The White Dome Journal

The current study aims to identify «social comparison among public and private kindergarten teachers.» The research was limited to female kindergarten teachers working in public and private kindergartens during the academic year (2024–2025). The researcher adopted the descriptive correlational method. The research sample consisted of 200 female teachers from the General Directorate of Education in Baghdad Al-Karkh/2. To implement the study, the following procedures were carried out: constructing a Social Comparison Scale composed of 24 items. The researcher ensured the validity and psychometric properties of the scale, including item difficulty, discrimination power, and reliability. The SPSS statistical package was used for data analysis. The results of the study indicated that kindergarten teachers in public schools demonstrated a higher level of social comparison compared to their counterparts in private schools. Furthermore, social comparison among kindergarten teachers is influenced by the surrounding social environment, which is often characterized by intellectual rigidity, where educational and social concepts are transmitted by families and communities as fixed, unquestionable truths, hindering openness to change or critical thinking.
In light of the findings, it is recommended to strengthen collaboration between public and private kindergartens and relevant community entities, such as civil society organizations and educational departments. This can be achieved through organizing joint initiatives aimed at fostering professional and social interaction among teachers, which would deepen their understanding of their educational and social roles and help reduce the gap between teachers in both sectors.
It is also recommended to design and implement specialized training programs for kindergarten teachers that focus on enhancing social awareness, as well as improving communication, collaboration, and the exchange of educational experiences. These efforts would contribute to improving the educational environment in both public and private kindergartens.
The researcher suggests designing a training program aimed at developing positive social comparison skills among kindergarten teachers. This program would seek to enhance their level of professional satisfaction and job commitment, and its impact would then be measured among teachers in both public and private sectors, with a comparison made between its results and those of the current study.

Surat al-Ma›idah is one of the Medinan surahs that addresses important legislative rulings and the regulation of social and religious relations. Due to the richness of this surah›s meanings and rulings, it has received great attention from commentators throughout the ages.
When studying the time period of the fifth century AH, a number of great interpreters emerge who have enriched the interpretive library with their works, such as Al-Mawardi, Al-Wahidi, Al-Jurjani, Al-Tusi, and others. In this research, I will address the nature of the interpretive disagreements that arose between these prominent figures from the first verse to the eleventh verse of Surat Al-Ma’idah. These verses are a group of topics.
Starting with the provisions of contracts and the provisions of what is permissible and what is forbidden, passing through the provisions of hunting and ihram, arriving at the provisions of purification, ablution and dry ablution, then concluding with a discussion of God’s blessing upon the believers and the covenant that He took from them.
A study of the interpretive disagreements among fifth-century AH commentators on the first verses of Surat al-Ma›idah, from verse 1 to verse 11, reveals the richness of the interpretive approach of that era and the depth of the effort these scholars exerted to understand the Book of God and derive its rulings and meanings. Among the most prominent findings were the following:
1. Legislative flexibility: These disagreements demonstrate that although Quranic rulings are definitive in their principles, understanding their applications and details may, in some respects, open up a broader understanding of Islamic jurisprudence. 2. The importance of context: Disagreements often stem from differences in the overall context of verses, or the connection between them and what precedes and follows them, which underscores the importance of understanding the Quranic text as a complete unit.
3. Integration, not contradiction: Although there were differences, they were, in general, differences of diversity and integration, not contradiction. Each interpreter added a brick to the edifice of Quranic understanding, and revealed an aspect of the miraculous nature of the Book of God Almighty.

