Journal of the College of Islamic Sciences

Praise be to Allah, who established clear evidence for the truth and provided proofs, who supported the claims of just and virtuous people, maintained the balance of the earth and the heavens, and blessings and peace be upon the one whose guidance judges followed through his Sharia, by which rulers were enlightened, and by which Allah made His religion prevail over all other religions, spreading widely over matters.
Islamic jurisprudence sciences have diversified and branched out, among which is the science of jurisprudential differences, which many scholars have paid special attention to, dedicating research to it and examining the differences among jurisprudential schools. It develops understanding, expands perception, clarifies subtle differences between issues that appear similar but differ in their rulings and underlying reasons, and consequently increases awareness of nuances, enhancing precision in judging rulings when distinguishing between them. As some scholars said: 'Jurisprudence has differences and unity.'

This research aims to reveal the manifestations of rhetorical references in the book "Isharat al-I'jaz fi Mazann al-Ijaz" (Signs of Miraculousness in the Sources of Conciseness) by Bediuzzaman Said Nursi (d. 1877) may Allah have mercy on him, through an analytical study of various rhetorical issues, most notably: (the order of meanings, eloquent expression, style as the mold of meanings, the strength and coherence of speech, structural implications, levels of meanings, imagination grounded in reality, and the significance of letters). The research has highlighted how Nursi did not merely invoke the Arab rhetorical heritage, but rather employed its tools within a contemporary reformist framework that serves to establish the Qur'an's miraculousness and demonstrate its doctrinal and guidance impact. The central conclusion is that Nursi reformulated the concepts of rhetoric and textual order in light of his faith-based and intellectual experience, presenting an interpretative reading that represents an extension of Abd al-Qahir al-Jurjani's principles, with analytical additions of an innovative character.

The study addressed Islamic intellectual contributions to addressing the challenges of sustainable development, reviewing the related Islamic intellectual foundations and mechanisms for achieving them. It concluded that Islamic thought focuses on the balance of rights and duties, human well-being, and societal stability as the foundation for a cohesive development system consistent with religious and moral values. It also promotes economic justice, resistance to exploitation, and the importance of work in achieving comprehensive development. Education is a fundamental pillar for disseminating knowledge and developing human capabilities, while supporting innovation and technology to enhance sustainability and improve lives. Islam also calls for strengthening international cooperation through the values of unity and tolerance to achieve global development. Islamic heritage constitutes a moral foundation and development policies that promote justice and innovation, ensuring sustainable development consistent with cultural and religious identity and the well-being of future generations.

This research examines and analyzes the jurisprudential adaptation of artificial intelligence (AI) to guardianship and trusteeship over money, as it is an emerging topic that raises jurisprudential issues related to the limits of legal capacity and legal responsibility in managing minors' assets. Its importance stems from the need to establish a legal position on automated systems, which have begun to enter the fields of financial management and oversight, and the implications of their use for the rights of those under their guardianship, given the absence of clear jurisprudential controls on this type of application.
The research problem is represented by the question of the extent to which intelligent systems can be relied upon as an aid in managing minors' assets, and the limits of the guardian's or trustee's authority to employ them without exceeding their legal authority. Therefore, the research relies on a descriptive, analytical, and comparative approach by reviewing relevant technical and jurisprudential concepts and discussing them in light of the objectives of Sharia and its general rules.
The study concluded that artificial intelligence does not possess legal guardianship or legal capacity, but rather serves as an aid in carrying out tasks under responsible human supervision. Its use is permissible subject to legal controls, the most important of which are: achieving public interest, maintaining human oversight, and avoiding uncertainty and financial risk. It also concluded that Islamic law is flexible enough to keep pace with technological developments provided its objectives of preserving wealth and sanctity are adhered to. The study concluded that the use of intelligent systems in the field of guardianship and trusteeship represents an extension of the principle that dispositions over subjects are based on public interest, provided that legal responsibility remains solely with the responsible person.

