Journal of the College of Education for Girls for Humanities

Jurisprudential maxims constitute a significant category of inferential evidence that has long attracted the attention of jurists for purposes of refinement and application. Among these is the maxim of The Presumption of the Prohibition of Judicial Authority, which establishes that judicial rulings are presumed to lack legal validity unless issued by a duly authorized authority.
Following the definitional stage, the study examines the intended meaning of the term prohibition within the maxim, encompassing both its juridical dimension—absence of legal effect—and its obligatory dimension—prohibition in the sense of impermissibility.
The evidentiary analysis draws on multiple proofs from the Qur’an and Prophetic traditions, leading to the conclusion that judicial authority is exclusively vested in Allah Almighty, His Prophets (peace be upon them), the Imams (peace be upon them), and qualified jurists. The evidence further supports the applicability of the maxim to women and minors in terms of the prohibition, even if they possess juristic expertise.

Hardness of the heart is among the most dangerous ailments warned against in the Holy Quran, which condemns those with hardened hearts and promises them severe punishment due to its profound negative effects on multiple levels Doctrinally: It leads to misguidance and intellectual deviation, betrayal of Allah’s commands, and distortion of His words.:
- Morally: It manifests in harshness, coarseness, and a lack of restraint in violating Allah’s prohibitions Socially: It drives people away due to rude behavior, mistreatment, and arrogance
- Economically: It results from greed, hoarding, and stinginess.
Allah the Almighty has clarified in His clear verses the key factors that contribute to the hardening of the heart, foremost among them:
- Excessive speech without the remembrance of Allah.
- Neglecting the recitation of the Quran.
- Prolonged worldly aspirations and attachment to its fleeting pleasures.
- Negligence and indulgence in idle entertainment and music.
Breaking covenants and pledges. - Gluttony and excessive eating.
Moreover, Allah—through His Quran, His messengers, and His chosen guides—has outlined the ways to treat this destructive disease and escape its grip after revealing its harmful consequences in this life and the hereafter, and its impact on human misery or happiness

The book of Shafi'i in explaining the origins of al-Kafi is one of the most important books in the Shiite heritage, which was authored by Ayatollah Allama Sheikh Abdul Hussein al-Muzaffar (the sanctity of his secret), and this book needs many studies about it, and one of those important studies is to study the methods of systematic dealing in the interpretation of the verses of the Holy Quran, as the book: Interpretation of the verses of the Holy Qur'an by a translational interpretation, whether by narrations, or by transferring narrations from the Torah and the gospel, which correspond to the Holy Qur'an, as well as interpreting the verses of the Holy Qur'an by mental interpretation, by proofs, and by mental reflection, and also interpreting the verses of the Holy Qur'an in a piecemeal and objective interpretation.

The command and prohibition are considered among the important subjects that have occupied a number of scholars and researchers across various disciplines. The interest in them was not limited to one era; rather, throughout different historical periods, we find these two forms present. Scholars of usul (principles of Islamic jurisprudence) studied these two forms directly and explicitly and devoted extensive attention to them, perhaps due to their strong connection to deriving ruling sharia (Islamic legal rulings). It is therefore not surprising to say that command and prohibition have firm ties with understanding ahkam sharia in terms of obligation, permissibility, choice, and other related categories.
Linguists also devoted significant effort to the subject of command and prohibition, placing them at the forefront of request forms and examining their primary and secondary meanings through description, analysis, and critique. Likewise, rhetoricians rarely produce a rhetorical work devoid of references to command and prohibition, due to the multiplicity of their meanings depending on the contexts in which these two forms occur.
Accordingly, this research examines command and prohibition in selected verses of the Holy Qur’an, specifically in Ayat al-Ahkam as the field of study due to their connection to the Islamic legal rulings, in accordance with the researcher’s specialization. In this study, I addressed the concept of obligation and its forms (’If‘al / Lataf‘al); the imperative in the forms of (verbal noun / imperative in the infinitive / imperative in the nominal sentence).”. I then examined the Ayat al-Ahkam that convey the meaning of permissibility. Thereafter, I addressed prohibition and the verses containing rulings, explaining their meanings in a manner consistent with the aims of the research. This study relied on a variety of linguistic, jurisprudential, and other sources to fulfill the objectives of the research.
I hope that I have succeeded in presenting useful knowledge on this topic.

