Mustansiriyah Journal of Humanities

The lexical stage usually represents an early stage in the emergence of the linguistic lesson, especially since language users need two educational systems to contain the concepts of the language to be learned. The first is learning vocabulary and its connotations, and the other is controlling the linguistic base at its various levels. The lexical system used to be a supplement to teaching language grammar. Arabic grammar appeared more than a century before the appearance of the Arabic dictionaryIf we want to compare the writings of Abu Al-Aswad Al-Du'ali and his students up to Al-Khalil bin Ahmed Al-Farahidi, and this matter was not widespread in other linguistic schools, especially the successive emergence of the linguistic study before the Arabs, in both its lexical and grammatical parts, then historical writings still mention that ancient civilizations established their easy dictionaries in an atmosphere Premature stereotyping, in which I tried to present a set of priestly or ideological information that simulates almost primitive social conditions that do not belong to the comprehensive and sober lesson.Rather, it is a typical style that arises with a person’s ability to pronounce and speak, so the religious and intellectual arena begins by teaching him a set of words and their meanings orally and in writing. To facilitate a large part of the burden of circulating speech, the eras of ancient civilizations showed us a linguistic aspect worthy of attention, represented by linguistic dictionaries, which have been obscured by history and time, and which need special exploration represented by a sequential lexical study that monitors those scenes that are absent from the linguistic arena.It opens horizons to know the lexical character that Arab lexicographers resorted to with their rich and unparalleled works.

The issue of women\'s political empowerment occupies a central position in political development and democratic transformation processes. This is due to the importance of having women alongside men in managing political life and in the success of political reform processes that countries strive for. Women are considered an essential and active part of society, and their issues cannot be separated from those of the broader community. The status of women in any society is a real indicator of that society\'s actual level of development and progress. The backwardness of women and their restriction by various constraints leads to the stagnation of the entire society, including its men and children.
The research concluded that the relationship between women and politics is neither confrontational nor completely absent; rather, it is possible. As part of upholding human dignity and freedom, women have the right to participate in political life, contribute to decision-making, and advance to higher positions.

Each liter has his own style, which is clearly shown in the way he deals with words and shapes them in his poetic dictionary. He reflects his different vision and experiences, to be a mirror of his inner world, and shows the nature of the relationship between the poet and the words he carefully chooses to formulate his poetic experience and define the features of his literary voice. In this research, we discussed the poetic dictionary of the Iraqi poet Ahmed Nahm, who expressed his creative experience within the social and political context that he lived with his nineties generation. The research focussed on four main themes: Dictionary of the Words of Death, Nature, Dreams, and Cities. Each axis embodied an aspect of the psychological, linguistic and semantic aspects that reflect his creative identity and personal experiences.

The study of the heritage of the Ahl al-Bayt, which their school preserved from loss thanks to their followers, reflects a comprehensive school covering various fields of Islamic knowledge. The followers of the Ahl al-Bayt in the geographical area needed someone to meet their religious needs and be a link between them and their Imams. This system played a vital role in preserving the entity of the righteous society and protecting it from fragmentation and collapse.
Ali ibn Mahziyar al-Ahwazi, who was one of the trusted agents in Ahwaz during the third century AH/ninth century AD, assumed important responsibilities such as receiving and distributing legal rights, as well as resolving disputes, managing endowments, and the affairs of minors who had no guardian. Justice or fairness was a basic condition for the agent, along with his faith and knowledge of the provisions of the Sharia, his political acumen, and his ability to protect the secrets of the Imam and his followers from the rulers and supervisors.
Through our findings, it is clear that Ahwaz was one of the regions that showed love and obedience to the Ahlul Bayt (AS), as they took care of this spot and gave their guidance starting from Imam Ali (AS) all the way to Imam Al-Hadi (AS).

