Kirkuk Journal of Arts

The Sarbadari state was established after the disintegration of the Persian Empire. This emirate emerged in the northern states, with its capital in sibsvar. Its founder was Abd al-Razzaq al-Bashti, who adopted the Twelver Shia doctrine as the official religion of the state. Circumstances helped establish the emirate in the year 1336 AD due to the oppression and persecution of the poor classes by the mangol. rulers and their assistants A number of men from those areas gathered around Prince Abdul Razzaq and elected him as their prince. They swore that they were prepared to hang their heads from the gallows rather than be killed in humiliation and submission. From that date on, it was called the Sarbadariyya. After the founder was killed, his brother Wajih al-Din Masoud took over the rule. He allied with Sheikh Hassan al-Juri. The result was the stability of the security situation in the emirate and the annexation of many states. After the killing of Sheikh Hassan al-Jawri and Prince Wajih al-Din, the conquests declined, weakening the central authority of the emirate. This dynasty lasted for ten years, and incompetent rulers seized at throne. Ali Mu'ayyad took over the rule in 1365 AD and continued to rule until Timur Lenk came and took control of the region after killing the latter in 1386 AD in hawzeh

Islamic jurisprudence in light of modern technological developments that have influenced marital relationships and created new means of divorce via the internet. The research aims to define electronic divorce and its pillars, and to examine the validity of its occurrence according to Islamic jurisprudential evidence, while discussing different scholarly approaches to this type of divorce. The study employs a descriptive-analytical methodology to interpret religious texts and apply them to contemporary realities. The research concludes that electronic divorce is permissible if the essential pillars of divorce—husband, wife, formula, and intention—are fulfilled, with the necessity of documenting intention and statement to safeguard rights. It also emphasizes the need to establish jurisprudential and legal regulations governing this type of divorce in line with the objectives of Sharia.

Providing students with adequate health care and nutrition is essential for the advancement and development of societies. Proper nutrition is one of the fundamental pillars of health in all societies. Therefore, attention must be paid to their nutrition at all stages of their lives to avoid problems resulting from common malnutrition such as obesity, thinness (emaciation), and dwarfism. In Kirkuk Governorate, a large segment of primary school students suffer from health problems represented by malnutrition diseases. This requires identifying their size and their economic, health, and psychological circumstances.
This research seeks to shed light on an important segment of society primary school students under the age of fifteen. The importance of this research is highlighted by revealing facts related to the spatial distribution of students. This work required the use of several scientific approaches and methods, relying on the descriptive and analytical approach. The research revealed variations in the spatial distribution of affected students across various administrative units, as they are primarily concentrated in urban centers. The researcher recommends the need to conduct extensive and in-depth field studies to determine the true extent of the phenomenon

The Arabic language abounds in morphological and lexical richness, making it one of the most capable languages in expressing the most precise meanings and the most beautiful images. Among its most prominent morphological phenomena is the irregular plural, a fertile field of study distinguished by the variety of its patterns and its abundant use in literary and poetic texts. Many poets excelled in employing it, among them Al-Sharif Al-Radi, one of the prominent figures of the Abbasid era, whose poems are replete with this morphological feature. Studying the irregular plurals in his collection offers an important gateway to understanding his poetic style and artistic characteristics.

This study explores the \"Chronological Order of Quranic Revelation and its Impact on Understanding the Prophetic Biography\" as an analytical approach to understanding the development of Qur\'anic discourse and the stages of the Islamic call in its real historical context. The research highlights the difference between chronological and codified order, the role of occasions of revelation, and how temporal sequencing helps explain the Prophet’s actions and decisions. It presents the Prophetic biography as a divinely guided project shaped by the revelation process. The methodology included textual and contextual analysis using various exegetical, historical, and biographical sources

The problem of the study is represented by the role of geographical characteristics in the emergence of rural settlements in the Riyadh district, whether these characteristics are natural, such as terrain, soils, and water resources, or human characteristics, such as the environmental composition of the population. After applying statistical analysis, it was found that the pattern of rural settlements in the Riyadh district adopts a random distribution pattern due to geographical characteristics. They tend to be concentrated in flat areas with fertile soils and along the water channels descending from the Hawija Irrigation Project, in addition to other human factors. The distribution of human settlements is northeast-southwest. The study recommends providing educational and health services to rural areas, encouraging agriculture and livelihood opportunities there, and establishing modern villages.