University professors use language as a tool to perform their various professional duties, including academic research, teaching, administration, and various university activities. Their linguistic performance should be a clear and concise reflection of their thinking and indicative of their meticulous organization.
This research aims to identify the fear of using classical Arabic by professors at the University of Kufa while performing their job duties, and to identify the behavioral and physiological manifestations of the fear of using classical Arabic and the inner feelings of the university professor, then the relationship of these two areas to the gender variable, the academic title variable, and the academic specialization variable. The research community was (professors of the University of Kufa for the year 2025 AD), and the research sample amounted to (325 professors). A questionnaire was designed specifically for the research, with (24 paragraphs), and it was characterized by validity and reliability. The results were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) program, as required by the research. After analyzing the results, the research reached conclusions including: There is no fear among the professors of the University of Kufa of using the classical Arabic language when performing their job duties. The research recommended recommendations including: Continuing to support the Arabic language as a tool for the educational process, through which the university professor can perform his job duties.

This research focuses on studying the phonetic phenomena in the dialect of one of the ancient Arab tribes of the Arabian Peninsula—namely, the tribe of Banu Yarbuʿ. Yarbuʿ is part of the Bedouin tribes inhabiting the eastern region of the Arabian Peninsula, specifically in Najd, as well as in al-Yamama, Basra, and Kufa. They are a branch of the larger tribe of Banu Tamim.
This raises a valid question about the necessity of this study, given that Yarbuʿ is a subset of Banu Tamim, a tribe that has already been examined by several researchers. The answer lies in the fact that, although Yarbuʿ shares certain linguistic features with its parent tribe (Tamim)—due to geographical proximity and tribal affiliation—it also diverges from Tamim in a considerable number of phonetic phenomena. Moreover, it differs from other tribes as well, and this divergence is precisely what this study aims to highlight

The context of the text affects the meaning of the vocabulary and helps the creator of the text change the meaning of the word to suit his purpose in creating and composing the text. The extent of the influence of context increases in literary texts and eloquent texts, and the relationship between context and the meaning of the word becomes stronger the more the speaker is proficient in the language and masters it.
This research attempts to study the effect of context on the eloquent texts from the words of the Commander of the Faithful, Ali bin Abi Talib, peace be upon him. The research chose to study the words of the Imam, which we have collected in the book (Nahj al-Balagha), because it is distinguished by the features of eloquence and represents a consistent collection of the eloquent words of Imam Ali. The research chose to study the effect of context by tracing the connotations of the word (truth) in the words of the Imam. Noticing the change in the central linguistic meaning of the word according to its occurrence in different contexts and how each context creates a new meaning for us that enriches the text and increases its richness.
The research was divided into three sections: the first section was devoted to presenting the theoretical foundations of the research, and the second section was devoted to tracing the central linguistic meaning of the word (truth) in the words of Imam Ali, peace be upon him While the third section was devoted to the contextual meanings used by the word (truth), I counted Imam Ali’s uses of the word truth throughout his speech, and divided it according to the meaning of the word truth, and the influence of the context on it. Then the research concluded with the final results and recommendations.

The current study aims to demonstrate the nature of the relationship between the study variables represented by active learning strategies and academic anxiety in the College of Computer Science and Mathematics at the University of Kufa. The importance of the study emerged due to the increasing benefits of active learning strategies in various educational fields and their ability to improve students' psychological abilities.
The questionnaire was the primary tool for data collection. (285) responses were obtained from students in the College of Computer Science and Mathematics. After removing duplicates from the statistical data, the number of responses became (280), with a response rate of (98%). Statistical programs (AMOS v.27 and SPSS v.27) were used to analyze the data.
The results of the study showed a significant positive relationship between active learning strategies and their dimensions and academic anxiety