The present research aims at identifying the difficulties that face the teaching of Arabic language in the middle study stage, through answering the following questions:
1. What are the difficulties of teaching Arabic language in the middle study stage from the viewpoint of male and female teachers of Arabic language?
2. Are there any significant differences between the answers of male teachers on the one hand and the answers of female teachers on the other?
The research sample consisted of (50) male and female teachers of middle schools in Mosul city (25 male and 25 female), who are in service in the academic year 2024–2025.
To achieve the aim of the study, a questionnaire prepared was used. It consists of 40 items distributed over 10 fields, and the validity and reliability of the questionnaire were verified.
Statistical methods were used to analyze the data: Chi-square test, weighted mean, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient.
The main results were:
1. There are some difficulties confronting the teaching of Arabic language in the middle study stage.
2. There is no statistically significant difference between the answers of male teachers and female teachers.
The researcher presented a number of conclusions and recommendations in light of the results obtained.

This research addresses the connection between the unseen world and the observable world in the Qur’an. It explores the relationship between the unseen, which is beyond human perception and known only to God, and the observable world, which is perceived through the senses. It distinguished between what was restricted and what was absolute, and the research was divided into two sections. The first section was: (The connection between the unseen world and the visible world), and the second section: (The absolute unseen and the restricted unseen). It was preceded by an introduction and followed by a conclusion that included the most important results, then a list of sources and references.

This research revolves around the levels of clarity of the Qur’anic text among the Imamis, particularly in the interpretive efforts of their scholars. This leads to a number of results that are primarily relevant to the field of attempting to clarify God Almighty’s intention in what is stated in the Noble Book, on the one hand, and the resulting disparity in the level of clarity of the text regarding the legal ruling in the field of jurisprudence, not to mention the implications. These levels of understanding the Imamiyyah›s doctrinal vision led to the study being organized into four sections, including: the decisive and clarifying opinions thereon; the clear and what falls under it, both textual and apparent; the general and specific; the absolute and qualified; and what pertains to these concepts, which have been extensively researched in the field of jurisprudence.

The phenomenon of i›lal and i›badal is one of the most important linguistic phenomena to which our scholars, both ancient and modern, have devoted the greatest attention, due to its subtlety and complex issues. Ancient morphologists followed an approach consistent with the nature of the Arabic language as a derivational language, in which every group of words belongs to a single linguistic root. They exerted great effort to clarify the causes of this phenomenon, relying on their own observations, which, in the view of modern scholars, were insufficient to grasp the essence of this phenomenon, due to the differences in the era, tools, and outlook between the two groups. The importance of our research lies in its shedding light on this phenomenon in the poetry of al-Rusafi al-Balansi, in a reference work in which al-Rusafi al-Balansi deposited the essence of his grammatical expertise: Diwan al-Rusafi al-Balansi. This was achieved by investigating the locations of this phenomenon and analyzing its issues to uncover its most important details through the presentation of poetic verses. We thus observe the aspects of disagreement between ancient morphologists and modern researchers.

After an extensive journey of investigation through ancient and modern Arabic phonetic sources—particularly the commentaries on Al-Muqaddimah Al-Jazariyyah—this study explores the points of contention among classical and contemporary reciters. Each group presents its arguments to justify its position. One of the key disagreements involves how the feminine ending «hāʾ» (ـة) should be written: some write it as a tied «tāʾ» (ة), while others write it as an open «tāʾ» (ت). Arabic linguists and scholars of tajwīd have established certain rules for its usage. For example, the word «imra’at» (woman): if it appears with her husband, it›s written with an open «tāʾ», and without him, with a tied «tāʾ». Many such nuances exist.

Vicegerency (Istikhlaf) stands as a pivotal concept that has garnered significant attention from both classical and contemporary Quranic exegetes. Numerous noble Quranic texts explicitly and implicitly refer to the concept of vicegerency through terms such as «Khalifah,» «Khala›if,» and «Istakhlafakum.» Each of these Quranic terms carries distinct semantic implications to be dealt with thorough investigation and analysis.
Given the profound importance of this topic, this study undertakes a comprehensive exegetical examination of these terms as interpreted by classical and contemporary exegetes. The objective is to elucidate their meanings and derive practical insights beneficial for those whom Allah Almighty has appointed as vicegerents over His creation, whether in specific or general capacities.
The research is structured into an introduction and two main sections. The first section provides a definition of vicegerency and highlights its significance. The second section delves into an exegetical study of the Quranic terms associated with vicegerency, detailing the various textual occurrences where these terms appear. The study concludes by presenting its findings, which are derived from a meticulous reading of the Holy Quran, an analysis of the interpretations offered by exegetical scholars, and a subsequent process of analysis, inference, and clarification of the intended meanings of the diverse terms related to vicegerency.