This research aims to analyze the demographic characteristics of Dujail District in 2024 by studying population distribution, growth rates, and density, as well as urban-rural disparities. The results showed an increase in population during the period (1997–2024), with significant variation between census years, despite a decline in population growth rates. The growth rate reached (3.5%) during the period (1997–2007), and decreased to (1%) in the periods (2007–2017) and (2017–2024).
The study also showed a clear spatial disparity in population numbers between the districts, with the district center ranking first, while Al-Jazeera District came in last. The overall population density was (105.4) people/km², with significant variation between the districts, with the district center recording the highest density (12,341.0 people/km²), while it was the lowest in Al-Jazeera District (0.9 people/km²). The results showed that the rural population (66.8%) exceeded the urban population (33.2%), in addition to a disparity in the gender composition between males and females in both rural and urban areas. The study also showed that the gender ratio of the population of Dujail District is 102 males to 100 females, which is considered a positive and balanced population ratio.

This study assesses the risk of desertification in Wasit Governorate by analyzing climate drought indicators, specifically the Standardized Rainfall Index (SPI) issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), in addition to using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). The results showed clear trends of recurrent droughts in the study area, reflecting clear negative impacts on the local environment.
By analyzing the SPI, it was found that the study area experienced recurrent climate droughts, with 49 dry seasons recorded due to low rainfall and high temperatures. The severity of the drought varied between the study periods, with the period between 2002 and 2013 being the most severe, with the Badra and Al-Hay stations recording the highest drought frequency, followed by Al-Aziziyah station, and then Al-Kut station. Meanwhile, the period from 2013 to 2023 showed a decrease in drought levels, but the same stations remained the most affected. The results of the vegetation cover index also showed that the very weak vegetation category was the dominant category in the years studied, indicating the deterioration of vegetation cover and its direct impact on drought conditions.
Finally, a map was drawn showing the degree of desertification in Wasit Governorate, with the Badra and Aziziyah areas most at risk of desertification due to the high frequency of droughts and low rainfall.

This study investigates the spatiotemporal variability of rainfall intensity in Iraq during the period 2007–2018, using hourly and daily precipitation data from six representative stations (Duhok, Sulaymaniyah, Rutba, Baghdad, Al-Hayy, and Basrah). Rainfall events were classified according to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) standard: light (<2.5 mm/h), moderate (2.5–10 mm/h), heavy (10–50 mm/h), and violent (>50 mm/h). Results show a clear dominance of light rainfall across all stations, exceeding 77,000 events per station, while northern mountainous stations recorded the highest frequencies of moderate and heavy rains (605 moderate and 86 heavy cases in Duhok; 554 moderate and 71 heavy in Sulaymaniyah). Violent rainfall was extremely rare, occurring only in isolated cases in Baghdad, Sulaymaniyah, and Basrah. Temporally, light rains prevailed during night and early morning hours, moderate rains during late morning and afternoon, and heavy rains during the evening, reflecting the combined influence of orographic lifting, convective heating, and synoptic disturbances. Case studies of extreme storms (45–62 mm/24h) confirmed the crucial role of upper-air troughs at 500 hPa, moist advections at 850 hPa, and surface cyclones at 1000 hPa in generating severe precipitation. The findings highlight substantial spatial disparities between the humid north and the arid west and south, underscoring the vulnerability of Iraq’s semi-arid climate to rare but extreme rainfall events. This research provides a scientific foundation for water resource management, flood risk reduction, and improving predictive modeling under climate change scenarios.

The research aims to explore and measure the impact of artificial intelligence applications on shaping students’ orientations toward political issues. The study was conducted during the period from January 1, 2025, to March 31, 2025. It falls within the scope of descriptive studies and employed the survey method, adopting the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). A purposive sample of students who use and follow political news was selected, comprising 80 individuals. A total of 76 valid questionnaires were retrieved, while 4 were excluded, The study reached several key findings, most notably: students increasingly understand the nature of how artificial intelligence technologies operate, and have become aware of the advanced capabilities of these technologies. Furthermore, the impact of fake news—particularly that generated using artificial intelligence—emerges as an important issue warranting in-depth study and research, especially among students and young people. The study also revealed that artificial intelligence algorithms constitute powerful tools that significantly influence students’ awareness of political issues.

This study aims to analyze the six climatic elements (precipitation, temperature, humidity, wind, solar radiation, and evaporation) at the Jamjamal meteorological station in Shamsmal District for the period 2000–2017, and to construct a composite drought index using factor analysis to estimate drought intensity and classify years according to climatic conditions.
The study used precise data from the Jamjamal station, including daily and monthly records of the six climatic elements. Factor analysis was applied to simplify the dataset, identify the most influential factors on drought, and build a standardized composite index representing drought intensity.
Results showed that thermal, wind, and solar radiation loads were the most influential in increasing drought, while precipitation and humidity helped reduce its severity in some years. Peak drought years included 2002, 2004, 2015, and 2016, whereas years such as 2011, 2012, 2006, 2008, and 2009 experienced lower drought levels.
Based on these findings, the study recommends using the composite index in environmental and agricultural planning, monitoring the elements that increase drought, conducting precise seasonal studies to anticipate critical periods, and enhancing meteorological stations to update data and support future research.

