Journal of University of Anbar for Humanities

Aims: This study investigates the effectiveness of self-regulated learning on ‎academic achievement in Islamic education and on the development of ‎coordinating thinking among fifth-grade science students. Methodology: The ‎sample comprised 70 fifth-grade female science students, randomly assigned to ‎experimental and control groups, with 35 students in each. Two instruments ‎were used: (1) an academic achievement test consisting of 30 multiple-choice ‎items, and (2) a Coordinating Thinking Scale (CTS) with 40 binary-response ‎items (scored 1 for the presence of the trait and 0 otherwise). The psychometric ‎validity and reliability of both tools were verified. Results: Findings revealed ‎statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups ‎in academic achievement, favoring the experimental group. Similarly, significant ‎differences were found in CTS scores, again favoring the experimental group. ‎These results support the effectiveness of self-regulated learning in enhancing ‎both academic achievement and coordinating thinking, leading to the rejection of ‎the null hypotheses and acceptance of the alternative hypotheses. Conclusions: ‎The study concludes that self-regulated learning significantly enhances both ‎academic achievement and coordinating thinking among fifth-grade science ‎students in Islamic education. These findings highlight the value of ‎incorporating self-regulated learning strategies into instructional practices to ‎foster deeper learning and cognitive development in primary education.‎

Aims: This study aimed to explore the ethical requirements for employing ‎artificial intelligence (AI) in education and to identify mechanisms for their ‎effective implementation from the perspective of university experts. ‎Methodology: A descriptive survey approach was adopted using a questionnaire ‎designed based on the theoretical framework, relevant literature, and previous ‎studies. The instrument consisted of two main sections: demographic data and 40 ‎statements divided equally between ethical requirements and mechanisms for ‎activation. The study was conducted in the 2024/2025 academic year on a ‎sample of 262 faculty members from the Colleges of Education, Sharia, and ‎Computer Science, classified according to gender, academic degree, and college. ‎Statistical analyses included Pearson’s correlation coefficient, frequencies, ‎percentages, relative weights, means, standard deviations, t-tests, one-way ‎ANOVA, and LSD post-hoc tests. Results: Findings revealed that faculty ‎members demonstrated a high level of agreement regarding both the ethical ‎requirements for employing AI in education and the mechanisms for activating ‎them. No statistically significant differences were observed by gender. However, ‎significant differences were found by academic rank, favoring full professors, ‎and by college, favoring faculty from the College of Education compared to ‎those from the Colleges of Computer Science and Sharia. Conclusion: The study ‎concludes that there is strong consensus among university faculty regarding the ‎importance of ethical considerations and their activation mechanisms in the ‎educational use of AI. Differences by academic rank and discipline highlight the ‎need for tailored training and policy frameworks. The findings underscore the ‎importance of integrating AI ethics into professional development programs and ‎institutional policies to ensure responsible and equitable use of AI in higher ‎education.‎

Aims: This study explores the competencies required of kindergarten teachers to ‎foster intellectual security in children’s digital environments, focusing on issues ‎of national identity, belonging, and the prevention of extremist ideas. The ‎research was conducted from the perspective of teachers in government ‎kindergartens in Hail City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Methodology: A ‎descriptive survey design was employed. A researcher-developed questionnaire ‎was administered to a sample of 197 government kindergarten teachers in Hail ‎City. Data were analyzed using frequencies, percentages, means, and standard ‎deviations. Results: Findings revealed that teachers strongly endorsed ‎competencies related to promoting intellectual security, particularly in ‎strengthening national identity and belonging, as well as in preventing extremist ‎ideologies. Conclusion: The study highlights the importance of equipping ‎teachers with these competencies and integrating them into early childhood ‎teacher preparation programs. It further recommends extending similar research ‎to other regions and professional contexts, while also examining barriers to ‎effectively promoting intellectual security in children’s digital environments and ‎strategies to address them.‎

