Journal of Historical studies

This study addresses an important topic related to Sawt Al Arab Radio's support for the Algerian National Liberation Front in the media during the Algerian Revolution, realizing by the leadership of the revolution the importance of the media aspect for the purpose of the success of the revolution, given the strength of the media weapon and the extent of its influence and contribution to the making of events, and from here the Algerian Revolution will stop its era and realize the danger and importance of the media that it has harnessed to serve its goals, so planning began to link the Mujahedeen in Algeria with their Algerian counterparts abroad, and this link was through Sawt Al Arab Radio.

In 1994, Yemen witnessed one of the most complex eras in its modern history, where a sharp civil conflict broke out between the north and the south, leaving behind major political and military repercussions. In this context, the Gulf Cooperation Council played a pivotal role in trying to end the conflict through regional mediation aimed at achieving stability not only for Yemen, but for the region as a whole. The Council relied on a series of diplomatic initiatives, most notably the call for a ceasefire as a first step, and then political negotiation between the conflicting parties.
Through Gulf mediation, the Peace Document emerged as a central tool to calm the conflict, but the most prominent role was Saudi Arabia, which invested its geographical, economic and political location to convince the parties of the need for a settlement. Gulf efforts have not been isolated; international forces, such as the United States, have engaged in supporting these mediations.
However, the efforts faced several challenges, most notably the deep divisions between the Yemeni parties and the differences within the Gulf system itself. Despite these challenges, the GCC intervention is a model of regional interaction in the face of political crises, and also highlights the importance of the Gulf role in promoting regional stability in the context of recent conflicts.

This paper examines the development of the ancient city of Meroë and its role as a major cultural center in the Kingdom of Kush. Archaeological evidence suggests that Meroë was a royal settlement as early as 800 BCE. Scholars differ on the timeline of the rise of the Meroitic Kingdom, with some, like George Andrew Reisner, believing the kingdom began in the 8th century BCE, while others, such as Adolf Erman, argue that the capital shifted from Napata to Meroë in the 3rd century BCE. While Napata served as a significant religious center, Meroë evolved into the political capital during later periods.
The archaeological findings also reveal that Meroë was a prosperous and developed region, where small cities such as Bagarawiya rapidly expanded. The ruins of Meroë extend into areas like Kabushiya, where temples and fortresses dating back to the reign of King Taharqa have been found, as well as an Amun temple believed to have been constructed during the reign of King Aspelta. The study highlights the remarkable cultural evolution of Meroë, starting from the “Early Historical Period” in the 11th century BCE and reaching its peak during the “Classical Period.”
Furthermore, the evidence indicates that Meroë was a well-planned city that included royal, religious, and residential areas, reflecting its role as a key cultural and political center in the Kingdom of Kush.

Material and inscriptional evidence indicates that ancient Yemeni society was highly religious, as archaeological manifestations and evidence varied that showed the greatness of ancient Yemeni civilization, such as cities and temples in various ancient kingdoms, and were considered a reflection of the nature and environment in which the individual resided and had a direct relationship to his rituals and religious practices.
The gods were the focus of their attention , and the Yemenis believed they were worthy of worship and closeness through various ritual practices. They offered sacrifices to them and dedicated their fortresses, towers, homes , lands , and even themselves and their animals , seeking to gain their favor and protection.
Sacred hunting is considered one of the oldest types of hunting in the ancient Yemeni religion because it is linked to ritual rites and religious practices that were performed annually during certain periods of the year. The Musnad inscriptions showed the existence of a type of religious hunting called ibex hunting, which is performed by senior statesmen of the Makariba, clerics, and people as offerings to the gods. Either
because of the violation or leniency in carrying out the hunting rituals, which causes the anger of the gods, not answering their prayers, or depriving them of rain, which requires offering appropriate atonements.