Anyone who contemplates Iraqi proverbs will find something significant, due to their connection to the Islamic faith, which is that many of them contain doctrinal errors, despite their circulation among people, and making them general rules that they follow in their lives with others. This is a mistake, as it leads to the spread of a false belief, as the effect of their belief is not limited to them, but rather extends to others. From here, I decided to conduct an induction of these proverbs...and selecting what contains a doctrinal violation, and I presented it to the Book and the Sunnah and the correct Islamic doctrine, and I explained what errors it contains; so that we protect ourselves and others from falling into those errors that contradict the Islamic doctrine and cloud its clarity. So this research came under the title, Iraqi Popular Proverbs - A Doctrinal Study

Derivation is one of the topics to which Arab scholars have devoted considerable attention since ancient times. They dedicated specialized studies to it and authored works that dealt with it with great care. Thus, it is not a new subject in Arabic linguistics.
In this research, entitled “Expressions Whose Derivations Are Unknown in Arabic,” A set of lexical items mentioned in certain Arabic lexicographical sources which explained their meanings but did not identify their roots or derivations have been compiled . However, other lexicons did clarify their etymological origins. The total number of such expressions reached eleven.
The reasons behind the obscurity of their derivation vary: some authors who recorded them were unaware of their origins, some terms are believed not to be of Arabic origin, while others appear to be compound expressions consisting of two combined words. The lexicons that paid particular attention to these expressions include (Ibn Duraid’s) lexicon and the lexicons of the fourth century A.H. that followed it.
Although these expressions are few when compared with the vast number of entries in Arabic lexicons, they however merit attention and study, as they are commonly used in speech and circulated among people without knowledge of their derivation. Therefore, I set out to collect and classify them alphabetically according to the arrangement familiar in Arabic lexicons, for facilitating reference, and attempted, as far as possible, to identify their etymological origins.

This study explores the role of solitary hadith (khabar al-āḥād) in the formulation of Islamic creed, focusing on the theological debates between the Ashʿarite and Maturidite schools. Through a comparative analytical approach, the research examines the epistemological foundations, methodological principles, and doctrinal implications of accepting or rejecting solitary reports in matters of faith. The findings highlight both the commonalities and divergences between the two traditions, offering a nuanced understanding of how each school integrated solitary hadith into its theological framework

This topic addresses the issue of compatibility in marriage, an important jurisprudential issue that impacts the stability of married life. With the rise in divorce cases in the modern era due to social changes and global openness, it has become necessary to revisit this conceptCompatibility contributes to achieving harmony and understanding between spouses and reduces the causes of discord and separation. Islam has taken this aspect into account to preserve the family and societyThe concept of compatibility encompasses several aspects, such as religion, lineage, wealth, freedom, and profession, which vary according to time and place.
Scholars have differed on the ruling on compatibility: is it condition for the validity of marriage or merely a social consideration designed to achieve mutual benefitUnderstanding this topic helps provide legal and practical solutions to family problems and achieves the objectives of Sharia in building a stable and cohesive family.
Disseminating this type of knowledge is also one of the greatest ways to draw closer to God, as it benefits people and raises their awareness of the rulings of their religion.

The science of jurisprudence and its principles is considered one of the most important branches of Islamic knowledge, due to its direct connection to all aspects of Muslim life. Through it, knowledge of what is permissible and what is forbidden is attained. God Almighty, by His grace and favor, has facilitated the acquisition of a manuscript related to this noble science, consisting of two panels. These panels contain commentaries on the statement of the author of Al-Hidayah (If a woman stands next to him during his prayer, it is invalid), written by Khalil Efendi Al-Aydini. In it, he includes commentaries on a statement in the book Al-Hidayah fi Sharh Bidayat Al-Mubtadi', which is considered one of the most reliable texts in Hanafi jurisprudence by Burhan Al-Din Al-Marghinani. The choice to authenticate this manuscript fell on the scholarly value it contains. Serving these treasures through study and authentication, making them available to the public, and adding them to the Islamic library are among the most important reasons for choosing this authentication. Praise be to God for the completion, and may God's prayers and peace be upon our Master Muhammad and all his family and companions.
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Summary
The idea for this research originated from a noble hadith that addresses the issue of oaths, specifically whether it is permissible to offer expiation (kaffarah) for an oath if breaking it is better than upholding it. The hadith then outlines the nature and details of the required expiation. Consequently, this study is dedicated to exploring the topic of expiation for oaths, discussing what constitutes valid forms of expiation and elaborating on its types—namely feeding the poor, clothing them, freeing a slave, or fasting. It further examines whether these options are to be understood as choices or merely permissible alternatives. Each type is then analyzed in detail, including the scholarly disagreements surrounding each matter.

