freedom from routine procedures, which enables these institutions to carry out their duties to the fullest extent and keep pace with global economic developments. The problem of the research arises from the confusion and failure of financial specialists to distinguish between the attached budget and some similar terms, namely the general budget appendices, the general budget, the independent budget, and the supplementary budget. The comparative and analytical approaches were adopted, as they are the two approaches most consistent with the nature of the subject. The research was divided into three sections. The first section dealt with the definition of the supplementary budget. The second section addressed the emergence of the supplementary budget and the stance of states towards it. The third section addressed the characteristics of the supplementary budget and its legal nature. The research reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which is that the supplementary budget grants the institutions that adopt it financial independence only, without administrative independence, and without enjoying legal personality.