Journal of College of Education

This study examines the topic of sacred places in the Holy Quran, taking Mecca as a model for research and analysis. The study derives its significance by highlighting the special status that the Holy Quran bestows upon sacred places in general and Mecca in particular, along with the associated legislations and rulings that reflect their importance in the Islamic system. The research aims to explore and analyze how the Holy Quran addresses sacred places, specifically Mecca, through studying the Quranic verses related to it and addressing the epistemological, legislative, and civilizational dimensions of this sacred place, with the goal of reaching a deeper understanding of the relationship between sacred space and Islamic legislation. The research employed a descriptive-analytical methodology, through the induction and analysis of Quranic verses related to Mecca, while utilizing the deductive approach to extract the epistemological and value implications associated with sacred space. A comparative approach was also employed to highlight the uniqueness of Mecca among other sacred places. The research relied on diverse original sources including books of exegesis, hadith, jurisprudence, and history, alongside contemporary studies related to the research topic. The study concluded that: the Holy Quran establishes an integrated theory of "sacred geography" that transcends the purely devotional dimension of sacred places to establish a comprehensive civilizational model; there exists a dialectical relationship between sacred space and Islamic legislation, manifested in the specificity of rulings related to the Sacred Sanctuary (Haram), particularly the prohibition of hunting, which establishes the concept of "spatial coexistence" encompassing humans, animals, and plants; the Holy Quran presents a unique model in dealing with sacred space that goes beyond the traditional understanding of sacredness as merely geographical designation, to establishing the concept of "civilizational space" that reflects Islam's vision of the relationship between humans, place, and time; the establishment of the concept of "comprehensive security" in sacred space to include all beings, which establishes an advanced environmental model in dealing with sacred space.

All praise is due to Allah, the Lord of the worlds, and may peace and blessings be upon the Master of the Messengers, Muhammad ibn Abdullah, and upon his pure family and chosen companions. Charity (ṣadaqah) is a term that encompasses all acts of righteousness and goodness within society. It is frequently mentioned in both the Quran verses and noble Prophetic traditions, which reflects its significant role in establishing a sound and healthy society free from the afflictions that may harm it. Emphasizing the benefits and rewards of charity plays a role in encouraging believers who seek the blessings of both this world and the Hereafter. The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) highlighted the importance of charity in every human action. He said: “Every human being is created with three hundred and sixty joints. So whoever declares the greatness of Allah, praises Him, declares His oneness, glorifies Him, seeks His forgiveness, removes a stone, thorn, or bone from the path of people, enjoins good, or forbids evil, in accordance with the number of those joints, then he walks having saved himself from Hellfire." In this research, I discuss the concept of charity both linguistically and in Islamic terminology, its virtues, and how it differs from obligatory almsgiving (ṣadaqah). I also explore its role in spreading social solidarity and the importance of that role in strengthening the structure of Islamic society.

The Holy Qur'an explicitly mentions infallibility, and this is clear and unambiguous among religious scholars, commentators, and others. However, many Qur'anic verses mention disobedience, misguidance, ignorance, frowning, and other things that are inappropriate for the status of God's prophets and messengers (may God's prayers be upon them). However, some of them said so, while others cleared them of the base descriptions attributed to them on the grounds of infallibility. There is no doubt that explaining this matter requires mentioning the different interpretations of the verses and comparing them in terms of proving or denying the infallibility of the Prophet, even if it is without explicitly denying it. Because some of these attributes, in the view of the proponents of transcendence, are detrimental to infallibility, unlike the other group that believes that what is important in this situation is the infallibility of the Prophet in conveying the revelation and nothing else. This is what was clarified by means of research into some of the verses related to the subject, between the first of the prophets and their seal (may God’s prayers be upon them both), and praise be to God, Lord of the Worlds.