This research examines Surat As-Sajdah on a grammatical level, with the aim of highlighting the syntactic patterns of the sentence. The Surah is distinguished by its solid linguistic structure and precise grammatical structures, which contribute to highlighting its doctrinal and educational meanings. This grammatical study aims to explore the structural characteristics of the Surah and to demonstrate the effect of grammar in serving the meaning. One of the most prominent grammatical phenomena in the Surah is its opening with the disconnected letters A L M. It is in the place of the subject, and the sentence (The revelation of the Book, there is no doubt about it, is from the Lord of the Worlds) is the predicate of the subject, which achieves the style of emphasis and removing doubt. It is also noted that nominal sentences are frequently used, especially at the beginning of paragraphs, to give the meaning a character of stability and permanence. Such as God saying: “God is He who created the heavens and the earth,” where the subject is definite and the predicate is a verbal sentence, to connect the divine self with the permanent contradictory act

The Aims of study's is to determine the most effective means by which fourth grade science students may learn physical topics using the PDEODE framework. Two sets of first-semester science students from the research community in Mosul's Al-Sharqua Preparatory School for Boys were the subjects of the study. The students were chosen at random for the academic year (2021–2022). The first group served as an experimental unit, with 147 students taught using the hexagonal technique (PDEODE), while the second group served as a control unit, with 144 students taught using the conventional manner. As a reward, both study groups received last year's overall average, plus age in months, parental accomplishment, and IQ as measured by Raven's IQ test. The researcher doubled as a subject instructor at the school, instructing both study groups in his own right.
The researchers achieved the research goal by reviewing the fourth science class's physics textbook, making an inventory of all the physical concepts covered, and then presenting this inventory to the experts and arbitrators in the form of a table that included the concept's name, definition, and unit of measurement (if used). The researchers also administered a multiple-choice exam to assess the acquisition of physical ideas. The test consisted of twenty paragraphs, with four options each paragraph. The stability coefficient, as calculated using the (KR-20) equation, was 0.82.

The experiment started on Tuesday, February 11, 2021, with the start of the first class of the 2021–2022 academic year and ended on Tuesday, January 25, 2022. Consequently, the application period lasted for eleven weeks. On Thursday, 20/1/2022, the researcher administered a physical concepts test to the two research groups. Following the correction of test papers and collection of raw data, the researcher used a t-test for two independent samples. The researcher used the SPSS program and the Eta square (ᶯ2) to evaluate the effect size and to test his hypothesis at the significance level (0.05). He wanted to know what the differences were between the two groups. Here is how the findings were significant:
The experimental group that studied using the six-dimensional strategy (PDEODE) had significantly higher mean scores on the physical concepts test compared to the control group that studied using the usual method. The effect size was weak, but the difference was statistically significant.

Objectives: Explaining the efforts of Iraqi scholars and researchers in the field of scientific interpretation of the Holy Qur’an in general and the scholars of Mosul in particular. The study selected the personality of (Dr. Muhammad Jiyad Al-Naimi) as he is a well-known doctor and one of Mosul’s well-known figures in the field of research in the scientific interpretation of the Holy Qur’an at the national and international levels. Arab and Islamic.

This research, entitled “Lexical Pairs that Coincide When Separated and Diverge When United: A Rhetorical Study in Surah Al-Baqarah,” examined a refined linguistic and rhetorical phenomenon that represents one of the most remarkable aspects of Qur’anic inimitability in meaning and context. The study was based on the principle that semantically related words, when combined within the same Qur’anic context, acquire distinct meanings, each specializing in a particular semantic aspect; whereas when they appear separately, their meanings expand to encompass the general sense. Surah Al-Baqarah was chosen as an applied model due to its richness in lexical pairs such as fear and grief, pardon and forgiveness, the poor and the needy, righteousness and piety, and almsgiving and spending. The research adopted a descriptive-analytical method, integrating rhetorical and linguistic approaches within the framework of contextual and pragmatic analysis, to uncover the principles governing the relationship between semantically related words in the Qur’an. The findings revealed that the principle of lexical conjunction and divergence in Surah Al-Baqarah was not merely a stylistic feature but a comprehensive semantic system that highlights the interdependence among words and reflects the psychological, ethical, and legislative dimensions of the Surah. The study further demonstrated that context was the decisive factor in determining meaning boundaries, and that each Qur’anic term performed a specific function that could not be replaced without disrupting the overall coherence of the verse. In conclusion, the study established that this phenomenon constitutes a precise rhetorical mechanism of Qur’anic eloquence, achieving internal coherence within the text and manifesting the unity of divine discourse through the harmonious interaction between word, meaning, and context.