Korea is the crossing and bridge that connects Japan to the countries of Asia. Most cultures and religions came to Japan through Korea. The first country to be invaded by Japan was Korea, which was the starting point for the Japanese expansionist military tendency, especially during the period of World War I and World War II, where Korea faced the most violent means and the most severe occupation by the Japanese army, which wanted Korea to be a (Manchukuo) state, meaning a government system subordinate to Japan. I divided my research into several sections. The first section was entitled The Historical Roots of Japanese-Korean Relations. We talked about the geographical location of Korea, which is considered a bridge linking Japan and the Asian mainland. We also talked about the first beginnings of Japanese control over Korea. The second section dealt with Japan’s policy towards Korea 1910-1939. We addressed the American-Japanese agreement on Korea and the American recognition of Japanese interests in Korea, as well as the stages of the Japanese occupation and the Korean resistance to that occupation. As for the third section, it was entitled Japan’s loss in World War II and Korea’s independence. In it, we discussed the Japanese withdrawal from Korea, the entry of American and Soviet forces into Korea, international discussions about Korea during World War II, and the declaration of Korea\'s independence.

This research deals with Dr. Awda Allah Al-Qaisi's vision in explaining the aspect of rhetorical miracle in the Quranic texts through the grammatical level and the distant verses in his most important works, which are (The Secret of Miracle in the Diversity of Derivative Forms, the Linguistic Miracle in the Quran, and the Linguistic Miracle in the Stories of Noah, peace be upon him). The research dealt with grammatical issues such as presentation, delay, deletion, the passive voice, similarity and difference in the Quranic texts and Dr. Al-Qaisi's vision in explaining the aspect of miracle in them, differing from his predecessors in explaining the subtleties and precise meanings of the words used in the Quranic context, and that the words, although they are derived from one linguistic origin, do not replace the other in their context.

The first phase of the Lebanese civil war, which was called the two-year phase, resulted in regional and international interventions, which made Lebanon an arena for foreign political agendas, especially (Israeli), which used the presence of Palestinian organizations as an excuse for attacks on southern Lebanon, invading the region, and establishing a border strip managed by its Lebanese agents in the region. It also made Lebanon vulnerable to Syrian intervention. Syria faced many Arab and international positions regarding that intervention, but the French position was Rejecting Syrian intervention in Lebanon, the newspaper had a position supportive of the official French government position. Thus, during the two-year period of the Lebanese civil war, Lebanon witnessed many events and circumstances that cast their shadow on the Lebanese political reality.

This research deals with an objective study of the comparative jurisprudence approach of Sayyid al-Sharif al-Murtada, one of the leaders of Islamic thought in the Abbasid era, where it sheds light on his scientific efforts in discussing jurisprudential issues from a comparative perspective that combines transmission and reason. The research was divided into two main sections: The first dealt with the theoretical framework, with an introduction to al-Sharif al-Murtada in terms of his name, lineage, scientific and social biography, with a statement of his influence in the jurisprudential field through his teachers, students and writings. As for the second section, it included an applied study of two jurisprudential issues, which are: washing the hands and wiping the feet in ablution, where the opinions of the four schools (Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, Hanbali) were presented regarding these two issues, then compared in detail with the opinion of al-Sharif al-Murtada, with an analysis of his jurisprudential approach that shows his distinction in reasoning and authentication. The research aims to highlight the position of Al-Sharif Al-Murtada in comparative jurisprudence, and to clarify the importance of studying this type of jurisprudence as a means of rapprochement between Islamic sects and enhancing constructive dialogue between them.

The concept of pivotal meaning is one of the fertile areas of semantic study, especially since the topic of pivotal meaning is linked to the Arabic lexicon, which is rich in meanings, structures, and vocabulary. This is because it relies in determining meaning on referring the words of the linguistic root to a linguistic concept that encompasses those words. This, in turn, brings us closer to a correct understanding of the connotations of words and the meanings they contain. Not only this, but the pivotal meaning represents an addition that is relied upon in what has been newly created of meanings and new words, so the pivotal meaning is considered a linguistic reference in confirming or denying that, in addition to resolving the dispute in explaining and interpreting some Qur’anic words. The most likely interpretation is the one closest to its linguistic root and the pivotal meaning of the uses of that root, as well as in proving the foreignness of some words or confirming their Arabicness. Therefore, some linguists have become aware of the importance of all of this. It simply means the existence of a root meaning or a common meaning around which the uses and structures of a single linguistic material revolve. Many of them attributed different constructions to a single central meaning, or derived this meaning when addressing the connotations of some of the multiple uses of linguistic materials. Murtada al-Zabidi (d. 1205 AH) was one of the scholars who adopted the central meaning in interpreting words and revealing their meanings. He applied the connotations of the central meaning in his dictionary (Taj al-Arus min Jawahir al-Qamus). This research represents a modest contribution to clarifying al-Zabidi's approach and method of addressing linguistic roots, presenting the central meaning, and the resulting linguistic rulings and semantic implications.