It is known that the Imams of Ahl al Bayt (peace be upon them) presented multiple approaches that transcend metaphysical and doctrinal dimensions and contribute to building life in an ideal from. Among what was presented is the process of motivation and encouragement regarding the concept of social communication and its resulting effects and outcomes that contribute to achieving awareness through purposeful dialogue, using it as a tool to honor humans, develop their awareness, understand their feelings, and guide them to the truth without coercion. This was achieved by creating a balance between theoretical eloquence and practical application. Where their noble biography is considered the greatest communicative approach expressing the values they called to.

The research dealt with three axes that show the Qur'anic concept of hypocrisy. The first was about the emergence of hypocrisy, according to surahs, "The Mudathir and Al-‘Ankabūt", and that hypocrisy has existed since the beginning of the Islamic call, but the heritage books deny its existence in the Meccan era, and remember that hypocrisy began in Medina, that is, after Muslims became a state, and after the victory achieved by Muslims on the day of Badr(2AH).
The second axis dealt with the characteristics of the hypocrites through what many Quranic suras indicated in order to distinguish the malicious from the good and take the believers to their caution, and how to deal with them, and reduce their danger, so there were thirty-two characteristics.
As for the third axis, it revealed the categories of hypocrites who pretended to be Islam while implying disbelief, according to the Qur'anic verses, including the Almighty's saying:
) If the hypocrites and those in whose hearts is disease and those who spread rumors in al-Madīnah do not cease, We will surely incite you against them; then they will not remain your neighbors therein(

In 1956, Hungary witnessed a revolution in which students and workers participated against the pro-Soviet Communist Party and the Soviet presence in their country. Austria was not far from the events of that revolution, as it had only been independent for a year, after years spent under Nazi German occupation (1938-1945), then the Allied occupation (1945-1955) after their victory in World War II over Germany and their division of Austria into four occupation zones between the four major powers. Its land witnessed the Cold War struggle to control it, and it was not able to gain its independence until 1955 under a treaty after declaring neutrality. The Hungarian revolution came as a true test of the neutrality of the newly independent young countries. Given the geographical proximity and historical and social relations between the Austrian and Hungarian peoples, it was not far from the events of the revolution. Austria had good relations with the West and its inclusion in the Marshall Plan, in addition to its strategic location in Europe between the Western and Eastern camps. It was subjected to a fierce media war by the Soviet Union and the Communist Bloc. Austria was accused of violating neutrality, supporting the Hungarian revolutionaries, and helping the United States and NATO penetrate Eastern Europe from Austrian territory. Austria also faced another problem due to the revolution: the influx of refugees into the country in numbers that exceeded its capacity to absorb them. In addition, the issue of protecting the Austrian borders by a newly formed army and a neutral state that had only been independent for a year in the midst of the Cold War conflict between the Western and Eastern blocs.

In this research, I will address the personality of Yunus ibn Abd al-Rahman, who played an important and effective role in preserving the Muhammadan heritage . The Imams of the Household of the Prophet (peace be upon them) praised him and mentioned his virtue and status . Many scholars of the Islamic nation have also emphasized his trustworthiness and integrity. He was characterized by a number of praiseworthy qualities and characteristics . He was one of the jurists to whom Imam al-Kadhim (peace be upon him) referred, asking his followers to turn to him and learn from him the principles of their religion.

The Muslim Brotherhood emerged in Jordan outcome of the ideology of the parent group in Egypt. The Brotherhood's founding in Jordan is credited to Hajj Abdul Latif Abu Qura, who had a durable relationship with the Brotherhood's founder, Hassan al-Banna. The founding period (1945-1953) witnessed a strong presence. The Brotherhood began its work in Jordanian society as a charitable organization concerned with social, political, and cultural affairs. In the 1950s, the Brotherhood's work developed, and it began to move into the political sphere. Its members participated in demonstrations and marches against Jordan's entry into the Baghdad Pact in 1955. They then participated in the 1956 parliamentary elections and in the demonstrations against the Eisenhower Doctrine in 1957. The Brotherhood strengthened its presence in society during the 1960s, and in 1970, they avoided engaging in military confrontations between the state and Palestinian factions. Over the course of various phases, the relationship between the state and the Muslim Brotherhood has steadily improved. It began with peaceful coexistence, then progressed to convergence and alliance against common threats. It reached a more advanced stage when the government sought the help of Islamists to replace Palestinian organizations and forces after 1970. Jordan received members and families of the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood in the early 1980s. The relationship then began a decline from the mid-1980s, culminating in a period of estrangement during the 1990s.