This research aims to analyze the geographical and climatic features in the book (Nukhbat al-Dahr fi Ajaib al-Barr wa al-Bahr) by Sheikh al-Rabwa al-Dimashqi (654 AH - 727 AH / 1256 AD - 1327 AD) Considered one of the most important heritage works that combined geographical description with an interest in the climatic factors influencing human life, the study adopted the historical, analytical, and comparative approach by collecting the climatic texts contained in his book and classifying them into main elements: temperature, wind, rain, seasons, and their effects on humans, then comparing them with modern climatic concepts.
The results showed that al-Dimashqi presented a relatively systematic approach to climatic elements, and he linked climate to human characteristics, both physical and behavioral, which represents an advanced step in climatological thought of his time. Furthermore, it was found that some of his descriptions are close to modern scientific concepts.
This research highlights the scientific value of the Islamic geographical heritage and underscores the importance of re-examining and utilizing this knowledge to better understand historical climates and the evolution of geographical thought.

the study aimed to explore the nature of the role played by digital media—as one of the digital social media platforms—in building and safeguarding individuals and society against all forms of threats to security, with a particular focus on intellectual security. Intellectual security is considered the foundational starting point for any data or practices within the structure of society and the state. The need arises to instill noble values and principles, develop constructive critical thinking skills, and uncover methods of media falsification and misinformation that could undermine the social fabric of the country. The study focused on the role of digital media in reinforcing the foundations and components of intellectual security by examining a sample of Iraqi university youth, consisting of 120 students from various Iraqi universities. The researcher employed a descriptive survey methodology to answer the study's questions and objectives. The study resulted in several key findings, the most important of which are:
1- The findings indicated that digital media contributes to enhancing intellectual security among university students. This is primarily because digital media encourages university youth to engage with other cultures,.
2- The study revealed that the category of “written posts” ranked highest among other media content categories in terms of influencing students' attitudes toward reinforcing intellectual security, accounting for 33.47% of the responses.

The study aims to demonstrate the analysis of topographic characteristics and quantitative morphotectonic indicators, with an understanding of dynamic movement processes and the impact of potential repercussions on the elevation and depression of Bastadim Valley located in Zakho city within Duhok Governorate, using digital elevation model (DEM) data and geographic information systems (ArcGis10.4) techniques. A set of quantitative morphotectonic indicators was applied, and the results showed the prevalence of high tectonic activity as a result of its exposure to recent earth movements. Thus, this valley is classified as a relatively unstable geological area that is not suitable for human activities, such as (the classification of the asymmetry factor index (AF), the length and slope index (SL), and the relative morphological activity index (LAT), while the low-activity areas appeared in (the classification of the mountain front meander index (SMF), the index of the ratio of the valley floor width to the valley height (VF), and the classification index of the topographic symmetry factor (T) as a medium-activity area). This disparity in the intensity of the impact of tectonic activities reflects the spatial variation as a result of its exposure to erosion and sedimentation processes.

The proof of personality through genetic fingerprinting, is not competent next to the proof of parentage only, but has a link and prejudice to many branches of jurisprudence process that can be built on the evidence of sense or reason, as it can be said by looking at a number of issues of jurisprudence process, that the facts of experimental science are facts legitimacy, and that the provisions of presumptive - although based on evidence considered in Sharia - they fall if otherwise testified to conclusive sensory or mental evidence, as It amounts to cutting, even if the ruling is speculative in origin, but if the sense or reason testifies to it conclusively, then it benefits certainty after that, and this is useful in understanding and applying some of the shar\\'i facts mentioned in the Qur\\'an and Sunnah.
What is meant by the facts of empirical sciences is the scientific facts on which conclusive evidence - whether sensory or mental - is based, and does not mean that they are scientific theories that are subject to change, or what science proves today and denies it tomorrow this cannot be interpreted texts through it because it is subject to change and change.
The evidence for this view is:
Sharia decreed that every truth – whether religious or worldly – is acquired by man with his sense and mind, the Almighty said, \\"And Allah brought you out of

The subject of geographical regions is one of the important and vital topics of interest to geography. Arab Muslims studied regions and paid special attention to them through their travels by land and sea. They documented every region they passed through, documenting all the natural and human details of that region, and even designated the areas they visited as specific geographical regions. Arab Muslims played a role in laying the foundation for the study of regions through the great geographical heritage they left behind, deserving of study. They were therefore the first to define the status of geographical regions and contributed numerous ideas, concepts, and geographical information related to regions that were previously unknown. Many scholars also emerged to study regions and compiled numerous works on this topic. Their interest in this was due to their passion for news of countries and the conditions of cities and towns far from their homeland.

