IRAQ JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH

تتعرض المزروعات في العراق إلى أضرار تزيد على ثلث الانتاج الزراعي سنوياً وتتباين الاضرار التي تحدثها الآفات الزراعية مابين (20-60%) تبعاً لنوع المحصول ومنطقة زراعته والمتغيرات البيئية، كما تتعرض الثروة الحيوانية أيضا الى العديد من الإصابات والأمراض بأنواعها وتقدر بين (10-25%) سنوياً. وللحد من الاثار الاقتصادية على المنتجين نتيجة هذه الأضرار ظهرت الحاجة الى التأمين الزراعي والخدمات الساندة له لتقليلها الى أدنى حد ممكن في حالة الحدوث.
تعمل في العراق ثلاث شركات تأمين بموجب قانون الشركات العامة رقم (22) لسنة 1997 وهي شركة التأمين الوطنية / شركة عامة، شركة التأمين العراقية العامة ، وشركة اعادة التأمين العراقية العامة، حدد مبلغ التأمين بالشركات المذكورة انفاً بـ (70%) من قيمة الاضرار.
يستنتج من البحث ان خدمات التأمين الزراعي في العراق في مجالات الانتاج الحيواني، السرقة، الحريق، المركبات الزراعية كانت لصالح شركة التأمين الوطنية للسنوات (1991-2002) عدا مجال الانتاج النباتي فلم تكن في صالح الشركة. وكذلك لوحظ انخفاض اعداد العقود مقابل ارتفاع اقيام الاقساط والتعويضات، وهي ناجمة عن التضخم الجامح للاسعار. فالتأمين والخدمات الساندة له في العراق كانت محدودة التأثير، بسبب جملة من المعوقات كتوفر الاحصائيات والمعلومات وتحديد الاخطار وتقلب الاسعار والملاك العامل، ويوصي الباحث استخدام البطاقات الاحصائية وتبني جهاز مركزي للتأمين ونشر الوعي التأميني وترويجه.

The research has concluded that the estimations of expected need to Agriculture harvesters and tractors in Iraq for years (2007 – 2010) for Agriculture directorates in all governorates, state company for Agricultural supplies and Ministry of Agriculture is random. These estimations are either high overrate or small lowly, and in both cases, these estimations for Agriculture harvesters and tractors do not reach to the expected need in comparison with scientific estimations, as they depend on standard of annual rate growth for tractors (1.85%) and harvesters (1.76%) used in Iraq for years (98 – 2006). This need to Agriculture tractors is about (1195 – 1263) tractor / year, and harvesters (110 – 116) harvester / year for years (2007 – 2010). As well as, this research includes many of recommendations already mentioned.

This research has concluded that the impact knowledge in using modern techniques of irrigation system is reducing the large losses of water due to traditional irrigation usage, and the modern techniques of irrigation resulted water affluence in average (23%).
As well as, the results of research indicate to increase of the sample productivity in ((Ta' meem 191%, Anbar 241%, salah Al-Deen 300%, Diala 235% and Wasit 149% )) in comparison with traditional irrigation.
This increasing has achieved annual revenue with economical feasibility in average (( 203%)) .
Ultimately, this research has demonstrated many problems and recommendations mentioned earlier.

Maize is considered an important industrial crop, which plays an important role in the national trade and it has aspecial nutrition importance in direct and indirect way.
A random sample of (279) farmers was choosen for this study in Wast governorate which represents 10% of the farmers of this crop.
As considering work and capital as independent variable affecting production of Dunum as an dependent variable, the result of the estimation by using a Cobb-Dogllus function was as follows:

Where Y= production of maize (Dun).
L= labour (Hr/P).
K= lapiral (Dinar/P).
This model was significance to t-value and F- test, and this function clears that 89% of the variation of production is due to the variation of work and Capital (R2 = 0.89). Optimum combination of work and Capital were found by using (91) hr/dun. Of work and (183810) Din/Dun. The function also clears that these farms are working in decreasing neturns to scale, where the sum of the elastisties of the function was (0.71) which clears that these farms are working in the second stage of production.