The Most Gracious, the Most Merciful This study explores an important aspect of Qur'anic exegesis in the work of Imam Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti (d. 911 AH), focusing on his book Al-Itqān fī Istinbāṭ al-Tanzīl. This unique work reflects al-Suyuti’s profound understanding of the Qur’an and his ability to derive legal and moral rulings from its verses. The research specifically investigates al-Suyuti’s preferences and methodological choices in his interpretive conclusions, shedding light on the foundations he relied upon in preferring certain views over others—whether linguistic, jurisprudential, or methodological.
The importance of this research lies in its focus on an under-studied aspect of al-Suyuti’s exegetical approach: his use of tarjīḥ (preference) in al-Iklīl. Through this lens, the study offers a deeper understanding of interpretive methods in Islamic scholarship and highlights al-Suyuti’s comprehensive scholarly approach, which integrates multiple sources and disciplines.
The study adopts an inductive-analytical methodology, collecting and classifying al-Suyuti’s preferences in al-Iklīl and analyzing the principles upon which they are based. It also compares his opinions with those of other exegetes, to assess the distinctiveness of his method. The findings show that al-Suyuti practiced independent scholarly judgment, using clear expressions of preference and demonstrating the courage to oppose mainstream interpretations when warranted by evidence.
The research is structured around two main sections: the first discusses al-Suyuti’s life, scholarly status, and introduces the concept and terminology of tarjīḥ; the second examines his methodology through practical examples of his interpretive preferences in al-Iklīl. The study concludes with a summary of key findings and the primary sources used.
Overall, this work aims to enrich Qur'anic studies and open new research avenues in the field of interpretive preference (tarjīḥ) by offering a methodical analysis of al-Suyuti’s contributions.

This research deals with semantics and its role in directing meaning in Islamic thought، through tracing the words of the grave that were mentioned in the Holy Quran، and tracing their meaning and connotation and semantic thought in them and the difference between the situational meaning and the usage meaning and the reason for using each word over the other and researching these reasons that God Almighty placed in each verse، so the verses came in using the words of the grave in (the graves، bury him، his grave، the isthmus) The meaning of each of these words in the dictionary، then its technical meaning، then the reason for its use in each verse، that is، the places that led to its use and distinguishing each word from the others. This was mentioned by linguists and commentators regarding the meaning of each word of the grave and the reason for its use، and this is what prompted us to clarify the multiplicity of words for one meaning or one term in the Holy Quran in general، and for the words of the grave in particular.

Loss has become one of the essential elements in the poetry of Al-Khalidi, as it represents a widespread phenomenon in Arabic poetry—particularly in Iraqi poetry. It is both a poetic and psychological product shaped by various experiences, whether realized tangibly or merely felt internally. The poet translates this sense of loss through linguistic structures that reflect his intellectual and emotional tendencies. Naturally, loss comes in many forms, the most difficult of which is the loss of a person—especially a close relative, a beloved, or even the homeland and its abandonment. All of these experiences compel the poet to embody loss within his poetic journey. At times, this leads him to a phase of self-elegy, which represents the highest level of emotional expression of loss. Poetic imagination has played a significant role in shaping and embodying the image of loss through skillfully crafted expressive models. These expressive images reflect the poet’s.

The narrative remained lush, extending to encompass all the stories of human beings since the beginning of creation and its first primitive narratives, to the present time when writers and creators compete to review their artistic capabilities in storytelling/narration, to provide artistic narratives that express their ability and professionalism in fiction writing in particular, including Zafón, who gave us his labyrinth, which exhausted all the techniques of narrative narrative in a pleasant, subtle manner, in which he harnessed technologies to be his means of manipulating the narrative threads and the frequency of events, to present many themes: the book, its function and its fate are the most prominent and important, so we traversed the maze of manifold and wrapped technologies to reach one of the important ideas put forward by Zafón in his unique series, books, and turned into a means of preservation and resistance to forgetting, and then its necessity for preservation and safety from the judgments issued by others against it, and this preservation turned into death and absence, so the book was a ship carrying the identity of its writer, and the identity of the adherents of its ideas, sailing between the waves of memory and oblivion, making it impossible for one of them.

Anyone who follows Arabic poetry in general and Iraqi poetry in particular sees the beauty of narrative stemming from linking reality on the one hand and feelings on the other. There is no doubt that the narration of events in poetry differs from their narration in other literary works, such as stories and novels. The poetic purpose and Values and the merging of feelings and sensations all contribute to the beauty of narration and its differences in poetry. Among the narration techniques used in Saad Al-Taie’s poetic text are characters. His poetry included diverse and multiple characters, and he had his own way of presenting them and his mechanisms in pushing the recipient to reveal the structure of the character and the essence of the character. Its presence in the poetic text, and the research will trace the mechanisms of forming characters in Saad Al-Taie’s poetry, adopting the descriptive approach based on analysis by tracking and analyzing the characters to reach the appropriate results.