Imamate is a very important intellectual issue for all Muslims, regardless of their sects and schools of thought. Scholars have differed greatly on this issue. Sometimes they disagree about whether the imamate is obligatory or not. Some, such as the Imami Shiites, consider it a condition. Others, such as the Mu'tazila, consider it a matter that is not necessary except at certain times or when necessary. Others, such as the Mu'tazila, deny it and do not support its concept, believing that the matter should be given to any person with whom Muslims are satisfied. Sometimes they disagree about the person of the imam, the most intense of which is regarding the imamate of Ali (peace be upon him) and Abu Bakr, and who among them is more deserving of the imamate. This disagreement developed to the point that swords were drawn among Muslims. For this reason, al-Shahrastani said in his book, "Milaal": "No sword has been drawn in Islam like that drawn over the imamate." Here, a questioner might ask: Did the imams of the Household of the Prophet (peace be upon him) defend the issue of the imamate, or did they simply watch this disagreement? We say that the best example of the Imams’ defense of the Imamate is embodied in the movement of Imam Hussein. The Imam used his speech to the people as a means to spread the idea of the Imamate and confirm their legitimacy and that they were appointed by God and His Messenger. Imam Hussein’s reliance on rhetorical statements to prove the Imamate came as a result of his knowledge of the existence of people from the Levant and elsewhere who were not aware of the right of the People of the House to the Imamate. His sermons were a warning to those people from their negligence. He relied on this method because he wanted to alert them before the war broke out so that no one would protest later and give an excuse to those who fought him or denied his right and virtue. Even his companions have been given evidence that confirms that they were defending the Imamate in word and deed. As for the effect of the family of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) after his killing in alerting and confirming the Imamate, their sermons were filled with the most eloquent statements to defend the Imamate and alert those who were negligent in knowing their Imam. Their sermons in Kufa and the Levant were among the most conclusive evidence of… Their interest in this issue. In this research, we will focus on the most important of these sermons to illustrate how the Ahl al-Bayt dealt with the issue of Imamate even during the darkest and most difficult circumstances.

Britain has shown increasing interest in news related to Iraqi political affairs since its occupation in 1914. This interest grew with the signing of the first Anglo-Iraqi Treaty in 1922 and the subsequent treaty in 1930 that regulated the political-economic partnership between Britain and Iraq, contributing to Iraq's admission to the League of Nations in 1932.
By the mid-1930s, many Iraqi army officers had become interested in politics and found the army's reputation for suppressing the Assyrian rebellion to be a political asset. The most influential officers were the true nationalists, the Arab nationalists, who inspired many junior officers. They looked to the examples of neighboring Türkiye and Iran, where military dictatorships were thriving. Under the leadership of General Bakr Sidqi, the army seized control of the government in the fall of 1936, and the period of army intervention in politics began. The assassination of Bakr Sidqi marked the collapse of the Bakr Sidqi-Hikmat Suleiman axis and the end of the first coup government in Iraq.
The British press's media attention to Iraqi news intensified following the outbreak of the first military coup in the Middle East, specifically in Iraq. This event was considered the most prominent and dangerous to British interests in the region and Iraq in particular, given its commercial, economic, and political importance.
British newspaper coverage varied in tracking and monitoring the effects of the "surprising" military coup, ranging from opposition to criticism of the policy of the Kurdish General Bakr Sidqi. This variance was clearly evident in some British newspapers' focus on the man's social and military history, including his stance on the Assyrian massacres of 1933.

