Zanco Journal of Human Sciences

In this paper, we will discuss the water crisis in Iraq that is one of the most important problems facing the Iraqi economy for water supply for two rivers (Tigris and Euphrates) in Iraq since_(1980-2015) by using vector autoregressive VAR(P) model in time series for model that sufficient representation of the dynamic interactions in a system of variables (bivariate) applied for forecast, the model gives the minimum of ACC, BIC, FPE, SBIC, HQIC values and the maximum of R2 value to forecast for the periods of ten years to forecasting the yearly rate of water imports of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in Iraq by using VAR(P) and test Diagnostic checking by using STATA v.13 Program, We concluded that the model VAR(P), and the expected values of the yearly rate of water imports of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers are increasing after year 2015 for forecast for ten years (2016-2025).

This paper deals essentially with William Golding's masterpiece Lord of the Flies (1954), tackling an issue that is highly significant to the thematic structure of the novel; namely, primitivism. Humanity freedom is based on the human nature after freeing itself from all the binds and rules leading to downfall and to savagery.
The paper falls into two main parts, besides the introductory and concluding sections. After introducing William Golding (1911-1993) as a modern British novelist, it presents the subject of man torn between two contradictory states, a civilized and an evil character in Golding's Lord of the Flies. Struggle is masterfully shown to be the point that marks the transition from man's seeming innocence to his horrible reality as a savage, evil creature.

Zora Neale Hurston’s (1891-1960) fame is due to the themes she tackles and the language she manipulates in her writings. She uses images and metaphors related to nature to refer to human miseries, wishes and desires. Hurston as an African American writer and a figure in the Harlem renaissance, overuses such metaphorical images related to nature to express the identity of the modern individual. Women in her novel Their Eyes Were Watching God are striving through such metaphors and images of nature to achieve unity of self and quit oppression imposed on them by the community and their families.
Hurston’s powerful literary voice is due to the great themes she investigates, and these literary devices in her works. Her use of the folk vernacular language renders her works to be unique, due to the readers’ involvement in the world of her characters. The author’s intelligence in depicting natural images is the result of her intimacy with the world of nature.
This paper aims at shedding lights on the way Hurston engages natural elements and connects them with the destiny of her characters. It focuses on the examination of Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God and depicts natural images in the novel. It portrays that the novelist’s aim in using such images is conveying significant messages regarding racial discrimination, love, marriage and identity. Moreover, the researchers illustrate the role of nature in the novel, to pave the way for the reader to understand its significance to the characters, particularly the protagonist of the novel.

Many medical studies point out that there is a close relationship between the diagnostic aspects of a disease and some statistical analysis like Logistic Regression Analysis (LRA) and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), both of them are two widely used multivariate statistical methods for data analysis, they are used in order to prediction. In this paper both analyses were discussed and implemented on data with sample size 250 Diabetes patients it collected from Erbil Layla Qassem Center for Diabetes. The data contained (8) variables, one of them is dependent variable that represents the presence or absence of Diabetes, and the other 7 variables are predictors (Independent variables), they are taken in the model in which they represent risk factors of diabetes disease like: [High Blood Pressure (Hypertension), Family History, Body Mass Index (BMI)-Obesity, Diet (Nutrition), High Lipid in Blood, Physical Activity and Age].
The paper aims to the comparison between Logistic Regression Analysis and Linear Discriminant Analysis based on several measures of predictive accuracy to choose the best statistical model for identifying the risk factors of diabetes. This paper contains two parts, Theoretical aspects and Practical aspects .The results of every test was done with both analyses ( Logistic Regression Analysis and Linear Discriminant Analysis),reflects to a high ratio of prediction of Logistic Regression Analysis and the result of area under the ROC Curve of all variables, which is used to compare prediction powers of the models, emphasized on that the Logistic Regression Analysis has the best prediction of risk factors of diabetes and it has the appropriate model so Logistic Regression Analysis has emerged as a robust alternative to Linear Discriminant Analysis. By logistic regression the ranking of risk factors on diabetes is as follows

This paper treats an important aspect of English syntax, viz. phrasal verbs. This kind of verbs reveals many problems when translated into Arabic according to its complex structure, idiomatic nature and restrictions of use.
Phrasal verbs are, at first, dealt with from a syntactic /semantic/ pragmatic point of view; then, the focus moves to translation-related issues.
The study is concerned with showing the absence of one-to-one correspondence between English and Arabic when translating phrasal verbs. Moreover, it also reflects certain cultural attitudes towards the use of phrasal verbs, precisely informality. Al-Battoti's Arabic translation of Joyce's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man has been adopted to be the data of the research.

For long philosophers, literati and linguists have held the view that poetic language is artistic proper, and that it is by no means open to analysis in terms of the modern theories of language. The aim of this paper is to apply construal theory, a very renowned cognitive semantic model, to poetry. Thus, the researchers analyze one of the well-known poems by Donne, titled 'Go, and Catch a Falling Star', in the light of Langacker's construal theory. It is hypothesized that the theory is applicable to the analysis of meaning construction in the poetic texts as it is in the non-poetic ones. This paper also backs the cognitive principle that equates meaning to conceptualization. It also practically proves that the meaning of the linguistic expressions does not only reside in the semantic contents; the ways the conceptualizers construe the scenes heavily participate to the meaning construction of the single expressions and the whole text as well. Almost all the lines of the poem have been investigated in accordance with the four mechanisms of Langacker’s construal theory. Through the practical analysis of the poem, it has been concluded that poetic language like the ordinary non-poetic language makes use of the cognitive processes and highly depends on the construal mechanisms or operations in meaning making. Thus, in addition to the dictionary meaning of the words, phrases and sentences in the poem, construal makes up a principal element in constructing the meaning of the poem.

It is vital that students review the material they learn regularly to keep it fresh in their mind. Developing such habits hone learners' language skills. On the other hand, lack of practice habits pose a problem and affect negatively, among other factors, linguistic performance. The issue discussed in this study is a field research conducted into the scope of the effect of insufficient practice of English language on learners' oral communication skills and sub-skills. To achieve the objectives of the current study a questionnaire was conducted and responded by a random sample of fourth-year undergraduates majoring in English and by a sample of their teachers. The questionnaire asked the respondents to determine the extent to which lack of practice had a negative effect on English language learners' oral communication performance in many respects and to give their opinions on English Language practice strategies that could enhance students' performance of both speaking and listeningskills. The analysis of the data obtained from the teachers' questionnaire and that of the students' questionnaire was carried out separately. The results obtained from the analysis generally suggested that the majority of the participants’ attitudes fluctuated between the fact that insufficient practice had a negative influence on learners' oral communication skills and sub-skills to a great extent and to some extent. On the basis of the results above, some strategies for remedying the situation, enhancing practice and assisting learners in raising their levels of language proficiency were suggested.