Theological renewal in Baqir al-Sadr: To the best of my knowledge, there is no comprehensive study that encompasses the doctrinal research of the martyr al-Sadr, although some research has addressed some of al-Sadr›s doctrinal writings. However, theological renewal in this context can only be grasped through an objective study of all the fundamentals of religion. It must be noted that the study is dominated by an analytical tone, which justifies its close adherence to Baqir al-Sadr›s words, even though We are getting closer and closer to the objectivity that conveys his ideas and creativity. The critical dimension, however, is completely absent from the study. Although I believe in the necessity of reading al-Sadr›s project critically, which contributes to completing the project›s construction and addressing its shortcomings, two factors have prevented this. A sound, scientific, critical reading occurs at a stage in which the project has been analyzed. Criticism is an intellectual level higher than analysis, And I believe that we have not reached this last level, or at least not surpassed it, especially at the level of the field that was chosen (theological renewal).

The current study aims to identify the level of fear among kindergarten children and to examine the effect of a counseling program based on behavioral therapy in reducing this fear. The study is guided by the following hypotheses:
- There is no statistically significant difference at the 0.05 level between the mean ranks of the experimental group’s scores on the fear scale in the pre- and post-tests.
- There is no statistically significant difference at the 0.05 level between the mean ranks of the control group’s scores in the pre- and post-tests.
- There is no statistically significant difference at the 0.05 level between the mean ranks of the experimental and control groups in the post-test on the fear scale.
The study also seeks to measure the effect size of the independent variable (behavioral therapy) on the dependent variable (fear) in kindergarten children. The research population consists of 7,510 children, from which a sample of 400 was used for statistical analysis. The main study sample consisted of 60 children, with 20 selected and distributed equally into experimental and control groups (10 children each). The groups were matched on several demographic and psychological variables.
To achieve the study objectives, the researcher constructed a fear scale based on Joseph LeDoux’s theory (1996), consisting of 18 fear-inducing situations. The scale’s face validity was confirmed by a panel of experts in educational sciences, psychology, fine arts, and early childhood education. Construct validity was also established, and the reliability of the scale was verified using two methods: test-retest (r = 0.851) and the Kuder-Richardson Formula 20 (KR-20 = 0.837).
The researcher also developed a counseling program based on contemporary behavioral therapy following the model of Spiegler & Guevremont (2010). The program aimed to reduce fear among kindergarten children and was validated by specialists in psychological counseling and educational guidance, confirming its face validity. The program consisted of 11 counseling sessions, held twice a week, each lasting 35 minutes.
A quasi-experimental design was employed, with a partially controlled pretest-posttest design involving experimental and control groups. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyze the data. The findings revealed that children exhibited fear of darkness, doctors, and animals, as measured by the fear scale. The behavioral therapy-based counseling program significantly reduced fear in the experimental group, with a high effect size (η² = 0.9652). Based on these findings, the researcher presented several recommendations and suggestions for future applications and research.

Artificial intelligence (AI) represents one of the most significant technological transformations of the modern era. Its spread has been accompanied by complex intellectual and ethical challenges that require careful consideration from an authentic Islamic perspective. There is a need for Sharia-based controls to regulate the use of this technology and prevent its conflict with Islamic principles, particularly in areas such as justice, responsibility, privacy, and intention.
Smart applications face real challenges in the absence of a unified ethical framework. New questions emerge about accountability for errors and the analysis of intentions and goals, as well as the inherent danger of data bias and the potential for undermining human dignity. However, the flexibility of Sharia and its ability to accommodate the objectives of Islamic law (maqasid) provide a broad horizon for addressing these challenges with a spirit of renewed ijtihad.
Broad horizons are opening up for harnessing AI to serve the objectives of Sharia in the fields of education, health, economics, advocacy, the judiciary, and the environment. This can be achieved by designing algorithms that take into account values, developing Islamic data banks, and building technical tools linked to the moral identity of the nation. It also highlights the need to build a civilized awareness that reaffirms Islamic thought as a guiding force for technology and affirms that science and progress can coexist with faith within an integrated system of values.