The research clarifies Russian women's activity in the social field, by relying on the descriptive approach in reading the events that shaped the path women followed to prove their existence, which was represented by the charitable works undertaken by Empress Maria Feodorovna since 1797, and the activities provided by the Women's National Society, which was formed during the Russo-French War of 1812, and the assistance women provided to affected families, and in their orientations, which witnessed a major transformation after the December 1825 coup, with many of them announcing their secession from the Women's National Society and joining the brothers and husbands who were exiled to Siberia, and then their activity that crystallized through their volunteering in the Holy Cross Organization, which was formed during the outbreak of the Crimean War (1853-1856), and the change that this participation brought about in views on the necessity of granting Russian women their rights in light of the sacrifices and activities they made throughout that period

Ahmad Matin Daftari was one of the most prominent political figures in Iran during the Pahlavi era (1925-1979), leaving his mark on the country's political and legal transformations. Born into an educated family, he traveled to Germany to study the German language, then earned a doctorate before returning to Iran and beginning his career in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Thanks to his competence, he held senior positions, including Deputy Minister of Justice and Minister of Labor, before becoming Prime Minister in 1939. However, his government lasted only eight months due to accusations of pro-German sympathies during World War II, which led to his arrest and temporary exclusion from politics.
During the reign of Mohammad Reza Shah (1941-1979), Daftari returned to the political scene as a member of the National Consultative Assembly and then the Senate, where he supported the policies of the Pahlavi regime and contributed to the formulation of important decisions. His career was characterized by interaction with major transformations, such as conflicts between political movements and the influence of international powers on Iran. The research revealed Daftari's role in strengthening government centralization and his sometimes contradictory positions with some reformist movements
The study relied on a historical analytical approach and focused on three axes: his upbringing and intellectual formation, his political career, and his relationship with political parties and movements. It concluded that Daftary was a controversial figure who combined legal reform with loyalty to the regime, making him a model for studying the interaction between the individual and authority in contemporary Iranian history

The Rwandan Civil War was a pivotal moment that led to profound changes in the stability of the East African region.The tragic events revealed deep-rooted ethnic tensions and long-standing economic imbalances, contributing to the escalation of conflicts and the deterioration of regional security. Although processes of reconciliation and regional cooperation were initiated, the consequences of the conflict left a lasting impact on the social and economic fabric, casting a shadow over efforts toward sustainable development and stability in both the short and long term.
International support, through peacekeeping missions and humanitarian interventions, was essential in mitigating the effects of the war. However, it proved insufficient in fully resolving the recurring crises. Ultimately, all parties were required to work towards fostering a culture of peace and adopting developmental strategies that ensure social justice, uphold national and regional interests, and guarantee lasting stability in East Africa.
Furthermore, the path to recovery and progress demands a genuine belief in reconciliation, investment in education, and rebuilding trust among communities—with the aim of laying the foundation for a future rooted in peace and sustainable development.

Najaf has been and continues to be a destination for tourists and visitors from all over the world due to its historical cultural and significance its ancient cultural monuments and the presence of the shrine of Imam Ali(peace be upon him)and the shrines of saints and righteous people scattered throughout it. Over 5th century AH the city has been visited by numerous Arab and foreign travelers, who documented their observations and journeys through its Najaf and published their memoires in their original languages. These accounts thus have become an important reference relied upon by researchers to study the conditions of Najaf and its ancient and modern history.
Persian tourists who came to Iraq to visit the holy shrines or to study in the religious seminaries in Najaf al-Ashraf, severl many writings and observations about Najaf, which some of them have recorded and published in persian language. These are important memoires, like the rest of the observations, as they were not limited to external appearances, but rather conveyed deep impressions and observations that reflect the social and cultural life of the city. They are more important because they conveyed observations and impressions in depth. Because the Persians and because of the same sect, especially in the Shiite regions, found it easier for them to mix and mingle with the People much more than other tourists who were conveying superficial observations without delving into the depths of Iraqi society. Therefore, this topic was chosen to study the documnts of persian alrahaala, with the aim of identifying the most prominent things they recorded about Najaf al-Ashraf, and exploring the comprehensive image of this ancient city as reflected in their writings and observations during the period in which they they had been visiting it.