This research was carried out For Rice Producers at the Irrigated wayes (technically irrigated) in Najaf during the season 2005 (cross section data). In order to determine the technical efficiency level of rice production. The traditional production function was estimated by using (OLS) the ordinary least square. But the stochastic frontier functions estimated by using (ML) maximum likelyhood procedure from this regression we took the non negative random variable in order to be the dependent variable for inefficiency for individual rice production.
The results showed that the mean of technical efficiency level of rice producers was 69%. However the highest level of technical efficiency was 80% where as the lowest level was 30%. Also the results showed that the yield was 579kg/donam in mean. From these results that have been mentioned above, it could be concluded that the technical efficiency level of rice producer is in the mean. To increase the technical efficiency of producer they may use improved variety of seeds, modern agricultural methods, such as suitable fertilization and irrigated techniques should be used.

This research is an attempt to analyze the consmption of rice and estimate the individual demand. Regression analysis was used to specify and estimate the demand relations ship, by ordinary lest squer method (ols), So study about therid comsumption for the period (1985-2005) The most effective varilbles was income level and rice price comparing the results with price, and income elasticities, Inncome elasticity of demand during the period (1985-2005) was (0.956) showed that their was a middle level of satisfaction form consuming rice.So that rice is an ordinary and necessary good becouse of the parameter of income elasticity is less than 1%.
The individaul consumption developing had affected by developing income and consumers ,and share of individul consumption effected by the parameter of stractural and development of people. But the real effected. ubslutly this regression analysis that ware years had a negative effect on the level of consuming and individul income cuse high increasing of prices level.

The research aims to measure the efficiency of agricultural production in Iraq and a group of Arab States, and a comparison in terms of degree of efficiency of agricultural production between these countries, the findings of research that Tunisia is ranked first in terms of agricultural efficiency, as recorded average efficiency of farming during the period 2005-1981 was 0.73% and that almost no stranger to Tunisia as Arab countries that pay special attention to the agricultural sector, leaving the second place of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan superior to all of Iraq, Egypt and Saudi Arabia, including their potential as recorded average efficiency of farming over the study period amounted to 0.69% followed by Egypt with nearly 0.66% and then almost as Iraq's average agricultural efficiency over the study period was 0.62% to be almost the last position of Saudi Arabia reached an average efficiency of the agricultural 0.31% is almost consistent with the reality of the lack of Saudi Arabia to agricultural land suitable for agriculture and irrigation water.

The study aimed at knowing the context of communication among some researching and extension Institutions in Iraq and its relationship with certain professional and personal properties .it depends on the mail questionnaire, and interview to suffice the data in a random categorical sample of 157 studied object from twenty five hundred percent of the totality of the change agents and researchers in agriculture during 2003 (639 change agents and researchers) percentage measured, arithmetic shows the decrease in the average of the degree of communication among the researching and extension Institutions in Iraq which is about 0.97 degree as a maximum of the communication of state board of Agricultural of extension and cooperation with some of the researching institutions, and about 0.48 degree for the communication of college Agricultural and Forestry in Mosul University with some researching and extension institutions as a minimum of totality of communication degree (4 degrees).Its clear that there exists amoral correlation relationship between the contribution to the instructive activities and participation in transferring agricultural techniques and M.A degree holders ,and the communication mean time ,its clearly shown that there exists no moral relationship between the other Properties and communication.

The main obiective of this study is to Indentifying the knowledge level of the managers of extension farms concerning the proper principles in establishing Demonstration fields and to determine the relationships with the independent variables studied. The data have been collected through aquestionnaire answerd by 27 managers of Extension farms represent 13 Iraqes covr norates. Simple correlation, Chi– Square and percentage were used for data analysis and presentation. the results revealed that moste of the respondets have not enough knowledge ab out concerning the proper principles of establishing Demonstration fields and that is what pointing to amajor disorder in the process of choicing and training those managers. the results also showed that therewere significant positive reletion ship between the knowledge leveL of respondents concerning the proper principles in establishing Demonstraction fields and variables (speciali zation and Extension Training): but there were no relation ship between respondents knowledge level and variables (age, period af servicc in the field of Extension work, agriculture information resources).