The interpreters of the Noble Qur’an were keen to interpret the Book of God in the best way, scientifically and linguistically, and therefore it was worthy of our attention to how they interpreted the Noble Verses, in terms of the syntactic patterns they used to convey the idea to the recipient, which is known as speech acts, and informational acts are one of the types of speech acts according to Searle’s classification. It is the subject of our research, from which we hope that the reader will seek benefit and information that quenches his thirst for questions on this subject. One of the most famous books of interpretations of the Holy Qur’an is the interpretation of Jami’ al-Bayan by al-Tabari. We took a sample of our research from it, and the research began by introducing the information and its types, then proceeding to study it in the sample book. Research and explain the purposes of news acts, the tasks and meanings they perform in texts, and the effect of formal structure in explaining the fulfillment purpose of the news act.

The situation of a number of Italian cities was turbulent, and every ruler in an Italian city or state was working to maintain his wisdom and prevent foreign interference. Charles VIII, King of France, worked to exploit these situations and began his expansionist ambitions in Italy and controlled a number of Italian cities, but competition began from the King of Spain, Ferdinand II, the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I, and Pope Alexander VI. However, Charles VIII’s expansions in Italy and his acquisition of a number of cities and his interference in their affairs disturbed Pope Alexander VI, the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I, and the Spanish King Ferdinand II, so they formed the Venetian Alliance and expelled the French forces from Italy. When Louis XII assumed power, he concluded a peace treaty with England and Spain as well. During his reign, French expansion in Italy was renewed, so the Pope formed a Holy Alliance and the French forces withdrew from most Italian cities. During the reign of the French King, Francis I, he worked to control the Italian city of Milan, and Francis I controlled Milan and Lombardy in Northern Italy.

The research aims to analyze the geographical distribution of health services in the municipality of Dora and to know what health institutions in the research area provide health services to its residents at the level of its neighborhoods through the analysis of the distribution and classification of services as well as knowing the areas of their impact. The research relied on the analytical approach and the quantitative approach in the analysis and distribution of health services based on the latest data issued by the official authorities and the research reached a number of results, the most important of which were The number of health centers in the research area amounted to (9) centers distributed among the neighborhoods of the research area, and the areas of influence that the areas of influence of the health service included neighborhoods without others according to a criterion set by the Ministry of Planning to show the extent to which the population benefits from the health service provided to them. At a distance of (800 m), a service is provided to the residential neighborhood in which it is located and the residents of other neighborhoods near it.

Studying the history of Iran has played a major role in identifying figures who had a clear impact. The choice of the figure of Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi was due to his role both in Iraq as he was born in Iraq and in the history of Iran as he was Iranian in origin. Shahroudi played a major role in the events that Iraq witnessed in the seventies, and his teachers, under whom he studied in Najaf, Sayyid Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr and Sayyid Ruhollah Khomeini, had a major impact in shaping his personalities. He immigrated from Iraq to Iran after the victory of the Islamic Revolution in 1979 as a result of the pressure that the Iraqi government at that time exerted on the followers of Sayyid al-Sadr. Mahmoud Al-Hashemi was very active during his stay in Iran, most notably his contribution to the formation of the Supreme Islamic Council in Iraq in 1982, then he held many positions, including a member of the Assembly of Experts for Leadership in 1999, then he assumed the presidency of the judiciary in Iran in 1999, which is considered one of the most powerful authorities after the authority of the Supreme Leader, then the head of the Expediency Discernment Council in 2017 Shahroudi worked to develop the judiciary in a way that is consistent with development and does not conflict with Islamic law, so he issued many decisions that did not exist previously and called for the protection of citizens' rights and attention to judges because they represent authority and justice in the country. His role was not limited to the judiciary only, but he contributed to the aspects that address the economic and social problems because they all affect the interests of the citizen and have a close connection to the judiciary because providing appropriate conditions contributes to the stability of the country and keeps people away from crime. He also played a major role in conveying the voice of Iraqis to international forums. The research included many sources, most notably the Persian newspapers that reported Shahroudi’s daily news