النقد الأدبي يُعد مرحلة ما بعد الإبداع، تمثل لحظة للتأمل والفهم العميق للنص، وتُسهم في كشف معانيه وأبعاده الفكرية والجمالية. يُعد النقد عنصرًا مهمًا في استمرارية العملية الإبداعية، حيث يضفي على العمل الادبي حياة جديدة من خلال القراءة والتفسير والحكم. ازدهر النقد في القرن الرابع الهجري والقرن العشرين الميلادي نتيجة الانفتاح الثقافي وتوسع حركة الترجمة. كما أن ازدهار الحياة المدنية والسياسية ساهم في تطور النقد، نظرًا لارتباطه الوثيق بالفكر والمعرفة، مما جعله حاضرًا في المقاهي، والصحف، والمجلات، والمؤسسات التعليمية، فأصبح جزءًا من الحياة اليومية والثقافية. وقد تطور النقد العراقي الحديث وتنوعت أساليبه، لكنه حافظ على جوهره منذ أرسطو، القائم على تفسير المشاعر والأفكار. تمر عملية النقد بثلاث مراحل رئيسية: التفسير لفهم المعنى، التحليل لوصف الأسلوب، والتقويم لتقييم النص. يختلف النقاد في مناهجهم؛ فالبعض يتبع (المنهج النفسي) ويرى الأدب مرآة لروح الكاتب، بينما يعتمد آخرون (المنهج الاجتماعي) الذي يربط الأدب بالبيئة والواقع. وهناك من يفضل (المنهج الفني) الذي يركز على جماليات النص واستقلاليته كفن. وتتطلب عملية النقد معرفة عميقة بالثقافات والكلمات وجماليات النصوص لتقديم أحكام دقيقة للنص.

The study dealt with the interest of the Umayyad Caliphs in technical aspects, with their contribution to developing the religious and scientific aspects, while sponsoring science and scholars, using their expertise in order to reach the best results to achieve political, administrative and social goals, while creating a state of immortality.

The Ottoman state began to seriously consider the issue of conscription, especially in light of its ongoing decline and repeated military defeats, many of which involved the Janissary corps. The chaos and disruption caused by the Janissaries within the military institution, along with the financial burden of their demands and rebellions and their resistance to reform and modernization, pushed the Ottoman authorities to follow the example of European states in various fields. One of the most significant steps was the move to implement compulsory military service in the Ottoman provinces. This aimed, firstly, to ease the state’s burdens and, secondly, to establish a disciplined military institution with a unified doctrine that could consistently supply soldiers to the Ottoman army.
Responses to this policy varied from one province to another. Some sects and religious communities sought exemption by offering financial compensation instead of serving. Meanwhile, the Yazidis submitted a petition explaining that military service conflicted with their religious beliefs and rituals. A European country supported their request by expressing sympathy for their demands and actively assisting in advocating for their exemption from military service

Situated in the heart of the Balkan Peninsula, Serbia was historically characterized by a predominantly Slavic Orthodox Christian population, alongside a significant Muslim minority, largely of Ottoman-Turkish descent. Under centuries of Ottoman dominion, the region experienced pronounced socio-economic stagnation, administrative neglect, and persistent internal divisions—particularly along religious lines. The Serbian societal structure remained overwhelmingly agrarian, with subsistence farming and animal husbandry constituting the principal modes of livelihood.
Historiographical accounts consistently underscore the oppressive nature of Ottoman rule in Serbia, marked by limited civil liberties, exploitative governance, and a pervasive sense of disenfranchisement among the Christian majority. These conditions cultivated an enduring atmosphere of discontent and latent resistance, which intensified in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries as the Ottoman Empire began to exhibit signs of systemic decline. The destabilization wrought by the Janissary insurrection, coupled with mounting diplomatic and military pressures from neighboring powers such as the Habsburg Monarchy and the Russian Empire, provided a strategic opening for rebellion.
This culminated in the Serbian Revolution, initiated in February 1804, which over the subsequent decade evolved into a significant insurgency against Ottoman authority. The movement achieved several early military and political successes, including the establishment of a provisional governing body (the Governing Council), strategic alliances with Russia, and the liberation of key urban centers, most notably Belgrade. Despite these gains, the revolution ultimately faltered by mid-1813 due to a confluence of adverse factors: breaches of negotiated agreements by the Ottoman administration, internal fragmentation and betrayal among the Serbian leadership, and the withdrawal or recalibration of foreign support, often influenced by shifting geopolitical interests.
By the autumn of 1813, the rebellion had been decisively suppressed, and Ottoman control over Serbian territory was fully reinstated. Nevertheless, the revolution laid the foundational groundwork for the eventual reconfiguration of Serbian political autonomy and the broader nationalist movements that would shape the nineteenth-century Balkan landscape.