This research examines relations between the United Arab Emirates and Somalia over the period 1978-2017 and the evolution of these relations. It also examines the UAE's support for Somalia in all political, economic, social, and military aspects. It also seeks to encourage Somali national initiatives and reconciliations, both domestically and internationally. The study also examines the ruling systems in Somalia over the period 1991-2017 and the UAE's role in supporting successive governments.

The problem of sectarianism is one of the most important problems facing Iraqi society and threatened its civil and societal peace. It was used by rulers and politicians to achieve their interests, especially during the era of Abdul Salam Muhammad Arif (1963-1966), who was known for his sectarian policy, as he fought the Shiites and their religious rituals and worked to marginalize them. However, his policy was met with rejection and denunciation by Iraqi society and was confronted by moderate clerics, reformers, and Iraqi intellectuals. This rejection was expressed by exploiting religious gatherings and occasions, establishing political parties, and raising petitions demanding a change in this policy.

Successive US administrations since the 1970s have continued to use their veto power in the UN Security Council to thwart draft resolutions condemning Israeli practices in the occupied Palestinian territories and upholding the rights of the Palestinian people. The United States has used its veto power in favor of Israel on every Security Council resolution condemning Israel, which confirms America's support for the Israeli enemy and its refusal to recognize Palestinian rights and a legitimate state. The first veto used by Washington to protect the Israeli enemy was on July 26, 1973, against a draft resolution condemning Israel's continued occupation of Palestinian territories. On January 26, 1976, the United States dropped a report to enable the Palestinians to exercise their rights and the right to self-determination, calling on Israel to withdraw from all Palestinian territories, in Resolution 3236 issued by the United Nations General Assembly. The report was returned to the Security Council four times and met the same fate after the United States used its veto power. On March 25, 1976, the United States vetoed a draft resolution calling on Israel to commit to protecting holy sites. On June 29 of the same year, Washington vetoed a draft resolution affirming the Palestinian people's right to return and self-determination.

The research aims to shed light on the status of the educational system in the Faisal era, as the mentioned period (1918-1920) witnessed the expulsion of the Ottomans from Syria and the establishment of an Arab state headed by Prince Faisal bin Al Hussein. The latter was interested in education for its role in the progress and prosperity of the country, as he issued a set of laws and legislations that aimed to organize the educational process, including reviving the Arabic language and opening primary, secondary and vocational schools, institutes and new colleges with new cadres to teach new curricula that suit the new situation in Syria. In addition, Prince Faisal established the Department of Education to prepare new curricula, appoint competent teachers, pay the expenses of poor students and send teachers to remote areas. They were allocated bonuses in addition to their salaries. In addition, new classes were opened and an educational plan was developed for the beginning of the school year, and outstanding students were sent to study abroad. The translation movement was also greatly activated. This progress was reflected in the activity of the people of cities and villages in helping the Directorate of Education and working to spread the spirit of science.

This research examines the disputes and family problems related to dowries offered for marriage in the Islamic era, as presented in Waki's "Akhbar al-Qudat," a book that addresses various issues brought before judges in the Islamic period up to the author's death. The research explored the author's life and his writing of judicial accounts, as this was the central focus of the study. It then addressed issues related to dowries, including financial matters and the inability of some to pay exorbitant dowries. The research also touched upon other disputes arising after the dowry, such as the necessities of married life, including a house, furniture, and other items. These issues highlighted family conflicts stemming from the husband's inability to provide these necessities. Furthermore, the research revealed instances of deception and fraud in dowries, where the bride's family inflates the dowry by providing specifications different from those of the intended bride. This can lead to family disputes as the husband attempts to reclaim the full dowry. The research also addressed problems related to dowries in cases of non-consummation of the marriage and the jurists' stance on these issues. It noted that in some cases, conditions are attached to the marriage contract, such as an agreement between the family and the groom to add conditions alongside the dowry, including the wife remaining in her home after marriage and not moving. Finally, the research included a conclusion, a list of sources, and various references used throughout the study.