The research addressed the augmented triliteral verb in its various forms: augmented with one letter, two letters, and three letters. I listed the structures of the augmented triliteral verb in the poet's collection of poems, and analyzed the verbs in the poet's collection morphologically and semantically.
The research methodology was to define morphology in language and terminology. We then elaborated on the morphological structures and their importance, and highlighted the basic characteristics and rules of these structures. This resulted in examining their semantic impact according to what is mentioned in morphological and linguistic books, indicating the connotations of each structure. The most important finding we reached was the close relationship between the morphological structure and the meaning associated with it. Furthermore, the research demonstrated how the augmented triliteral verb structures can add dimensions of meaning through the augmented letters that occur in them. Therefore, we can say that this research can be considered a pivotal step toward understanding the connotations of morphological structures in Arabic poetry.

The history of contemporary Iraq has witnessed the emergence of many political figures associated with well-known Iraqi families whose men had contributions in various fields and had prominent roles in all fields, including the Al-Kamounah Al-Asadi family in the holy city of Karbala, whose men played social, cultural and political roles during the late Ottoman era and the beginnings of the formation of the Iraqi state in 1920 and up to later historical periods and eras. Abdul Hussein Kamouna was one of the men of the Al-Kamounah family who played a role in political life in Iraq during the period 1951/1958, which began with his joining the Socialist Umma Party led by Saleh Jabr in 1951, in addition to his candidacy and winning a seat in the House of Representatives representing the Karbala Brigade for several electoral terms between 1854-1958, and his activity in the House of Representatives through his participation in discussions related to many social and health issues at the level of Iraq in general and the Karbala Brigade in particular.

This study aimed to reveal the effect of the Polya strategy on the achievement of the Arabic language subject among middle school students, as well as to identify the steps for the Polya strategy. The problem of the study crystallized in answering the following question: “What is the effect of the Polya strategy?” In the achievement of the Arabic language subject among middle school students? The study was based on the hypothesis that “there are no statistically significant differences at the level of significance (0.05) between the average test scores of students according to the Polya strategy and the usual method in the academic achievement test,” and it was adopted The study was based on the descriptive analytical approach as it is the appropriate method for the study. The study population consisted of middle school students at (Al-Dargham Secondary School for Boys) affiliated with Al-Karkh Secondary Education, represented by (780) students. The study sample also consisted of (46) students in the third middle school stage, and it reached There are also several conclusions, the most important of which is the presence of statistically significant differences at the significance level (0.05) between the average test scores of students according to the Polya strategy and the usual method in the academic achievement test, and the difference is in favor of the Polya strategy. It turned out that the lowest score in the Polya strategy was (78), while in the regular method the lowest student got (69). It was also found that the highest score in the Polya strategy was 97, while in the regular method the highest student obtained a score of 88.

The postmodern novel is distinguished by taming structures and movements and making them more effective within the levels of receiving the text until it became a horizon that accommodates all purposes; this is due to what is available in it of requirements for transmitting meaning, the possibility of aesthetic excitement, and the effectiveness of reading and reception in shaping its artistic structure as an intellectual labor in which the levels of balance and stability of the human experience are drawn, and an axis for the high culture of the text that the novelist brought out after the process of intellectual digestion from the cultural memory, and the stylistic, semantic, and pictorial diversification that illuminates the horizon of the novel text, and makes it more capable of carrying the harbingers of the future in a process of continuous and interactive ebb and flow of the structure of the artistic construction of the character within the axis of the present and the future.

The research plan was divided into three sections: the first section was entitled (analogy), the second section dealt with (metaphor), and the third section highlighted (metonymy) . And this whole detective made a significant contribution to the drawing of the poetic portrait. The poetic image is one of the most important artistic images because it is related to the same poet and his feelings.Arabic poetry depends on photography, it is dominated by imagination and photography, and not just music, because the poet through it can express his potentials, feelings and feelings, and through it his vision of reality becomes clear, so it will be more influential on the recipient.