The research studies the reforms of the government of Alfredo Gonzalez Flores in Costa Rica (1914-1917), which he carried out as a result of the effects of World War I (1914-1918), which had an impact on all political, economic, and social levels. It established the central government bank with the authority to issue currency. From that moment on, the state began to compete with private banks, and he is considered an authority on financial matters and a great introducer of dynamic democracy. He established agricultural credit boards, established public deposit depositories, the direct tax system, and the charity tax law. These reforms had serious consequences on the political, economic, and social situation of the country, as the upper classes affected by his reforms agreed to get rid of him. On January 27, 1917, the Minister of War and Navy, Federico Tinoco agreed with him to overthrow him, and in the end Alfredo did not resist the coup, but rather followed the advice of his other ministers who thought about his personal safety and left the country for the United States of America.

The study aims to analyze the median age index in Iraq based on population census data and estimates for the period (1987-2022). This indicator is important for demographic analysis of the population, understanding its age characteristics, and the implications of the youth or old age of society. A quantitative analytical approach was adopted, relying on specific statistical indicators, and determining the extent of its change during the period under study, using tables, figures, and maps documented for it. The study relied on statistics issued by the Central Statistical Organization in the Ministry of Planning / Republic of Iraq. The results showed a change in the median age, rising from (17.1) years in 1987 to (20.2) years in 2022. This represents a change from the youth stage to maturity in population societies, according to the criteria of the median age of the population.

This research studies how the number of people living in the neighborhoods of Al-Kut city has changed over time. It compares the number and percentage of people in each neighborhood in the years 1997 and 2023. The study uses statistical analysis to measure the total increase in population and how it changed over the years It also uses a method called logarithmic transformation to divide the neighborhoods into three groups based on how many people live in them: high, medium, and low population density.
The results show that the number of neighborhoods increased by about six between 1997 and 2023. Also, the number of neighborhoods with high population density grew from only 4 in 1997 to 16 in 2023. This means that more people are now living in a smaller number of neighborhoods, showing a clear population concentration.

This study focuses on stillbirths in Iraq (excluding the Kurdistan Region) and how their numbers changed in different provinces. Stillbirths are divided into two types: those that happen before birth and those that happen during birth. The study also looks at the number of male and female stillbirths By using statistics.
the research shows how the numbers changed each year and how big the were changes. The results show that the total number of stillbirths was highest in2016 compared to 2019 and 2023. It was also found that stillbirths before birth in increased 2016 and 2019, while in 2023, more stillbirths happened during birth. Also, stillbirths among boys were more common than among girls. .
The study recommends that the Ministry of Health and other responsible groups should work together to improve healthcare for pregnant women. This includes better care during and after delivery, especially in the provinces where stillbirths happen more often.

The aim of this study is to use the effective choropleth mapping method with the visual variable of color to represent thermal island data in Erbil city for the period of 1990 to 2023. Thermal island data were extracted using the Google Earth Engine platform, which provides land surface temperature (LST) data. Through this platform, LST data are subjected to a set of international standards to identify the prevailing thermal island pattern in the study area. The thermal island data were represented in several cartographic models as follows: (Model 1 used red, orange, and yellow), (Model 2 used red and its gradients), (Model 3 used red, yellow, and blue), and (Model 4 used black, gray, and blue). The results indicated that Model 1 was the most suitable for representing thermal island data in the study area, as the colors used in this model best simulate the phenomenon and the real-world conditions. The representation of these models relied on the Geographic Information System (GIS) software environment, specifically ArcGIS Pro.