Josephine de Beauharnais was the first wife of the French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte، who was born on June 23، 1763. Josephine was intelligent and beautiful، and Napoleon loved her and married her despite his family’s opposition to his marriage to her. She was six years older than him. She was a widow with two children. Napoleon married her in 1796 and lived with her the most beautiful and happiest days. After Napoleon became emperor and his empire expanded، he began to desire an heir to the French throne، because Josephine was unable to bear him an heir. Napoleon decided to divorce her، especially after he had an illegitimate son with one of his mistresses، which made him divorce her and search for a wife from among the princesses of Europe. He proposed to the Austrian princess، Princess Marie Louise، who was born on December 12، 1791 in the Austrian capital. She is the eldest daughter of the Holy Roman Emperor Francis II (1792-1835). Her mother is Queen Maria Theresa 1772-. The Austrian Foreign Minister Metternich sought to marry her، and since Austria was known for ending its wars through political family alliances، Napoleon Bonaparte asked them for a wife to have an heir to the French throne after the Treaty of Schönbrunn. The research aims to reveal the relationship between Napoleon and Josephine and the reasons that led to the divorce and his search for another wife from among the European princesses until he chose the Austrian princess Marie Louise، the second wife of Emperor Napoleon، and what were the factors that led to her marriage to him، relying on several French and foreign sources in addition to Arab sources

The topic (the psychological structure of man in the Prophet Muhammad’s"Peace be Upon him" thought) is one of the topics that deal with cases that have spread widespread recently, because of the crises and calamities that are going through the whole world, such as wars, diseases and poverty, which negatively affect people’s psyches and destroy their morale, which is controlling the life and the motive for creativity, this makes the researcher examines the history and the biography of the great scholars to extract the advantages of their wisdom and their treatments for this complex issue, wherefore the researcher is doing this study which should be look for benefiting of the text and its inquiry, so we are trying to leave the classical framework of studies of the Prophet’s biography, we are trying to intermix between the Prophet’s biography and some psychology that is related to this study as possible, and its placement at studies that deal with present problems and to manifest the Muhammadan wisdom and the greatness of his generous personality in the fields of life. As a result, the topic of the prophetic treatments are numerous and varied in the fields of morals, health, and the military framework in arousing enthusiasm, strengthening the will and raising morale Prophet Muhammad’s "Peace be Upon him" achieved great success in this field, as evidenced by the positive effects produced prophetic wisdom that seizes effective solutions to these challenges.

The Jewish community in the Amara district was one of the oldest religious communities in Iraq, and its origins go back to those who were taken to Babylon by Nebuchadnezzar in 586 B.C. They were widely distributed in central and southern Iraq after the political situation stabilized in the nineteenth century and Midhat Pasha assumed power in Iraq (1869-1872 AD). They maintained their presence and were not subjected to exile or persecution and then immigration abroad.
The Jews of Amara were considered part of Iraqi society because they were influenced by the customs and traditions of the Iraqi society in which they were present, while preserving their own traditions in practicing their religious rituals with complete freedom and tranquility. The Jews of Amara played influential roles and contributions to social and economic life, after guaranteeing the rights of the Jewish minority to practice their lives in all its various aspects freely and safely.

The study of Islamic figures has occupied a significant portion of researchers' attention. Researchers have written about figures who held administrative and political positions and who combined these positions with their scholarly endeavors. Our research concerns a figure not previously addressed by researchers. Abu al-Qasim al-Aflili came from a family whose lineage goes back to the Companion Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas (may God be pleased with him). The encyclopedic scholar Abu al-Qasim al-Aflili combined the ministry with his scholarly endeavors, making significant contributions to Islamic law and other fields.