Negation has been a challenging and difficult subject for philosophers, logicians ‎and linguists alike. As a form of negation, implicit (implied, hidden, indirect) ‎negation is a common type that would occur when lexical items, including ‎different parts of speech, and depending on their position, would imply the ‎negative meaning that would affect the meaning of the sentence and the text. ‎Implicit negation in terms of lexical, phrasal, and clausal structure, has not been ‎given due attention by researchers. ‎
While EFL learners are able to recognize and construct negative forms in ‎English, they are to some extent unable to recognize negative sentences with ‎embedded negative sense, i.e., EFL learners can recognize explicit negatives ‎‎(negative in form) but unable to do the same with implicit negatives (negative in ‎sense not in form).‎
The aim of this study is to find out whether or not Iraqi university EFL learners ‎of English are able to recognize implicit negation and also decide on the type of ‎implicit negation, lexical, phrasal, clausal. A 30-item test was distributed among ‎‎80 EFL learners at the Department of English Language / College of Education / ‎University of Anbar. The participants were asked to recognize implicit negation ‎and then to decide its type. Results indicate that the number of observations that ‎were able to identify the presence of implicit negation reached (64 observations), ‎representing a percentage of (51.2%) of the total sample surveyed. The ‎arithmetic mean of the responses was (2.12), indicating that the target group was ‎close to identifying the correct answer. The number of observations that were ‎able to identify and determine the type of implicit negation reached (17), ‎representing a percentage of (26%) of the total correct answers, which indicates ‎that less than a quarter of the responses that indicated the presence of implicit ‎negation were able to correctly identify the type of implicit negation. ‎Consequently, while the participants were able to recognize the sense of implicit ‎negation, they, however, were unaware of the type that generates the sense of ‎implicit negation.‎

Aims: The research aims to identify the effect of Nardo model on achievement ‎and creative thinking among students of the Geography Department in the ‎subjects of secondary education and educational administration. To achieve the ‎research objective, the researcher created the following two null hypotheses: 1- ‎There is no statistically significant difference at the level of (0.05) between the ‎average achievement scores of the students of the experimental group who ‎studied the subjects of secondary education and educational administration, ‎according to the Nardo model, and the average scores of the students of the ‎control group who studied the same subject according to the traditional method ‎in the post-achievement test. 2- There is no statistically significant difference at ‎the level of (0.05) between the average scores of the students of the experimental ‎group who studied the subject of secondary education and educational ‎administration, according to the Nardo model, and the average scores of the ‎control group who studied the same subject according to the traditional method ‎in the creative thinking test. Methodology: The research community included all ‎second-year students, Geography Department, College of Education, Al-‎Mustansiriya University. The researcher adopted the experimental method, which ‎includes the experimental and control groups with a post-test. The research ‎sample was chosen intentionally, and its number reached (66) male and female ‎students, with (33) in each class. For the purpose of applying the experiment, a ‎class was chosen randomly to represent the experimental group, while another ‎class represents the control group. In light of the content of the scientific ‎material, the researcher formulated a number of behavioral objectives according ‎to Bloom's levels (knowledge, understanding, application), amounting to (76) ‎behavioral objectives, and prepared teaching plans for the two research groups ‎amounting to (13) plans for each group. The test tool was based on two tests (the ‎post-achievement test and the creative thinking test (prepared by Alsaid ‎Khairallah). The psychometric properties of each of the two tests were tested, ‎and the two tests were applied to the sample of the two research groups at the ‎end of the experiment. The data were analyzed using the statistical package ‎‎(SPSS). Results: After analyzing the data, the results showed the following: ‎There is a statistically significant difference between the average scores of the ‎students of the experimental group and the average scores of the students of the ‎control group in the post-achievement test, in favor of the students of the ‎experimental group. There is a statistically significant difference between the ‎average scores of the students of the experimental group and the average scores ‎of the students of the control group in the post-creative thinking test, in favor of ‎the experimental group. Conclusions: It can be concluded that the study ‎demonstrates the effectiveness of the Nardo model in enhancing both academic ‎achievement and creative thinking among geography students. These results ‎highlight the model’s potential as a valuable teaching strategy in higher ‎education and suggest the need for broader application and further research ‎across other disciplines and contexts. Based on these results, a set of ‎recommendations and proposals were formulated for conducting future studies.‎