: Abstract
This study aims to examine the role of Maqasid al-Shariah (the higher objectives of Islamic law) in regulating the practice of changing wrongdoing (taghyir al-munkar). It highlights the foundational principles of Maqasid and their relation to the rules of enjoining good and forbidding evil, emphasizing the balance between realizing benefits and preventing harm. The research discusses key juristic and Maqasid-based maxims, such as “Preventing harm takes precedence over bringing benefit” and “Hardship begets facilitation,” alongside contemporary case studies that demonstrate the impact of Maqasid-oriented approaches in effectively addressing wrongdoing. The findings indicate that incorporating Maqasid perspectives enhances reform discourse, mitigates negative consequences, and offers a legitimate framework that fulfills the overarching aims of Shariah in preserving religion, life, intellect, wealth, and honor.

The examination of the concept of the individual in the thought of Ibn Sīnā, al-Ghazālī, and Ibn Rushd reveals a unified objective: the formation of the complete human being, despite their differing intellectual foundations. Ibn Sīnā based his vision on metaphysics, viewing the soul as an independent substance; al-Ghazālī emphasized ethics and self-purification as the core of human perfection; while Ibn Rushd focused on the social and political dimensions, regarding the individual as an integral part of the community. All three agreed that the human being is inherently social and cannot exist in isolation, as one’s fulfillment depends on interaction with others. They also maintained that variation among people is not contrary to equality but a necessary condition for cooperation and social harmony. Furthermore, they affirmed that the well-being of both the individual and society depends on a divine reference that regulates conduct and guides purpose. Their main divergence lies in perspective: Ibn Sīnā is philosophical and contemplative, al-Ghazālī ethical and mystical, and Ibn Rushd rational and social. Ultimately, their visions converge on the idea that human perfection is achieved through knowledge, moral refinement, and virtue within a cohesive collective framework

Summary
This research explains the farewell pilgrimage of the Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him). It is one of the most important acts of worship in Islam, as it is a pillar of the religion, a foundation of human rights, and the unity of Muslims. During this pilgrimage, the Companions learned the rituals from the Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him), and he taught them how to perform Hajj, which is what people do today. This research also discusses how the Messenger of God (peace and blessings be upon him) left Medina, the time at which he left, which was the end of Dhu al-Qi'dah, and the time of the pilgrimage from Dhu al-Hulayfah (the miqat for the people of Medina). It also discusses how to pronounce the talbiyah, the ruling on game that is not hunted for human beings, and the ruling on menstruating women. Finally, the research concludes with a conclusion that outlines the most important findings of the research.

The aim of this research is to demonstrate the extent of the impact of innovation on Sharia rulings, to clarify the Islamic legal ruling regarding its use, its outcomes, and its effects on society, and to highlight the perspective of Sharia and contemporary jurisprudence on new developments that did not exist in the past. Islamic Sharia has facilitated ways for people to lead a dignified life, by benefiting from modern technology and applying it in society, provided that individual personal freedom is preserved and not violated. The research aims to address some of these contemporary issues, such as the Internet and social media networks, considering them the cheapest and fastest means of communication and information transfer in modern history, which can be used to spread Islamic teachings and call to God by utilizing the content of Islamic books in a media and technological manner, especially after these platforms were used by the enemies of Islam to distort its image before the world.

: Conclusion.
The dog is one of God Almighty’s creatures. It contains many wisdoms, wondrous secrets, and various benefits, and this is evident in its use for guarding, hunting, and for other purposes, especially what we see today of state agencies relying on dogs by using them to detect explosives, combat drugs, and chase outlaws. And taking it as a means of proof against criminals. Therefore, after the introduction, the subject of the research will include two topics. The first topic: The dog according to zoologists and the books classified therein, which includes two topics. The second topic: The ruling on maintaining a dog that is permissible to own. After that, a statement of the ruling on maintaining a dog that is permissible to own, followed by the conclusion that It included the results reached during the research.