Heat islands are a characteristic of large cities characterized by a diversity of activities and land uses, including residential areas, green spaces, transportation, service areas, educational and cultural spaces, and commercial areas. This research addresses the phenomenon of urban heat islands, a reflection of human activities in the cities of Al-Shamiya District. Remote sensing was used to identify heat islands in the cities of Al-Shamiya District using Landsat satellite imagery. Geographic information systems (GIS) were also used to map and analyze the spatial variation of the phenomenon and its relationship to land use. The research included a spatio-temporal analysis of heat islands, as well as a spatio-temporal analysis of the characteristics of heat islands between the winter, spring, summer, and fall of the years 2009–2024 in the cities of Al-Shamiya District
This research aims to study the phenomenon of urban heat islands in the cities of Al-Shamiya District by tracking changes in land surface temperatures and their relationship to land use during the period (2009–2024). The study relied on satellite images (Landsat 5, 8, and 9), remote sensing techniques, and geographic information systems to create spatial and temporal thermal maps that illustrate the intensity of thermal variation between different seasons and link it to urban expansion and land cover .
The results showed a significant increase in surface temperature rates during the study period, ranging between 3–8.5°C. Unplanned urban expansion at the expense of agricultural land and green areas was the primary cause of the emergence of heat islands. The phenomenon also appeared to vary temporally, with its highest intensity during the summer, while its intensity decreases in the winter. The study also revealed the crucial role played by water bodies and vegetation in mitigating heat intensity, compared to built-up areas, which were characterized by a significant increase in temperature

This research aims to determine the balance between the population in the primary education stage and the efficiency of distributing educational services for this educational stage within the educational ladder in Najaf Governorate.
The study also adopted the descriptive analytical approach to achieve its objectives, based on official data issued by the departments of the research area for the purpose of identifying spatial and temporal variations.
In light of the extracted results, it became clear that the distribution of the population of Najaf Governorate within the age group corresponding to primary education varied from one administrative unit to another within the rural and rural environment. The primary schools in the governorate were also distributed into three types, with boys’ schools occupying first place at a rate of (40.3%), girls’ schools at a rate of (39.3%), while the percentage of mixed schools declined to reach (20.3%).
It was also evident that there was a disparity in the distribution of primary schools in Najaf Governorate between urban and rural environments, and that the distribution was inefficient. Urban schools had the largest number, reaching (61.7%), while it declined in the rural environment to reach (38.3%).

The rapid scientific progress witnessed by the world has had a significant impact on changing human lifestyles for the better. This development has provided significant services to humanity. However, everything has its drawbacks as well as its advantages. The drawback of scientific progress is the pollution of the environment, the surroundings with all its elements that enable humans to live and satisfy their needs. If this environment becomes polluted, human life becomes threatened by numerous hazards that affect their comfort and health, even affecting their lives. This has necessitated a global mobilization to address the problem of environmental pollution. Iraq was not isolated from this. As a result of the political circumstances it experienced, which led to changes in its economic and social circumstances, in addition to political circumstances, all of these led to the creation of a polluted environment that reached very high levels. This also required mobilization, perhaps to a much higher degree than in other countries of the world. Efforts to address this problem led to the establishment of a special Ministry of the Environment and the enactment of laws responsible for taking the necessary measures to protect the environment. But was this sufficient to protect the environment from pollution? Why do pollution rates continue to rise? This study attempts to determine the cause of the continued environmental pollution in order to propose solutions to this problem. The scope of this research is the current Environmental Law No. 27 of 2009 and its provisions for environmental protection in Iraq. The study adopted an inductive approach to the text of Environmental Law No. 27 of 2009 to determine the organization of the authorities responsible for environmental protection, the extent of their powers, and the penalties that can be imposed on environmental violators. The study relied on the constitutional text and relevant laws, in addition to books that assisted the study in accomplishing its task. The legal texts for environmental protection are not suitable for application in light of the state’s failure to fulfill its duty to satisfy the various needs of individuals. Individuals are forced to rely on themselves to satisfy their needs, which leads to increased environmental pollution. Achieving the public interest is one of the state's duties. If the state abandons its role in satisfying public needs, individuals will assume the responsibility of satisfying their own needs. The solution to such a problem is for the state, represented by the public administration, to satisfy the general needs of individuals. Then we can talk about protecting the environment and monitoring and punishing the various activities of individuals that pollute the environment.