Aims: The current study investigates the role of smart policing strategies in ‎strengthening public safety and reducing crime in urban areas through the ‎application of advanced technologies and artificial intelligence (AI). Specifically, ‎it examines how tools such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and ‎intelligent image analysis contribute to crime detection, prevention, and the ‎development of strategic plans that enhance community security. Methodology: ‎A descriptive-analytical approach was adopted, drawing on data from police ‎department reports, field observations, and interviews with security personnel. ‎The study also reviewed international literature on smart policing practices in ‎developed countries and assessed the integration of AI and GIS into crime ‎prevention. Spatial analysis and data modeling techniques were employed to ‎identify crime patterns, high-risk zones, and underlying drivers of criminal ‎activity. Results: The findings revealed that traditional policing approaches are ‎inadequate in addressing the growing complexity of urban crime. In contrast, ‎smart policing technologies have significantly enhanced the effectiveness of ‎police operations. The establishment of advanced databases has streamlined data ‎collection, storage, and analysis, while smart surveillance systems and image ‎analysis tools have enabled proactive monitoring and early identification of ‎criminal activities. These innovations have led to improved crime prevention ‎strategies, reduced crime rates, and heightened public confidence in safety ‎measures. Conclusions: The study demonstrates that smart policing strategies, ‎supported by AI and GIS technologies, play a pivotal role in addressing the ‎limitations of traditional policing in urban contexts. By enabling proactive ‎surveillance, data-driven decision-making, and predictive crime prevention, ‎these tools contribute to reducing crime rates and enhancing public safety. ‎However, the success of such strategies depends on proper training, robust data ‎governance, and strict adherence to privacy protections. Strengthening these ‎elements will not only improve the efficiency of police operations but also build ‎greater trust between security institutions and the community, thereby fostering ‎safer and more resilient urban environments. Recommendations: The study ‎recommends expanding the adoption of AI and GIS technologies within police ‎departments, providing specialized training for personnel, and incorporating ‎predictive analytics into crime prevention frameworks. It also emphasizes the ‎importance of establishing clear policies on data collection, privacy safeguards, ‎and real-time monitoring to ensure the responsible and effective application of ‎smart policing tools in urban security..‎

Aims: Although the construction industry has achieved notable progress in ‎meeting local demand, it continues to face persistent challenges that warrant ‎further investigation. This study seeks to analyze the key problems confronting ‎industrial activity in general, with a particular focus on the construction sector in ‎Anbar Governorate and the Fallujah District. Methodology: The descriptive-‎analytical approach was adopted, drawing on official data, local reports, and ‎relevant literature. The study concentrated on two core areas: (1) shifts in ‎demand for construction products in terms of quantity and quality, and (2) the ‎issue of industrial site selection and its economic and social implications. ‎Results: After analyzing all the gathered data, the results showed that ‎construction industries in Fallujah District are especially vulnerable to ‎fluctuations caused by economic instability, which undermines production levels ‎and long-term sustainability. In addition, inadequate site selection was found to ‎create logistical and financial difficulties, such as elevated transportation costs ‎and inefficiencies in distribution. These challenges collectively weaken the ‎sector’s competitiveness and reduce its contribution to local economic growth ‎and job creation. Recommendations: The study calls for the development of ‎flexible strategic plans that can adapt to evolving market demands, along with ‎the application of rigorous scientific criteria in selecting future industrial sites. It ‎further emphasizes the need for greater support from local authorities and the ‎encouragement of investment in the construction sector, recognizing its critical ‎role in driving economic development and fostering social stability in Anbar ‎Governorate, particularly in Fallujah District. Conclusions: It can be concluded ‎that the construction industries in Anbar Governorate, and particularly in ‎Fallujah District, continue to play a central role in meeting local demand and ‎supporting economic development. However, this study highlights that the sector ‎faces persistent challenges, most notably economic instability and poor site ‎selection, which limit its competitiveness, increase operational costs, and reduce ‎its long-term sustainability. These problems not only undermine the industry’s ‎ability to contribute effectively to the local economy but also restrict its potential ‎to create employment opportunities and enhance social stability. Addressing ‎these challenges requires flexible strategic planning that can adapt to fluctuating ‎demand, coupled with the application of scientific principles in selecting ‎industrial sites to ensure efficiency and sustainability. Furthermore, strengthening ‎institutional support and encouraging investment are critical steps toward ‎revitalizing the sector. By implementing these measures, the construction ‎industry in Anbar and Fallujah can become more resilient, competitive, and ‎capable of contributing meaningfully to the region’s economic growth and ‎stability.‎