Construction contractor liability insurance is a form of liability insurance, whereby the insurer undertakes to bear the guarantee and remedy the consequences of the insured risk by paying the insurance amount specified in the insurance policy or the compensation amount to the beneficiary. This insurance provides dual protection for the insurer, the insured, and the beneficiary alike, even though the latter is not a party to the relationship.
Since construction contractor liability insurance is a contract, it has the same characteristics as contracts in general. However, its special nature distinguishes it from other contracts, requiring specific procedures to be taken when concluding it, as the contract goes through a series of stages.

The name Karbala carries profound symbolic significance, rooted in the ideological and historical depth of its geography and legacy through the ages. This is evident in the multitude of names associated with the city throughout history—each reflecting the immense cultural, spiritual, and civilizational weight it bears.
The land of Karbala attained sanctity and a distinct religious identity due to the pivotal event of the Battle of al-Taff, where the pure bodies of the Prophet’s family (peace be upon them) and their loyal companions were laid to rest. These revered souls, buried in this sacred soil, elevated Karbala to a place of deep spiritual reverence in the eyes of God and His Messenger (peace and blessings be upon him and his family).
Karbala, through its name and symbolic resonance, embodies a deep historical essence that has granted it a central position in religious and cultural consciousness. It has become a global spiritual emblem—its name no longer confined to a mere geographical location but transformed into a powerful symbol of sacrifice, redemption, and defiance against oppression. This symbolic dimension has been preserved and reinforced across different Islamic eras and religious discourses.
The meaning of Karbala has transcended its original specificity, evolving into a broader symbolic system that exerts influence beyond its regional boundaries, resonating globally. The name itself holds multiple layers of meaning—linguistic, historical, religious, and environmental—making it a unique cultural and spiritual marker in the formation of identity.
Over generations, the name Karbala has come to encapsulate profound meanings that interact with the collective memory of individuals. It is no longer limited to historical or religious narrative, but has emerged as a repository of symbols that contribute to the construction of local, national, religious, and even global identity.
Ultimately, the symbolic identity of Karbala remains active and ever-evolving through various historical phases, shaped by shifting social and political contexts. This dynamic relationship between language, place, and symbol fosters a deeper civilizational awareness—one that transcends ritualistic observance and moves toward a more critical and reflective understanding of history.

The current research aims to identify the imaginary hopes of university students, the significance of statistical differences in imaginary hopes of university students according to the gender variable (males-females), and to achieve the research objectives, the researcher adopted the imaginary hopes scale according to the theory of (Snyder 2002) and applied the scale to the research sample, which consisted of (400) male and female students from the University of Diyala. After they were selected in a stratified random way using the proportional method and after statistically processing the research data using (the t-test for one sample, the t-test for two independent samples, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and the Cronbach’s alpha equation), the research reached the following results: The individuals of the research sample have imaginary hopes and no statistically significant difference appeared according to the gender variable in. Imaginary hopes. In light of these findings, the research produced a set of recommendations and proposals.