The future of water in Iraq faces complex challenges. It is experiencing serious water crises that may become more dangerous in the future if real and effective measures are not taken to address the crisis. The most prominent of these challenges facing the future of water in Iraq are of two types: internal factors represented by the great waste of water, the large growth in population leading to increased water consumption, the mismanagement of water resources, and the great pollution Rivers water , The other type of factors is regional, including dams in upstream countries on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and irrigation projects in neighboring countries that increase the salinity of the water. Therefore, these challenges must be addressed through A set of procedures are regional and international cooperation, the rehabilitation of infrastructure that suffers from old age and extinction, as well as community awareness of the importance of water and develop the necessary plans for water management

The study aimed to identify the level of self-consistency among educational counselors and its relationship to counseling skills. The study community consisted of educational counselors in the center of Kirkuk Governorate. The study was applied to a sample of (120) educational counselors, male and female. The researcher used the self-consistency scale of the researcher (Al-Ubaidi, 2005 and the counseling skills scale of the researcher (Muhammad and Mansour, 2018). The research reached some important results, including that educational counselors are characterized by a high level of self-consistency, and there is a direct correlation between self-consistency and counseling skills.).

The current research aims to identify the importance of digital technology in education from the point of view of kindergarten teachers, according to the variables (number of training courses, number of years of teaching experience). The descriptive analytical approach was used, and to achieve the research objective, a questionnaire consisting of (19) items was used, which was applied to a sample of (50) private kindergarten teachers in Deir Ezzor Governorate from the academic year (2024-2025). A set of hypotheses was developed and tested for validity, and the results showed the following: (1) That (76.5%) of female teachers emphasize the importance of developing digital technology for kindergarten children (2) There are statistically significant differences at a significance level of (0.05) between the average scores of kindergarten teachers’ answers to the questionnaire items attributed to the variable of the number of years of experience in favor of female teachers who have teaching experience of (7-9 years or more), (3) There are statistically significant differences at a significance level of (0.05) between the average scores of the kindergarten teachers’ answers to the questionnaire items, attributed to the variable of the number of training courses, in favor of the teachers who followed (10 courses or more). The research concluded with a set of proposals and recommendations.

This current study investigates how Iraqi Arabic speakers use nanopragmatic markers which are defined as the use of micro-cues like emojis, vocal prosody in voice notes, and the use of creative typography for pragmatic ends, aiming to explore the social media platforms represented by WhatsApp and Twitter. The study employs qualitative discourse analysis complemented by quantitative statistical tests. Using the software Praat for vocal patterns and MAXQDA for emoji coding, a corpus of 2,000 text samples and 300 voice messages are analyzed, taking into account the sociolinguistic variables such as age and gender. The study concludes that such digital markers are not randomly used; they represent sophisticated adaptations and manifestation of the classic pragmatic principles such as Relevance and Politeness, when it comes to the Iraqi cultural context. This current study not only introduces the unique digital use of the Iraqi dialect, but also provides crucial insights for educators, linguists, and AI developers, thereby assisting those who seek the high rate of connecting people from various socio-cultural backgrounds in the age of digitalism.

This study explores the rhetorical and discursive moves in President Donald Trump’s 2017 inaugural address via the use of genre analysis. Drawing on Swales’ (1990) model of rhetorical moves and the framework of Critical Discourse Analysis (Fairclough, 1995; van Dijk, 1998), the study identifies how Trump structures his speech to construct national identity, power relations, and ideological unity. The analysis highlights Trump’s strategic use of personalization, repetition, contrastive framing, and populist rhetoric to evoke solidarity and patriotism. Findings reveal that Trump’s inaugural speech departs from traditional presidential rhetoric. It combines populist discourse with nationalist and revivalist tones, emphasizing “the people” as the legitimate holders of political power. The study contributes to the field of discourse studies and genre analysis. It demonstrates how rhetorical patterns function as ideological tools in political communication, which are utilized to shape public perception through persuasive linguistic strategies.