The Iraqi rural women greatly participate in all the operations of the agricultural production of the crops and the animals, besides her duty in the house. This matter confirms that the rural woman has aril important role in increasing the agricultural production in which it reflects to increase the rural family s Income.
Several agricultural programs presented for the rural woman to get inefficient people to carry out the agricultural operations, Skills or knowledge of the new agricultural technology. Techniques due to the Sociological conditions in country site.
It s summarizing the various agricultural activities, which were prepared by the agricultural extension, and establishing field–training courses to distribute the agricultural techniques. That is need to know the personal, communicational, and social factors characters of rural woman and needs to agricultural, extension activities. the result shows all rural woman power for the research sample are economically active also the result shows the interests with plant agricultural activities such us grains 39%, vegetables 34%, fruits 22% and their interested in the animal agricultural activities were caw breeding 26.7%, poultry breeding 28% and the result showed that her participants in training curses 6%, Extension printed 3%, Group discussions 10%, that’s need to guidance extension services for them, and the attachment of television and radio extension programs 91, 88% ,Through rural woman.
The result shows the importance to integrated the extension programs for rural woman.

Scientific studies and specialists observations indicate that there is a planning problem in extension organization in Iraq, the basis of it , is that there is no specific method for conducting the extension planning process and the existence of the continuous changes that affects it. This requires studying the problem from all its dimensions in order to get a suitable model for this process.
The provinces of middle region of Iraq have been chosen for representing all the provinces of the country for the purpose of the study. The research sample which was consisted of 152 researchees distributed on three administrative categories, was selected on a stratified random basis. In order to achieve the study objectives, an extension planning model has been built according to the system\'s theory and introduced to the researchees to take their opinions regarding its importance in Iraq, according to the following stages: First Stage, The researcher prepared a theoretical conception for an extension planning model based on the literature in the administration and extension planning field and the opinions of some specialists. Second Stage, Introducing the proposed extension planning model via a questionnaire to a group consisted of 12 judges and specialized persons in agricultural extension field to take their opinions about the model components , elements major, primet, sub – primet and its proposed items. Third Stage, A pre – test has been carried out on the extension planning model on a group of 22 extension agents and heads of agricultural sections in Diyala province. The proposed questionnaire for the model consisted of four major components inputs, processes, outputs and feedback, 14 major elements, 25 primet elements, 35 sub – primet elements, and 189 items. The questionnaire showed a high reliability and validity, therefore, it was used for collecting the data from the study sample. Fourth Stage, The proposed extension planning model was introduced through a questionnaire to the researchees distributed on 3 administrative categories: high administrative which include 18, middle administrative included 93and executers who are 41, so as to show their extent of approval on the components and elements of the model and its items, according to a six points scales very important, important, middle importance, little importance, very little importance and not important. Which were given 5, 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 and zero degrees, when tolerate and each component, major elements, primet elements, sub – primet elements and items gained 3.50 average or more considered part of the model. The research has been concluded the approval of all components, elements and items of the proposed model. Accordingly, the model was consisted of four components as follows: First: Inputs which included 4 major elements, 17 primet elements, 35 sub – primet elements , and 140 items. second: processes which included 4 major elements, 8 primet elements, 37 items. Third: Outputs which included 3 major elements and 6 items. Fourth: Feedback which included 3 major elements and 6 items. The research has recommended the adoption of the proposed extension planning model by the extension system State Board of Agricultural Extension and Cooperation and subjecting it to application and experiment, in order to determine its effectiveness. And to continue developing awareness and knowledge on the importance of extension planning process on all related persons and organizations since they are considered as the proper scientific base for developing the agricultural extension work and achieving its goals.

The date palm orchards in Iraq have been deteriorated for the last four decade, Deu to neglection, War takeplace in the counter, aswell as the Invironment factors, Beside the weekness of poletical supports to Agriculture especially date palm sector which effect negatively on yield and productivity. Thus to encourage projects and investment on establishing a new date palm orchards whith (15-20) donem (2500m3) making use of new technology in modern mangment and irrigation with drip irrigation , Based on cultivating 80% of commercial varifes, 16% rear varikes and 4% male date palm tree. This study has been conducted to calculate the totall expenses abd profiles of the date palm orchards.
The study concluded that, the total expenses cost for one donem date palm orchards only found to be (1.734) million Iraqi denar, while the athor cost was 18.4% of total costs and the variable costswas 16.6%. the expected return was found to be (9.8)million iraqi denar, for all variables, Thus encourage us to Recommend Establishing new date palm orchards in Iraq .