The search for the division of verbs, their effect, and their grammatical semantic outcome according to Ibn Falah, which was presented due to its strength and centrality in the action, is the main central word around which all the words revolve, so it is linked to it by a direct kinship due to its leadership and strength. It is close to the noun, close to the branch, in terms of sharing some of the noun in grammatical analysis. Because of its large number of nouns, the difference between the meaning of nouns and verbs is that “verbs indicate a meaning indicating a meaning, and nouns indicate a meaning indicating an essence.” Perhaps it is useful to point out that Ibn Falah prioritized the verb before the letter, according to the meaning of the word. Because the meaning of the verb is its meaning in itself, i.e.: the thing conceived in the mind that is not dependent on something outside of it. As for the letter, its meaning is dependent on something else, i.e.: in what is related to it.

The research includes a definition of the system according to Saussure, then an ascent to virility and a definition of it linguistically and technically, then a mention of Ibn Sallam al-Jumahi’s three criteria: the poet’s abundance of poetry, the multiplicity of his themes, the quality of his poetry, and how he set the standard of masculinity in his dealings in general, and especially with al-Khansa’; he placed her in a place that did not suit her; she is not (virile) in any way, then we move on to presenting the criteria of virility according to al-Asma’i, while his criteria were The seven are more comprehensive, as he neglected women and made them a marginal element in Arabic poetry, and Al-Farazdaq and Bashar Ibn Burd followed him in that. The main criterion in Arabic thought is masculinity, where the poet is a male who is aware of the pre-Islamic era, knowledgeable about the genealogies of the Arabs and their days, a Bedouin of the language, and able to satirize. Even the formulation of the column of poetry is a term taken from the tent pole and from the (column) that the male can carry to fight with, and finally poetry. It is a meter (sound) that is specific to the male and not the female, so her voice should not come out because a woman’s voice is shameful in the desert, then the ascent to the standards of Al-Asma’i, some of which relate to prosody, some of which relate to news and the days of the Arabs, and some of which relate to knowledge of genealogy, and all of them are purely masculine tendencies, even Ibn Manzur sees virility in its suspension by dominance in satire and opposition.

Our early scholars from ancient times, thanks to their rational sense, the quickness of their intuition, and the purity of their thoughts, realized an important thing, which is that jurisprudence, by its composition, may be linked to the situation and circumstances in which the text was said, as these external circumstances are an effective and main tool in understanding the meaning.
Hence, this research stopped at some Quranic verses whose subject matter was linked to the customs of the Arabs before Islam. To clarify the impact of customs on understanding sentence structure among commentators.
The research aimed to demonstrate the effect of habit in the following two axes:
1- Nominal sentence structure.
2- Actual sentence structure.

The phenomenon of adjacency represents one of the forms that pressure systems take when occupying a specific geographical area. The geographical area they cover varies and appears on surface and upper-level observation maps as a juxtaposition between different pressure systems in terms of climatic characteristics. When analyzing surface observation maps (1000 hPa) and upper-level maps at the pressure level (500 hPa) over a period of 11 years (2010-2020) during the transitional seasons (spring and autumn), five cases and patterns of adjacency were observed at the surface level. The most frequent cases of adjacency were the singular extensions of high-pressure systems with isolated low-pressure systems, with (37, 59) days recorded for the first and second observations during spring, and (24, 11) days for the observations during autumn. However, the adjacency of pressure centers for high-pressure systems with low-pressure systems was the least frequent surface adjacency, with (1-5) days recorded for the two observations during spring only, and autumn showed no occurrence of this adjacency. As for the upper-level air waves, troughs were more present with adjacency cases, reaching (19, 30) days for the two observations during spring and (11, 18) days during autumn, while they were associated with only one day in the case of pressure centers’ adjacency in the first observation.

The research aims to study the rational method, study its analysis and application in the books of interpretation of the Holy by the Imamiyya in the Quran in the fifteenth century AH. It highlights the increasing reliance on reason in interpreting and understanding Quranic texts. The study demonstrates how Imamiyya exegetes employed rational tools alongside transmitted texts to interpret verses, emphasizing harmony between reason and revelation. It also traces the influence of philosophical and theological schools on shaping this approach and presents examples of exegetes who adopted this method, reflecting a significant development in Imamiyya exegetical thought during this period.. This research is specialized in (the transmitted method) in terms of its origin, its authority, its characteristics, and the foundations on which it depends, and addressing models of its application from the surahs of the Holy Quran.
The research presented the linguistic and technical meanings of the words (method) and (reason), and in the applied aspect, the rational method was studied in several verses of the Holy Quran according to a group of books of interpreters of the fifteenth century AH.