This study presents a scholarly critical edition of the manuscript “al-Ajwiba al-Batta ‘ala al-As’ila al-Sitta” authored by the eminent Hanafi scholar ʿAbd al-Ghani al-Nābulusī (d. 1143 AH). The manuscript—despite its significance—has not previously received sufficient academic attention. The study outlines the author’s biographical and scholarly background, provides a detailed description of the manuscript copies used, and explains the methodological procedures followed in the process of editing and verification. The verified text includes six foundational questions in Islamic legal theory addressing issues such as tranquility in prayer, the requirement of simultaneity in specification, the ruling of vows, congregational prayer, the basis of entering Paradise, and the ruling of blessing the sneezer. The manuscript reflects a rigorous usul-based methodology combining textual and rational proofs and highlights the Hanafi approach to juristic reasoning. This work contributes to reviving an important part of the Islamic legal heritage and making it accessible to researchers and students.

This research examines the interpretations of verses 14, 18, and 19 of Surah Al Imran by Abu Bakr Al-Mashhur Al-Adani. It presents the interpretive meanings of this contemporary scholar, compiled from his diverse works. Al-Adani focused on interpreting texts from a contemporary perspective, gathering his interpretive statements from Surah Al Imran in his published books. He was a contemporary scholar, preacher, jurist, Islamic thinker, writer, and historian. He was interested in many sciences, including poetry, and authored numerous works on jurisprudence, specifically the science of "the jurisprudence of transformations," derived from the Hadith of Gabriel (peace be upon him) and the Sunnah. This science focuses on teaching Muslims about Islam, faith, excellence, and the signs of the Hour. It deals with changes, transformations, and events throughout history. He also emphasized the connection between history and religion. Furthermore, Sheikh Al-Adani was interested in Quranic exegesis, having authored a book on the complete interpretation of Surah Al-Kahf .

This study examines selected ambiguous (mutashābih) verses in Sūrat al-Nisāʾ through a comparative analysis of the exegeses of Ibn ʿAṭiyyah and Ibn Juzayy. It aims to clarify their methodological approaches to interpretive ambiguity and to highlight points of agreement and difference. Using an inductive and comparative method, the study analyzes six verses characterized by ambiguity, despite the absence of explicit technical labeling by the exegetes.

The findings show that both scholars adhere to the principle of referring ambiguous verses to clear (muḥkam) ones and affirm the Qurʾan’s immunity from invalid interpretations. Methodologically, Ibn ʿAṭiyyah adopts a detailed analytical approach grounded in linguistic and rational analysis, whereas Ibn Juzayy favors a concise explanatory style focused on establishing the preferred meaning and removing ambiguity. The study concludes that both methodologies are complementary and contribute to a balanced understanding of Qurʾanic interpretation.

Good governance from an Islamic perspective possesses distinctive features rooted in Islam’s dynamism across all spheres of human life. This study examines the most salient of those features, analyzes their outcomes, and investigates their vital role in achieving sustainable development.
The study opens by presenting the principal characteristics: the divine origin of values, the civilizational nature of Islamic administrative thought, the balance between the individual and the community, shūrā (consultation) as a governance mechanism, the maqāṣid (purpose-driven) approach that prioritizes the welfare of people, together with flexibility, realism, and the autonomy of institutions. By exploring the outcomes of the Islamic model of good governance, the research identifies key results such as the realization of justice and equality; the reinforcement of integrity and the fight against corruption; the assurance of security and stability; the protection of rights and the fulfillment of societal needs; and the promotion of economic development.
The study concludes by highlighting a direct relationship between good governance and sustainable development through features such as comprehensiveness, balance, purposiveness, and the concept of vicegerency (khalīfah) on earth. It argues that the Islamic model offers an integrated framework that remedies the imbalances of secular/positivist models and ensures genuine, holistic development.