Aims: This research examines the distribution and efficiency of primary ‎education services in the rural areas of Al-Qa’im District in 2021, with a focus ‎on how well this distribution aligns with local standards established by planning ‎authorities. It also aims to identify areas experiencing shortages or surpluses in ‎educational services and to highlight the challenges facing the educational ‎process in rural communities. Methodology: The study employed a regional and ‎inductive approach, supported by a field survey and questionnaire administered ‎to a random sample of 495 individuals, proportionate to the population size. A ‎combination of numerical, spatial, and demographic indicators was used to ‎assess the efficiency of educational services. Spatial statistical techniques such as ‎the nearest neighbor and standard distance methods were also applied to analyze ‎the distribution of schools. Results: Following an extensive analysis to the data, ‎findings revealed unequal distribution of primary schools, with some settlements ‎heavily served while others lacked facilities altogether. This imbalance reduced ‎service efficiency, as many students faced long travel distances to access ‎education. The study also found overcrowding in both students and teachers per ‎school compared to approved educational standards, indicating insufficient ‎classrooms, teaching staff, and physical space. Notably, 72% of surveyed ‎students reported traveling beyond the permitted standard distance to reach their ‎schools, reflecting significant inequities in access to education. ‎Recommendations: The study recommends revising the distribution of primary ‎schools in rural Al-Qa’im to ensure equity and spatial efficiency, considering ‎population density and travel distance standards. It also stresses the importance ‎of eliminating school duplication, replacing caravans with permanent and safe ‎buildings, and adopting single morning shifts to enhance students’ learning ‎outcomes. Conclusions: It can be concluded that the research highlights critical ‎inefficiencies in the distribution of primary education services in the rural areas ‎of Al-Qa’im District. The unequal spatial allocation of schools, overcrowded ‎classrooms, and shortages in teaching staff have created barriers to equitable ‎access, with a majority of students compelled to travel beyond the recommended ‎distances. Such disparities not only undermine educational quality but also ‎exacerbate inequalities among rural communities. Addressing these challenges ‎requires a comprehensive re-evaluation of school distribution policies, supported ‎by targeted investment in infrastructure, staffing, and spatial planning. By ‎ensuring fairer access to educational services, the district can move toward ‎improving learning conditions, reducing inequalities, and strengthening the role ‎of education in supporting rural development and social stability.‎

Aims: Medical waste is a significant source of infectious and chemical pollutants ‎that pose serious risks to public health if mismanaged. This study seeks to ‎examine the types of medical waste generated in hospitals across Duhok city- ‎Iraq and to analyze its geographical distribution, with particular attention to the ‎associated health and environmental hazards. Methodology: A descriptive-‎analytical approach was employed, drawing on data from multiple sources, ‎including official hospital records, field observations, and interviews with staff ‎responsible for medical waste management. Geographic analysis tools were ‎utilized to map the spatial distribution of medical waste across different hospitals ‎and to identify the areas most impacted. Results: The findings revealed that ‎hospitals in Duhok face considerable challenges in medical waste management, ‎primarily due to non-compliance with World Health Organization (WHO) ‎recommendations for safe and integrated waste handling. Ineffective treatment ‎practices were noted, especially the reliance on traditional incinerators, which fail ‎to eliminate risks adequately. Additionally, the absence of designated medical ‎waste landfills further exacerbates environmental and public health threats. ‎Conclusions: It can be concluded that the urgent need for reform in medical ‎waste management across Duhok city hospitals. Current practices, which rely ‎heavily on outdated incineration methods and lack dedicated disposal sites, ‎significantly increase the risks of environmental contamination and public health ‎hazards. Addressing these shortcomings requires a shift toward integrated waste ‎management systems that comply with WHO standards, supported by investment ‎in infrastructure, technology, and staff training. By prioritizing these measures ‎and ensuring continuous oversight, Duhok can substantially reduce the negative ‎impacts of medical waste, safeguard public health, and promote a cleaner and ‎safer environment for its population. Recommendations: The study calls for the ‎implementation of comprehensive medical waste management systems aligned ‎with international standards. This includes the establishment of dedicated ‎landfills, the adoption of safer and more efficient treatment technologies, and the ‎training of personnel in proper waste-handling practices. Regular monitoring ‎and evaluation of policies are also essential to ensure compliance and to ‎minimize the risks associated with medical waste in Duhok hospitals.‎