The study aims to identify the characteristics of the spatial contrast of the deaths registered in the provinces of the Euphrates Al -Awsat, and learn about their qualitative composition and reasons that led to The death certificate, the official data issued by the Ministry of Health for the the death and registered in forensic medicine years 2016, 2019, 2023 has been relied upon And the statistical analysis was also relied on using Pearson's association to clarify the relationship between deaths and their age installation and the diagnostic causes of death
The study reached the high numbers of deaths recorded in forensic medicine, especially male compared to females, and the study also showed the causes of death, according to what was stated in the death certificate, and it showed a remarkable increase in the deceased of accidents with multiple patterns.

Duhok is one of the main governorates in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and is characterized by its demographic and social diversity. Retired individuals represent an important segment of the population, and their numbers are gradually increasing due to improvements in healthcare services and a rising life expectancy
Retirement is defined as a pivotal stage in the human life course, marking the transition into old age and seniority. The official retirement age was initially set at 63, but it was later reduced to 60. In Duhok Governorate, the number of retired individuals has reached 51,831. Based on a survey of 250 retirees, it was found that this group faces multiple challenges on both economic and social levels. Economically, the vast majority of retirees suffer from low pension incomes that do not keep pace with the rising cost of living .affecting their ability to meet basic needs. From a health perspective, most retirees experience chronic illnesses or age-related conditions. Additionally, many retirees face social isolation, which negatively impacts their mental well-being. The lack of free or affordable healthcare services poses a significant barrier, especially as they grow older and their medical needs increase .This study aims to improve the conditions of retirees in Duhok, which requires both governmental and societal intervention. Such efforts should include enhancing the pension system, providing comprehensive healthcare services, and establishing social centers to promote their engagement in community life. In doing so, a dignified life can be ensured for this group, which has made significant contributions during their years of service.

This study examined the assessment of the level of noise pollution resulting from the Zubaidiya Thermal Power Station and its impact on the health of its workers and residents near the station, as several measurements were taken inside and outside the station and in several locations, as the measurement results showed that the noise level was high at the measurement sites inside the station and near Of the station engines that produce loud sounds, and these sounds exceeded the work standard and the permissible industrial standard and in several locations inside the station, either outside the station, the measurement results were within the permissible standards and did not exceed them.

The current study aimed to identify the degree to which educational counselors in the Holy Governorate of Karbala possess the guidance competencies that must be available to them. To achieve this goal, the study relied on the descriptive approach, by applying the guidance competencies questionnaire designed for this purpose, where the sample consisted of (80) educational counselors (44 Males and 36 females) were chosen from the original community of educational counselors, numbering (456) for the academic year (2023-2024), divided among secondary schools in the Holy Governorate of Karbala. The researcher used the statistical package (SPSS) to reach the results required in the research procedures, and reached The current research indicates that educational counselors possess a number of guidance competencies, as there are statistically significant differences in the counselors’ competencies according to the variables of service and gender, and there are also statistically significant differences in the guidance competencies according to the academic experience variable.

Children's games are a basic means of entertainment and enjoyment and help them discover their talents, abilities, skills, self-realization, inclinations, desires and creativity. Children are the most important nerve of the future of Iraqi society, and organized play builds the child's personality to determine his future and develop his mental and intellectual abilities in facing the dangers of the future, The researcher selected a random sample of 24 primary school children in Wasit Governorate, using a descriptive analytical approach to study the impact of children's play on developing their cognitive abilities, intellectual openness, and rational thinking.
The measuring tool consisted of a manual questionnaire that the researcher filled out directly after interviewing the child. It included 16 questions in two axes: the characteristics of the child and the type of children's toys. The researcher used the Siberman scale and appropriate statistical methods to analyze and interpret the questionnaire data after interviewing each child.
The research showed that gender plays a role in determining the type of games children play, as they tend to play with their peers. Some of them play in the street and public places, and some at home and in designated halls depending on the economic, social and cultural level of the family. Most children sit for more than 8 hours a day playing. It was found that many games have a significant and effective impact on building a child's personality and developing their mind, and they create intellectual openness in them, such that they accept and communicate with others. The researcher recommended the importance of conducting further studies that address variables related to how to develop children's abilities and the use of games in schools.