The research studied the grammatical context of metaphors that indicate capacity, as the context is important in revealing the grammatical judgment. Context, in its linguistic meaning, is succession, as indicated by linguistic dictionaries. In the grammatical context, time is the basic element, and it depends on the interconnection of the phrases with each other in order to highlight the meaning. And the combination of evidence to clarify the functional meaning in the context. After we clarified the context in language and terminology, we divided them purely on a sentence basis into the contexts of those words, and the contexts contained in these sentences varied between the nominal, verbal, and conditional sentences. We have clarified the contexts contained in these sentences, and the research was based on Two axes: the first - the context, language and terminology, and the sections of sentences in Arabic the second axis: the grammatical contexts of metaphors indicating capacity.

The research reviewed the branches and sizes of industrial establishments in Karbala Governorate for the period (2003-2023). The branches of large manufacturing establishments include both the number of large industrial establishments and workers in large manufacturing industries and the added value of large manufacturing industries. The research also touched on the sizes of industrial establishments in Karbala Governorate for the period of the study.
The research reached a set of conclusions, including that Karbala Governorate has an important geographical location in which good quality and cheap mineral raw materials are spread. It is famous for its large area of cultivated land, and crops are a raw material for the food industry and contain many means of land transportation, as the total number of vehicles in it reached (161,569). vehicle It also owns many railway network lines and provides labor force that encourages the establishment of industry and the establishment of new industries because of its major role in the industrial process. The industry of grain mill products and grain milling waste occupied first place in the number of large industrial establishments in 2023, reaching (11) industrial establishments, constituting a percentage of (45.8%). While small enterprises topped first place in the year (2023) in terms of the number of industrial establishments, which amounted to (1,163) establishments, while Karbala District occupied first place in terms of the number of large industrial establishments for the year (2023), amounting to (14) establishments, and the second place was occupied by Al-Har District, with (6) facilities, and the last place was for Al-Husseiniyah District and Al-Jadul Al-Gharbi District, amounting to (2) facilities.

The study area is considered one of the most important areas that are exposed to continuous earthquakes, which are recorded from seismic stations located in Nineveh Governorate, which number (17) seismic monitoring stations approximately, in addition to collecting seismic data from stations located in neighboring governorates.
During the period between (1984-2024), about (121) earthquakes were recorded, most of which fall
(weak and medium), and the study area contains several deep faults represented by deep transverse faults that cut this range, such as (Fault of Baaj - Mosul - Rawanduz, Falaq Hamrin - Makhoul, Falaq Kirkuk, Falaq Hatra - and Bakhma). The focus during the research was on the analysis of seismic data recorded in the study area and the presentation of the seismic Mosul, and the study proved that all the recorded data are located at depths close to the surface, meaning that they are located within the depth ranging between (0-30) km, which makes them have a tangible impact and can leave negative effects, especially in areas near the epicenter of the earthquake.

The research aimed to identify (soft skills and their relationship to the quality of teaching among Arabic language teachers in the intermediate stage), to achieve the research, the researcher prepared a questionnaire to measure in the intermediate stage for soft skills. It consisted of (64) items distributed into (8) fields, whose validity and reliability were verified, and aquestionnaive to measure the quality ofteaching, which in its final form, consisting of (6) items. Each standard consists of (5) paragraphs, and each item has three alternatives. The researcher applied the questionnaire to the available research sample, included (150) of male and female teachers in the intermediate stage in Baghdad (Rusafa Education \2) for the academic year 2023/2024, and after statistically analyzing the data, the results showed that the degree of Arabic language teachers’ possession of soft skills is average in All fields of the questionnaire and its relationship to the quality of teaching is a statistically significant direct relationship meaning That the more the teacher possesses soft skills, the better the quality standard. In light of the research resalts, the researcher recommended a set of recommendations and proposals.