Aims: This study aims to examine the morphometric characteristics of the ‎drainage network of basins located north of Darbandikhan Lake, Iraq, with a ‎focus on their hydrological implications. By analyzing these features, the study ‎contributes to a better understanding of surface runoff dynamics and flood ‎potential in the region. Methodology: Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data with ‎a spatial resolution of 12.5 meters were utilized, alongside ArcGIS 10.3 ‎software, to perform morphometric calculations using established mathematical ‎equations. Six major basins draining into Darbandikhan Lake were analyzed in ‎terms of their shape, area, topography, and water networks. Results: The ‎findings revealed that the basins are predominantly rectangular in shape, ‎expanding upstream and narrowing downstream, which suggests more regular ‎water flow and reduced flood probability. Topographic analysis indicated that ‎steeply sloping areas increase the velocity of surface runoff and thus the ‎likelihood of flash flooding, while flat or gently sloping areas slow the flow. In ‎terms of network characteristics, the number of main streams was 9,205, with ‎stream orders ranging from 5 to 8 based on Strahler’s classification. The total ‎stream length measured 3,318.26 km, with an average bifurcation ratio of 3.8 ‎and a drainage density of 0.21 km²/km across the basins. Conclusions: It can be ‎concluded that the morphometric assessment of the Darbandikhan Lake basins ‎provides valuable insights into the hydrological behavior of the region. While ‎the basin shapes generally favor stable flow patterns and reduced flood risk, ‎localized topographic variations, particularly steep slopes, present challenges in ‎managing flash floods. By incorporating these findings into regional planning ‎and water management policies, authorities can improve flood preparedness, ‎optimize water resource utilization, and contribute to long-term environmental ‎and economic sustainability. Recommendations: The study emphasizes the ‎importance of integrating morphometric analysis into water resource ‎management strategies and flood risk mitigation efforts. It also highlights the ‎need to expand the use of remote sensing and GIS-based approaches in future ‎hydrological research to support sustainable development in the region..‎

Aims: This research aims to examine the contributions of the Orientalist Walter ‎Joseph Fischel, one of the prominent Western scholars engaged with Islamic ‎history and civilization. Particular attention is given to his focus on Muslim ‎scholars and historians of the 8th century AH / 14th century AD, especially his ‎studies on Ibn Khaldun. The study also seeks to explore Fischel’s life, ‎intellectual orientations, scholarly fields, the reasons behind his interest in ‎Islamic history, and the lasting significance of his works and legacy. ‎Methodology: A descriptive-analytical approach was adopted, drawing on ‎Fischel’s writings and academic articles, analyzing his areas of focus and ‎research methods, and reviewing the sources he relied upon in his historical ‎studies. His impact on Western scholarship in the field of Islamic history was ‎assessed, along with the extent of his engagement with Arab and Islamic ‎thought. Selected aspects of his findings were also compared with those of ‎contemporary Muslim historians. Results: The findings indicate that Walter ‎Joseph Fischel was a distinguished Orientalist, marked by precision and ‎analytical depth. His interest extended beyond compiling information to ‎understanding the intellectual and social contexts of the Islamic world, ‎particularly in relation to Ibn Khaldun. His scholarly output represents significant ‎contributions that advanced Western knowledge of Islamic civilization. ‎Furthermore, his writings continue to serve as a valuable reference in Orientalist ‎and historical studies. Conclusions: Walter Joseph Fischel stands out as an ‎Orientalist whose work bridged cultures by introducing Islamic intellectual ‎heritage to Western academia with rigor and depth. His research, especially on ‎Ibn Khaldun, reflects both scholarly dedication and a genuine attempt to ‎understand the broader cultural and historical frameworks of Islam. Continuing ‎to engage critically with his writings not only enriches historical inquiry but also ‎fosters constructive dialogue between civilizations. Recommendations: The ‎study recommends further comparative research between Fischel’s works and ‎Arab-Islamic sources in order to enrich academic understanding of Islamic ‎history. It also emphasizes the value of applying his research methods in ‎contemporary scholarship to promote dialogue between Eastern and Western ‎traditions and deepen knowledge of Islamic civilization.‎