This study addresses the complex relationship between modernity and secularist tendencies in contemporary Arab thought through the case of the Egyptian thinker Sayed al-Qimni. The research seeks to analyze his intellectual vision and to determine the extent of its connection with the project of modernity on the one hand, and with secular inclinations on the other.
The analysis reveals that al-Qimni relies on a critical rationalist method and frequently employs historical tools in approaching religious texts. However, this use often slips into a materialist approach that deconstructs the religious structure and weakens the place of the sacred in societal consciousness.
Al-Qimni failed to achieve the desired balance between reason and religion, as his theses ultimately led to the undermining of religious authority in the name of rationality and enlightenment.
The findings of the study highlight the urgent need in contemporary Arab thought to distinguish between scientific critique of religion, as a means of renewing religious discourse, and secularist discourse, which leads to the denial of the sanctity of texts and the emptying of their doctrinal content.
Moreover, the results call for clarity of concepts and precision in the use of terminology when addressing issues of modernization and religious renewal, in order to avoid confusion between genuine reform and deconstruction

The research addressed several equations to measure drought at the stations in the study area, most notably the Thornthwaite equation, the Demartone coefficient, and the Lange coefficient. This was done to identify the most influential climatic elements in the drought in the study area. This revealed that temperature and rainfall rates had a clear impact on drought. After applying the Thornthwaite equation to reveal the nature of the drought in the study area, it was found that the drought coefficient at the Kirkuk station was 17.9, describing it as a semi-arid area. At the Tuz station, the drought coefficient was 15.5, describing the area as arid. The Chamchamal station was found to have a drought coefficient of 33.9, describing it as a semi-humid area. This was the least arid of the study stations due to the nature of the surface, which was higher in elevation than the Kirkuk and Tuz stations. This influences climatic elements such as rainfall and temperature. Also, after applying the Demartone equation to determine the aridity index for the study area, it was found that there is spatial variation in aridity values, the characteristics of the region, and the nature of its vegetation cover. The maximum aridity was recorded at the Chamchamal station at (16.3), which is semi-humid and has a grassy vegetation cover. The lowest aridity values in the study area were recorded at the Kirkuk and Tuz stations, at approximately (9.1 - 8.0), respectively. The region is described as having an arid climate and a steppe vegetation cover. Also, after applying the Lang equation to determine the aridity index in the study area, it was found that there is variation in aridity values, but there is similarity in the characteristics of the region due to the Lange criterion\'s different values. The aridity index values at the Kirkuk, Tuz, and Chamchamal stations reached (13.0 - 11.5 - 24.4), respectively.

This academic research examines the intangible cultural heritage of the Kakai (Yarsan) community as a model for religious minorities in Kirkuk Governorate, Iraq. The Kakai represent an ancient religious community possessing rich and diverse cultural heritage deserving scientific study and documentation.The research explores unique religious beliefs, spiritual practices, and social rituals that have distinguished this community throughout centuries. It focuses on documenting daily customs and traditions, religious celebrations, festivals, marriage and funeral ceremonies, and specific community practices. The study examines Kakai folk arts including traditional music, folk dances, handicrafts, and heritage costumes.The research documents oral traditions encompassing proverbs, folktales, legends, and historical narratives transmitted across generations. It analyzes contemporary challenges threatening this heritage's continuity, including forced migration, demographic changes, political conflicts, and cultural modernization pressures.The study investigates the social structure, value systems, and knowledge transmission methods within the Kakai community. It examines linguistic aspects, traditional ecological knowledge, and relationships with surrounding communities.The research aims to emphasize the importance of protecting and preserving this heritage as an essential component of Iraqi cultural and civilizational diversity. It provides recommendations for sustainable preservation and documentation mechanisms, contributing to understanding minority cultural rights, promoting intercultural dialogue, and enhancing cultural diversity appreciation in the region.

This study examines the history of Christianity in Kirkuk between 1879 and 1958, focusing on the main Christian denominations: Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant. It highlights the most significant religious centers, including churches and Christian schools that played a vital role in spreading education and fostering cultural development. The research emphasizes the contribution of these institutions to strengthening coexistence among Kirkuk’s diverse communities and their influence on the city’s religious, educational, and social life during this critical historical period.