This research sheds light on the political activity of James G. Blaine, one of the most prominent American political figures of his time. Despite his failure to run for the 1880 US elections, he became Secretary of State in the administration of President Garfield. The first period in which he assumed the ministry (March 7, 1881 - December 19, 1881) was very short, as it exceeded nine months. Despite its brevity, Blaine played a major role in shaping the foreign policy of the United States of America in the late nineteenth century. His plans and ideas were the intellectual basis and ideological justification for the United States’ dominance of world politics in the twentieth century. He sought to give the United States of America a prominent position in world politics and a share in world trade commensurate with the growth of its population and wealth. It was natural that Britain would pose the most serious challenge to Blaine’s ambitions to gain American prestige, so he tried to reduce British influence in Latin American countries. He was very interested in the issue of convincing the Latin American republics to voluntarily recognize some kind of protection from the United States of America. He worked to expand the scope of American relations with those countries and enhance the prestige of the United States in them. On the other hand, he also sought to strengthen trade relations with France.

This paper investigates the use of caricature imagery as a form of protest discourse in the poetry of marginalized poets during the Abbasid period. It explores how laughter, satire, and mockery—initially deployed in the caliphal courts as means of entertainment—evolved into symbolic tools of cultural resistance. The satirical poet, once welcomed at the court for amusement, often became a sharp critic of power and society. Poets such as Abu Dulama, Ibn al-Hajjaj, and Abu al-‘Ibar intentionally broke with traditional poetic aesthetics and employed caricature to expose authority, critique social norms, and even denigrate the self.
This study draws on the concept of the "aesthetics of ugliness" as a reflective lens on marginal existence and focuses on three thematic axes: political caricature, social caricature, and self-caricature.

The basic (mujarrad) verb and the augmented (mazeed) verb are two classifications of verbs in the Arabic language. The term mujarrad (basic verb) refers to verbs composed of the minimum number of root letters that convey the general meaning of the word. In contrast, the term mazeed (augmented verb) applies to verbs in which one or more additional letters have been added to the root letters.The difference between root letters and augmentative letters lies in their function: the root letters are intrinsic to the word and carry its lexical (dictionary) meaning, whereas the augmentative letters are recurrent in many other augmented verbs, share structural patterns with them, and acquire specific meanings based on the added letter(s). These added elements introduce semantic nuances or specialized usages aligned with the established meanings associated with augmented verb patterns.This distinction and its implications for verbal meaning and usage are the focus of the present study.

This research aims to examine the spatial distribution of primary healthcare centers in Wasit Governorate and to identify the trends, patterns, and density of their distribution. The analysis was conducted using several statistical and spatial measures, including the mean center, median center, standard distance, directional distribution, nearest neighbor analysis, and hot spot analysis, supported by Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques
The study concluded that Wasit Governorate suffers from a poor distribution of primary healthcare centers. The analysis of the direction and pattern of distribution, which was identified as a clustered–random pattern, revealed that these centers are concentrated in the governorate’s center, while the remaining districts and sub-districts experience dispersion and deprivation. This finding was further confirmed through hot spot analysis.

The aim of the research is to apply the De Martonne equation to calculate the drought index and also to calculate the general index of the variables involved in the equation, which are temperature and precipitation, for the time period (1973-2021) over 48 years for the Sulaimaniyah station. The results showed that the recorded minimum and maximum temperatures and precipitation were variable from year to year with small differences. It was found that by applying the general trend after dividing the study periods into five periods, each covering ten years, the general trend for minimum temperatures was upward, with three periods showing positive rising trends and two periods showing negative decreasing trends. As for the maximum temperatures and precipitation, the trend was negative for the first and second periods, while the third, fourth, and fifth periods showed positive rising trends.
The results of the De Martonne equation, after evaluating the study period into nine periods, each covering five years, indicated that most of the periods were within the humid region with a vegetation cover of trees, except for the period from (2005-2009), which was classified as a semi-arid region with a herbaceous vegetation cover, with the index value being 19.6.

The current research aimed to identify the ability to make decisions and its relationship to ethical behavior among university students. To achieve the study objectives, the researcher used the descriptive correlational approach. The decision-making scale prepared by Al-Rikabi (2015) consisting of 21 items and the ethical behavior scale prepared by Swanson and Hull (1993) consisting of 15 items were adopted. The research sample consisted of 200 male and female students from Mustansiriyah University, College of Education.Psychometric characteristics were extracted and the research results concluded that the research sample of university students have the ability to make decisions and they enjoy ethical behavior and there is a significant direct relationship between decision-making and ethical behavior. The study may include a set of recommendations and suggestions that the researcher sees as important, which are providing advice and spreading awareness within educational institutions.