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Quranic readings are an authentic source for studying ancient Arabic dialects, providing insight into the linguistic reality that prevailed in the Arabian Peninsula before Islam. Readings are the most important sources for understanding Arabic dialects, as they represent a picture of the differences in dialects, whether the reading is correct, transmitted, or irregular. All of them can be relied upon.
Knowing the Arabic dialects, and the precision of the method by which those readings were transmitted, the Holy Quran was revealed in seven letters; to facilitate pronunciation and gradually unify their dialects due to the differences in their tribes, so God - the Almighty - permitted reading in the seven letters and did not oblige the Arabs to use that literary language in the beginning, taking into consideration their linguistic reality, and it did not come for the general public and the elite, but for all people. The research was titled “Arabic Dialects in Quranic Recitations.” It aimed to understand the pronunciation of Arab tribes, determine the spread of Arabic dialects in terms of the geographical area they occupied, and identify the names of these tribes.

The current research aims to reveal the relationship between parental abuse and its impact on aggressive behavior in children with learning difficulties. The research sample consisted of (50) children from kindergarten with learning difficulties, within the First Rusafa Education Directorate. The research used the Parental Abuse and Aggressive Behavior Scale (Abdul Samee, 2003-2005) and the Colored Progressive Matrix Test to measure the level of intelligence (Raven) prepared by (Hassan, 2017), in addition to developmental learning difficulties (Abdullah, 2006). The research reached several results, the most important of which is the existence of a statistically significant direct correlation between parental abuse (father) and aggressive behavior in kindergarten children with learning difficulties. There is also a statistically significant direct correlation between parental abuse (mother) and aggressive behavior in kindergarten children with learning difficulties, in addition to the existence of a positive correlation between physical parental abuse and psychological neglect. The physical and health problems that affect kindergarten children with learning difficulties, due to the severity of their aggressive behavior.

Praise be to God, the First, without a first before Him, and the Last, without a last after Him, whom the sight of onlookers has fallen short of seeing, and whom the imaginations of describers have failed to describe. The best of prayers and the most perfect of peace be upon Muhammad, Your trustee over Your revelation, Your chosen one among Your creation, and Your chosen one among Your servants, and upon his pure and immaculate family, his chosen companions, and those who follow them in righteousness until the Day of Judgment. And after: The study was based on an introduction and two chapters. The first chapter contained two requirements: the first was the definition of time in language and terminology, and the second mentioned the verses in which time was mentioned in its various expressions. As for the second chapter, I addressed the interpretation of some verses by various interpreters.

Abdullah Sakhi: A novelist born and educated in Iraq, his novels have contributed to shedding light on and reconstructing an important era in the lives of Iraqis, after it had been forgotten and The Dam, Paths of Loss, The Iraqi Refugee), has the upper hand in recalling those past years of Iraq’s history and highlighting a place that was once desolate and transformed into a vibrant city that played an active role in Iraq’s history.obliterated with time. In his novels, Sakhi Khalaf.

The aim of the current research is to identify:
(1) Emiotional numibness among uniiversity stuidents.
(2) The significiance of statisitical differences in emotional numbness among univeirsity studeints accoirding to the variable (gender – major)
(3)Perceived stress among university students.
(4) The significance of statistical differences in perceived stress among university students according to the variable (gender – major(
)5) The correlation between emotional numbness and perceived stress among university students.
To achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher relied on the following:
Due to the lack of a scale representing the research variable, which is emotional news, the researcher constructed the scale based on previous studies and the definition and theory of emotional numbness. The scale consisted of 26 items according to a three-point scale. The perceived stress scale, prepared by Cohen & Williamson (1988), was also adopted, with 14 items on the scale accoriding to a five-pioint scale. To achievie the research objectives, the researcher applied the scale to a samiple of 400 maile and female studeints, coimprising 160 miales and 240 femiales, for the academic year 2024-2025. The daita was then analiyzed
using the statistical package (spss) computer program, and the results were as follows:
1-Univeirsity students sufifer from emotioinal numbiness.
2-There are statiistically significaint differencies in emotionial numbniess acicording to the variabile (gender), and there are no differenices in reilation to spiecialization.
3-University students suffer from perceived stress
4-There are no statistically significant differences in perceived stress depending on the variable (gender – specialization).
5-There is a correlation between emotional numbness and perceived stress.