The current research aims to identify the degree of positive organizational behavior among graduate students. In order to achieve this goal, the research sample was selected, consisting of (350) male and female graduate students at the University of Wasit for the academic year 2023-2024. The sample was chosen by a stratified random method with a proportional distribution. The Obaid scale (2022) was adopted as a measurement tool, and the scale consists of (28) items distributed into four areas: (self-efficacy, hope, optimism, and flexibility). The psychometric properties of the scale, represented by validity and reliability, were extracted using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The results of the research concluded that graduate students have positive organizational behavior.

The aim of the current research is to identify the effectiveness of a training program based on the developmental theory of intelligence to improve school integration among high school students. The experimental method was used in the study as it fits the nature of the research. The researcher prepared the study tools and extracted the validity and reliability of the study tools. The sample of the research consisted of (60) female students who were randomly divided into an experimental group and a control group, each consisting of (30) students. The results indicated the effectiveness of the program in improving school integration among high school students. The researcher also wrote recommendations and suggestions based on the research results

The current research aims to identify :
The level of psychological fragility among university students. The research population was defined as the students of Wasit University for the morning studies for the academic year (2023-2024). The sample size amounted to (400) male and female students from Wasit University. The researcher developed a scale of psychological fragility among university students consisting of (20) items in its initial form. The psychometric properties represented by validity and reliability were extracted. The research sample of (400) was adopted, and the data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS).

The research aimed to evaluate the elementary science textbooks in Iraq according to STEAM standards, in order to determine the extent to which these textbooks incorporate the core standards that promote integration among science, technology, engineering, arts, and mathematics, and contribute to the development of students' higher-order thinking and creativity skills.
The study adopted the descriptive analytical approach and involved the development of an analysis instrument consisting of 343 indicators, distributed across 35 standards and 11 domains, based on the Maryland STEM Standards of Practice and the National Core Arts Standards (NCCAS). The content of six science textbooks for Grades 1 through 6 was analyzed using content analysis methodology, with frequencies and percentages extracted for each standard and domain.
The results indicated that the level of inclusion of STEAM standards in the science textbooks ranged between 52.48% and 58.31%, reflecting a moderate level of inclusion. The findings also showed that some standards were highly represented while a number of other standards, especially those related to the arts, were either absent or weakly included. The analysis further revealed a disparity in the distribution of standards across the grade levels, along with a clear lack of systematic integration among the STEAM components within the textbook content.
In light of these results, the researcher presented a set of recommendations, most notably: the necessity of reviewing and developing the content of science textbooks to enhance the representation of STEAM standards; incorporating and training teachers on implementing integrated education; and building curricula based on clear and coherent standard-based frameworks.

The research aims to identify the effect of the snowball strategy on the skill of solving mathematical problems and developing reflective thinking among second-year intermediate students in mathematics for the academic year (2023-2024), and for checking research objective, number of null hypotheses were formulated, and used the experimental method with two equal groups. The research sample included (61) students who were intentionally selected from Zozak Intermediate School for Boys, it was distributed randomly into two groups, one of which was an experimental group of (30) students who studied according to the Snowball strategy, and the other was a controlled group of (31) students who studied according to the normal method, The process of equivalence between the two research groups was also carried out in a number of variables. To achieve the research objectives, two tests were prepared: the first is a Testing the skill of solving a mathematical problem, in its final form, consisting of (12) items, and the second is a reflective thinking test, in its final form, consisting of (15) items. Their validity, stability, and psychometric properties were verified, after processing the data statistically using the t-test for two independent samples and two correlated samples, and using the statistical program (SPSS), the results showed that the experimental group was superior to the control group in the Testing the skill of solving a mathematical problem and the reflective thinking test. It also showed that there was a difference between the average scores The students of the experimental group in the reflective thinking test, pre- and post-test, in favor of the post-application.