ABSTRACT
This study discovers the extraordinary ingenuity of Imam al-Bukhārī in his meticulous compilation of hadiths within his renowned work, al-Ṣaḥīḥ, which is universally recognized by the Muslim nation as the most authentic book after the Noble Book of Allah, the Almighty.
As for his supreme scholarly genius—may Allah have mercy on him—Imam al-Bukhārī established a unique scientific methodology, both for himself and for the field of knowledge at large. His innovative attitude to the science of ḥadīth, mainly in the critical evaluation of narrations (ʿilal al-ḥadīth), is evident in his accurate selection of narrations. In this regard, al-Bukhārī himself stated: “I assembled this book—i.e., al-Jāmiʿ al-Ṣaḥīḥ—from among approximately six hundred thousand ḥadīths, and I authored it over the course of sixteen years. I made it a proof between me and Allah.”
He precisely choose narrations from among his more than one thousand teachers, demonstrating his profound insight and precision in the science of hadith. His structural genius is especially evident in the way he crafted the chapter headings (tarājim al-abwab) of his Ṣaḥiḥ. As ḥadīth scholars have noted: his jurisprudential understanding (fiqh) is established in his chapter titles—a testimony to the subtle depth of his methodology.
Imam al-Bukhārī revealed exceptional accuracy in selecting narrators throughout the isnād—from his teachers to the Companions. He prioritized narrators who had the longest companionship with their teachers and were most precise in narration, selecting primarily from the first tier (ṭabaqah ūlā), and only he resorting to the second tier when it served a clear profit in the isnād or matn. A practical study at the end of this work confirms his meticulous methodology in selecting narrators and aḥādīth for his Ṣaḥīḥ, as well as his structural mastery in shaping chapter headings (tarājim), where his juristic insight is clearly reflected. His compilation, aptly titled: “al-Jāmiʿ al-Musnad al-Ṣaḥīḥ al-Mukhtaṣar min Umūr Rasūl Allāh wa Sunanih wa Ayyāmih”, achieves the highest standards of authenticity agreed upon by the scholars of ḥadīth.

Usurpation is regarded as one of the main important topics for it causes the deprivation of the owner of property or the owner of the right of his authorities over property or right where it affects the principle of financial transaction stability as well as it harms others rights. Thus, Islamic jurisprudence civil code pay great attention to maintain the five intentions i.e. preservation of religion, soul, mind, progeny and property through which benefits of human beings are achieve

The main idea of the research is to clarify some jurisprudential issues that were neglected by the Kuwaiti Personal Status Law. The importance of the research lies in the fact that it works to fill the gaps in the legal structure of personal status provisions in the State of Kuwait, which will help reduce the disputes arising from this legal vacuum. The problem of the research is represented in the effect of neglecting to mention some jurisprudential issues on the Kuwaiti legislative structure, especially the Personal Status Law. The research aims to contribute to completing the legal and Sharia structure of the Kuwaiti Personal Status Law, by presenting a Sharia material that helps fill the gaps that were neglected in the Personal Status Law. The nature of the research required that I adopt the inductive, comparative, and analytical approach. The most prominent results reached by the researcher were: proposing some articles that can be added to the Kuwaiti Personal Status Law based on what the research suggested, namely: that divorce with successive words at the same time follows the intention of the divorcer, whether as confirmation or resumption, and that the duty of a woman in iddah after a final divorce or the death of her husband is to stay at home and not leave it except for necessity and need. The researcher sees the need to consider the proposed amendments to the Personal Status Law, ensure their soundness, and work to implement them.

Modernity is a complex intellectual and philosophical paradigm that emerged in the Western context and is characterized by a critical re-evaluation of religious authority, tradition, and inherited epistemological frameworks. In contemporary Arab thought, modernity has increasingly been employed as a methodological lens for reinterpreting Islamic foundational texts, including the Qur’an, the Prophetic Sunnah, and the Prophetic Biography, this study examines the impact of modernist approaches on the reading of the Prophetic Biography, taking the Takween Center as a representative case study. The study addresses the central issue of how Western-derived critical methodologies are applied to Islamic texts and assesses the extent to which such approaches challenge the authenticity, authority, and methodological foundations of the Prophetic Biography The study adopts a critical analytical methodology based on textual analysis, conceptual clarification, and comparative evaluation between modernist discourse and the established principles of Islamic scholarship, particularly the sciences of Hadith and historical transmission. It traces the intellectual roots of modernity, analyzes its major theoretical assumptions, and evaluates their application within the contemporary discourse promoted by the Takween Center.
The findings indicate that many modernist readings rely on methodological presuppositions that are inconsistent with the epistemological structure of Islamic tradition, often disregarding the rigorous systems of authentication, transmission, and scholarly verification developed by Muslim scholars. Consequently, such readings tend to produce reductionist interpretations and unwarranted skepticism toward Islamic historical sources.
The study concludes by emphasizing the necessity of enhancing critical awareness, distinguishing between legitimate academic inquiry and ideologically driven reinterpretation, and affirming that meaningful intellectual renewal in Islamic thought must be grounded in sound scholarly methodologies rather than externally imposed theoretical frameworks.