Aims: This study explores the significance of the Iraqi archive and its academic ‎role in supporting researchers and graduate students. It traces the historical ‎stages of its establishment and growth, beginning with the Iraqi Archives and ‎culminating in the creation of the Iraqi National Center for Document ‎Preservation in 1978, which later merged with the National Library to form the ‎‎"National Library and Archives". The research also highlights the contributions ‎of Iraqi intellectuals and historians in developing this institution and ‎safeguarding the nation’s cultural heritage. Methodology: A descriptive-‎analytical approach was employed, relying on documents, historical sources, and ‎newspaper records related to the development of the Iraqi archives. The study ‎examined the stages of its establishment and evolution, with special focus on the ‎efforts of Iraqi intellectuals and historians—such as Yassin Abdul Karim and ‎Salem Al-Alusi—in advancing archiving practices and ensuring the preservation ‎of national records. Results: The findings show that the creation of the Iraqi ‎archives was a pivotal step in protecting historical documents, particularly ‎through the enactment of laws for document preservation in place of prior ‎policies of paper destruction. The archive has served as a vital academic and ‎cultural resource, offering Iraqi, Arab, and international researchers access to ‎invaluable documents and information. This role has significantly contributed to ‎the advancement of modern and contemporary historical studies, enriching the ‎field of academic research. Conclusion: The Iraqi archive stands as one of the ‎most important intellectual and cultural institutions in the country, not only ‎preserving national memory but also serving as a cornerstone for academic ‎research. Its establishment marked a turning point in protecting Iraq’s ‎documentary heritage, transforming practices from document destruction to ‎systematic preservation. By providing researchers with access to a rich collection ‎of records, the archive has played a decisive role in advancing historical inquiry ‎and safeguarding cultural identity. Continued investment in its development and ‎the promotion of scholarly use of its resources are essential to ensuring its ‎enduring contribution to Iraq’s scientific and cultural legacy. ‎Recommendations: The study recommends ongoing development of the Iraqi ‎archive, capacity building for archiving professionals, and greater integration of ‎archival resources into academic research. It also calls for more comparative ‎studies using archival material to enhance the preservation of cultural heritage ‎and strengthen the research base for both local and international scholars.‎

Aims: This study explores the rise of the National Salvation Party (MSP) in ‎Turkey during the early 1970s as a significant development in the country’s ‎modern political history. It focuses on the party’s religious orientation, its ‎interpretation of secularism, and its role in shaping Turkish foreign policy. ‎Special attention is given to the MSP’s stance on Arab and regional issues, ‎including the Jerusalem question and the wars of 1967 and 1973, as well as its ‎influence on Iraqi-Turkish relations and domestic political debates. ‎Methodology: The research employed a descriptive-analytical method, ‎examining historical documents and political sources related to the MSP. It ‎analyzed the party’s positions on regional and international developments, ‎including its policies toward Arab countries, NATO membership, accession to ‎the European Common Market, and the Cyprus issue. The study also evaluated ‎the party’s influence on both Turkish domestic and foreign policy. Results: ‎Findings reveal that the MSP held a unique position in Turkish politics by ‎advocating a religious perspective while simultaneously upholding secular ‎principles. The party’s strong support for the Palestinian cause, particularly ‎regarding Jerusalem, shaped Turkey’s relations with Arab states and ‎strengthened its regional role. Domestically, the MSP influenced debates on ‎Turkey’s Western alliances and regional policies, contributing to shifts in public ‎opinion and government strategy. Its outlook also facilitated closer Iraqi-Turkish ‎ties, reflecting its Islamic and Arab-oriented vision. Conclusion: The National ‎Salvation Party represented a pivotal moment in Turkey’s modern political ‎evolution, balancing religious identity with secular frameworks while exerting ‎considerable influence on regional diplomacy and domestic politics. By ‎championing the Palestinian cause and fostering ties with Arab countries, the ‎party positioned Turkey as an active player in Middle Eastern affairs. At the ‎same time, its internal positions on NATO, the European Common Market, and ‎Cyprus reflected its ability to shape national debate. Studying the MSP not only ‎provides insight into the dynamics of Turkish politics in the 1970s but also ‎highlights the enduring influence of religious and nationalist movements on the ‎trajectory of Turkey’s political and foreign policy development. ‎Recommendations: The study recommends further examination of the impact ‎of nationalist and religious-oriented parties in Turkey, particularly regarding ‎their influence on Arab and regional issues, in order to better understand their ‎role in shaping both domestic and foreign policy.‎