The researcher aims to demonstrate the effectiveness and value of a guidance program implemented by educational counselors in middle schools in Wasit Governorate in Iraq to reduce the severity of bullying in students’ behavior among themselves, and to address abnormal cases. The importance of the research is evident in examining the conditions of students between the ages of 13 and 15 years and their need for attention and guidance care. The descriptive analytical approach and the applied, fragmented approach were used to present the program in 8 guidance sessions for a random sample of 182 middle school students distributed across 3 schools in Wasit Governorate. They were divided into experimental classes with 93 students and control classes with 89 students. The results showed that there were statistically significant differences between the students in the experimental classes who followed the guidance program in terms of a decrease in bullying rates and the students in the control classes who did not follow the program. It also showed the need for educational guides and advisors to have training and rehabilitation sessions to develop their guidance performance in dealing with behavioral cases such as bullying, discrimination, and excessive aggression. It also revealed the presence of extreme bullying, sometimes widespread among students, reflecting the wealth and status of their parents. This behavior is not related to gender, and there are deficiencies in the performance of supervisors due to administrative pressures, especially in government schools with overcrowded classrooms, which hinders the supervisor's work. The researcher recommended the importance and necessity of holding training sessions for educational supervisors by the Education Directorate, addressing how to address student behavior and shift it from a negative to a positive framework, and developing guidance programs for students in the intermediate and preparatory stages..

The research aimed to identify the social problems facing families of autistic children in the city of Mosul through an applied study to demonstrate the family conditions and the nature of the suffering experienced by families with autistic children. The research relied on a social survey method with a sample size of (200) families whose children suffer from autism disorder. The survey was conducted intentionally through the researcher's visits to institutes and private institutions that train this group. The researcher relied on a questionnaire to obtain information through three axes covering the topic. The research relied on modern statistical methods through the use of the statistical package (SPSS). The research reached a set of results, the most important of which are:
A. The results of the field study indicate that the majority of the research sample discovered their children's illness at the age of (3-4) years. Their number reached (101) of the total sample, recording a percentage of (50.5%). This means that the discovery was early, which helps in finding treatment and consulting doctors and training centers.
B. The results of the field study indicate that paragraph (7) in the hierarchical sequence of the items on the psychological and social problems axis ranked first, with (166) "yes" answers, representing (83%) of the total, the highest percentage among the items on the axis. Its arithmetic mean was (3.11) with a standard deviation of (0.81).
C. The results of the field study indicate that paragraph (1) in the hierarchical sequence of the items on the economic problems axis ranked first, with (144) "yes" answers, representing (72%) of the total, the highest percentage among the items on the axis. Its arithmetic mean was (3.16), with a standard deviation of (0.96), an average coefficient of variation of (46.06), and a high response rate of (80.50).
D. The results of the field study indicate that paragraph (2) ranked first among the hierarchical sequence of paragraphs of the health problems axis, as the answers “yes” reached (160) answers to this paragraph, with a percentage of (80.0%), with an arithmetic mean of (2.74) degrees, a standard deviation of (0.97), a coefficient of variation of its degree of (44.59), and a very high response rate of(68.51).

Religion and art meet in the reality of the soul. Both stem from a world of necessity, both a yearning for perfection, and both a revolution against the mechanism of life.
Islamic art is not necessarily the art that speaks of Islam. It is not preaching and guidance, but rather the art that depicts existence from the perspective of the Islamic conception of this existence. It is the beautiful expression of the universe, life, and humanity through the Islamic conception of the universe, life, and humanity. It is the art that prepares for the complete encounter between beauty and truth. Beauty is the reality of this universe, and truth is the pinnacle of beauty. From here, they meet at the summit where all the realities of existence converge. Islamic art as a whole means all the efforts made by the Islamic world over at least ten centuries in expressing beauty and creating artistic objects. The Islamic peoples established a civilization that extended throughout their vast empire and spread its rays to many countries of the world. Islamic arts are one of the greatest aspects of that civilization. It is no wonder that the language of art satisfies the sense of beauty in man wherever it is found. Therefore, it was the only universal language that humanity was able to reach. It is the most widely spread of all the world’s arts, as its effects extend from the Bay of Bengal in India to Liberia. It is also the longest-lived of the world’s arts, with the exception of Chinese art. Islamic art was born in the seventh century AD (the first Hijri century) and reached its artistic prime in the third and fourteenth centuries (the seventh and eighth Hijri centuries). In addition to this and that, it was the last of the world’s arts to be present before the emergence of modern Western arts since the European Renaissance. Accordingly, this research came to emphasize the meanings of this art, which is imbued with the character of the divine Muhammadan message, with all its meanings and characteristics. To shed light on the general aspects that distinguish this research.