This study presents a theological-analytical examination of the concepts of causality and reasoning (taʿlīl) as developed within Ashʿarite legal thought, through a systematic analysis of the views of major Ashʿarite scholars—particularly those found in Imām al-Ḥaramayn al-Juwaynī’s Al-Burhān and Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī’s Al-Maḥṣūl—which represent two of the most significant works reflecting the evolution of Ashʿarite theological and legal methodology.
The research focuses on identifying the theological foundations underlying the Ashʿarite position on causality and reasoning, and how their doctrinal conception of God’s attributes—especially divine power and will—influenced their uṣūlī (legal-theoretical) treatment of cause (ʿillah), wisdom (ḥikmah), and effect in both divine and legal rulings. It also explores the degree of interconnection between theology (kalām) and legal theory (uṣūl al-fiqh) within these debates, and how this interaction shaped the Ashʿarite approach to reasoning and inference.
Using a comparative analytical methodology, the study highlights the relationship between the Ashʿarite conception of causality and their stance on reasoning based on wisdom and benefits. It discusses their rejection of intrinsic causal efficacy, affirming instead a habitual connection (ʿādah) between causes and effects established by divine will, rather than by natural necessity.
The study concludes that the Ashʿarite theological framework, grounded in the denial of independent causal power in creation and the affirmation that God alone creates and acts at every moment, shaped their legal-theoretical approach to reasoning. This led to a cautious stance toward affirming rational causes for rulings, favoring reliance on scriptural evidence to determine the reasons behind legaljudgments.
Through a comparative reading of Al-Burhān and Al-Maḥṣūl, the research reveals a development of the Ashʿarite method from abstract theological reflection to systematic legal theorization, reflecting the philosophical depth and intellectual rigor of the Ashʿarite school in harmonizing divine transcendence and unity with rational inquiry and methodological precision.
Keywords:
Causality – Causal reasoning – Ashʿarite thought – Islamic legal theory – Al-Juwaynī – Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī – Al-Burhān – Al-Maḥṣūl – Legal cause (ʿillah) – Wisdom and benefit – Divine habit (ʿādah ilāhiyyah) – Denial of intrinsic causation – Divine will – Ashʿarite methodology – Theological analysis – Kalām philosophy – Uṣūl al-fiqh – Rational interpretation – The relation
between theology and legal theory.

This research addresses the topic of steadfastness and tranquility in the Qur'an as two essential faith-based values that directly affect the life of the contemporary Muslim, The Qur'an has given great care to these two dimensions because of their impact on building the believer’s personality, which is firm in creed, psychologically balanced, and capable of facing life’s pressures and its intellectual and social challenges, The importance of the study lies in the fact that it does not stop at the limits of traditional exegesis, but rather combines the concepts of steadfastness and tranquility within one framework, revealing the complementary relationship between them in light of linguistic, interpretive, and educational analysis, The research relied on the objective methodology as the main framework of the study, by collecting the Qur'anic verses related to steadfastness and tranquility, classifying them according to their topics, then analyzing them in a way that uncovers their doctrinal, educational, and psychological implications, linking them to the reality of contemporary challenges. The scientific contribution of this research lies in highlighting the role of the Qur'an in addressing the anxiety and psychological and intellectual turmoil experienced by the contemporary human, and presenting a renewed Qur'anic vision that contributes to guiding the individual and society towards a more stable and tranquil life. Furthermore, the research aims to contribute to enriching the field of objective Qur'anic studies by linking the Qur'anic text to reality, and employing its faith-based and educational values in building the Muslim personality capable of facing the challenges of the age with steadfastness and tranquility.

Faith constitutes the foundation upon which the personality of a Muslim is built; it shapes the correct perception of the universe, life, and humanity, and defines one’s relationship with God and with others. Accordingly, faith plays a central role in constructing the value system that forms the conscience of both the individual and society. Values such as honesty, trustworthiness, justice, tolerance, and discipline derive their strength not merely from custom or interest, but from a deep-rooted belief in God and awareness of His presence. Moreover, faith contributes to regulating social behavior by refining instincts, guiding human relations, and ensuring balance between rights and responsibilities. Thus, faith becomes a moral and social safeguard for maintaining societal stability and fostering a civilization grounded in belief and authentic values.