The Department plays a pivotal role in confronting violent extremism by developing comprehensive policies and strategies aimed at preventing, intervening and reducing violent extremism. This includes spreading awareness, promoting a culture of tolerance, and enacting legislation that criminalizes incitement and extremism, in addition to developing mechanisms to monitor and observe security threats. The Department also contributes to implementing rehabilitation and social integration programs for individuals affected by extremist ideology, providing psychological and social support to returnees from extremist groups, and enhancing international and local cooperation to combat this phenomenon. In addition, supporting economic development and social justice is A crucial aspect of curbing the spread of extremism lies in effective and sustainable management. This plays a vital role in combating extremism, safeguarding societal stability, and minimizing its harmful impacts.

The phenomenon of value conflict is one experienced by most societies, particularly those that receive immigrants and newcomers. This phenomenon is inherently tied to life in any society and manifests at all levels of social existence, in social phenomena such as role conflicts or social relationships. Moreover, it significantly impacts the issue of cultural and social integration. This study explores the theme of value conflict between Jews of the crossing and kibbutz residents during the 1950s, shortly after the establishment of the “Hebrew state” in occupied Palestine, where two distinct cultures met: the Eastern-oriented culture of Jews of the crossing and the Western-oriented culture of kibbutz dwellers. The novel Scapegoat by Jewish author Eli Amir reflects the challenges of adaptation and integration into kibbutz society, despite the protagonist Nuri’s considerable efforts to assimilate into this new community Ultimately, all his attempts end in failure.

This paper studies the notion of overstatement in the American political ‎speeches particularly those which are delivered by the vice president of ‎united states kamala Harris. The study aims to examine the overstatement ‎stylistic tools employed in political discourse to investigate their effect on the audience. To meet these two objectives, Leech and Short (2007) has been used in qualitative data analysis. The study has concluded that politicians like Harris in their speeches stylistically deploy linguistic tools such as, metaphor, persuasion, hyperbole, repetition, simile, personification, tone, assertion, and parallelism modality to represent overstatement in national issues. Moreover, overstatement in political context serves as a persuasive tool that shapes the perception of the public. This has been achieved by emotionally charging the language with stylistic tools that help portray the political ambition in an idealistic form, and with highlighting their political and national accomplishments, achieving as a result their political aims.

This study explores the growing role of Artificial Emotional Intelligence (AEI) in shaping English language use, with a focus on its influence on both neurolinguistic processing and pragmatic interpretation. The research aims to understand how emotionally responsive systems affect syntactic patterns, emotional expression, and conversational norms. To address this, the study examines AEI-driven chatbots and digital assistants, analyzing their language output through discourse analysis. The investigation reveals that AEI contributes to more emotionally coherent and engaging dialogue, offering new possibilities for human–machine communication. However, it also highlights challenges such as inconsistencies in natural speech patterns and difficulties in managing indirectness and implied meaning. The findings underscore the dual impact of AEI, showing how it can both enhance and complicate language interaction. By bridging cognitive-linguistic and pragmatic perspectives, the study fills a gap in research on the emotional dimension of AI and its implications for language instruction, communication design, and future linguistic inquiry.

Human beings experience the world themselves but are more eager to learn how others experience and see it as well. Our social tendency and cognitive aptitude, in fact, naturally compel us to know what is going on in other people’s minds and reading fiction could fall into serving this end. The abundance of concurrent linguistic stylistic patterns consistently conveyed in a literary text will then provide readers with a new perspective captured by the fictional mind; i.e. mind style will be forged. This paper aims to investigate mind style as a core concept and trace back the key scholars who have laid its theoretical foundation. In doing so, other concepts closely linked to the notion will be compared and eventually scrutinised. A host of studies are highlighted underpinning the core principles and assumptions concerning mind style. This paper, therefore, maps out the full theoretical landscape of the notion to better understand the concept. Two of the most general conclusions arrived at are: the first one is both mind style and social minds touch upon the representation of cognitive viewpoints in literature. The second one concerns mind style to be essentially a particular expression of the broader narrative concept, ‘point of view’, which frames the way a story is conveyed.