In Al–chybayeish District, 140 KM far from east south of Thiqar Governorate.
An experance field were carriedout and in Al-Mdayna 118KM east north Al Basra Governorate, plant Phragmites Australis and developed it by differnts planting ways for 2005, 2006 to use complete normal design in four serial style.
This style of planting by using square area 1.5 x 1.5 M2. and plant cutting space lines 1.5 M. The result we have most green yield and quality for the above style of Al-Mdayna district for 2005 in serial number 128,640–127,830 and also in 2006. so we gain agreen coverage area to enable people and boats pass way orderly and easily.
Then when we use this style of meathod it will be ensure to improve agricultural marshes environment and reduce pollution. and it will be available of huge phragmitis to use it in feeding forge fish and animal.

The research has concluded too many indicators of training courses hold for state company for Agricultural splices employees (1995-2006) which are as follows:
1 – (%80) of trainees think that one month and more enough to complete a course.
2- (%82) of trainees think that two weeks to month or more are useful in application to degree of (Good-very good).
3- The research confirmed that there is a high relation between the subject of the course and both scientific qualification and the job of trainee.
4- (%38) of trainees nominated to this course under his desire, while (%62) was under company's need.
Taking into consideration that there are many problems during the training period in addition to proposals required to be treated.

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance efficiency of seed cleaning and grading mobile factory for two varieties of wheat during summer season from 1/7 - 1/9/2007. Three factors were used in this study, the first one represented the variety of wheat including two varieties (Tbaa 99 and Sham 6), the second factor represented speeds of indented cylinder including three levels (0.57, 0.83, 1.05) m/sec, and the third factor represented angles of collecting trough including three degrees (60, 90, 120(. The characteristics studied in this study were grading efficiency, percent of loss of seeds and specific energy. The study used the completely randomized design and least significant differences of means test at level 0.05.The results were:
1- The seed variety of sham 6 was surpassed for record greatest values for grading efficiency and also recording significant lower in percent of loss and specific energy.
2- The speed of 0.57m/s recording lowest energy. While the speed of 0.83 m/s surpassed significant to record higher grading efficiency and lowest percent of loss.
3- The angle of 120 degree was surpassed for record greatest values for grading efficient and it has recorded lowest values in the percent of loss and specific energy.
4- The interaction between variety sham 6, speed of 0.83 m/s and angle of 120 degree was surpassed for record higher grading efficiency and lower percent of loss with specific energy.
5- There is a negative significant regression between the speed of indented cylinder and grading efficiency. Also a negative significant regression between the angle of trough and percent of loss was found.

This study was conducted to isolate and identity pseudomonas aureafaciens from different of sites soil in AL- Anbar governorate and evaluate its inhibitory efficiency against the growth of the pathogenic fungi Rhizoctonia solani, Alternaria sp., pythium sp. And its role in improving the growth of zea mays.
Bacteria were isolated from soil samples by using serial dilution and plating on KB and PDA, diagnostic study depended on the morphological, cultural and biochemical tests.
Results showed that 25 isolates were belonging in its characteristic to p.aureafaciens with the superiority effect of isolates p14 in its antifungal effect.
The diameter of R. solani, Alternaria sp., pythium sp. Colonies were (4,4,4.5) mm (5.5,4,4.4) mm and (6,5.6,5.6) mm respectively with the three bacterial isolates No. 14 , 21 and 24 in compare with the diameter of these three fungi in control which reach to (89,88 and 67)mm.
Results showed that treated of corn seeds with the two isolates of p.aureafaciens p14 and p21 and planning it's in non sterily soil caused to superiorty effect of p14 isolate in increasing the germination percentage, length of plant, chlorophyll content, leaf area, phosphorus content, Nitrogen content compared with the control treatment. The germination percentage age was 95%, 65% for the p14 and control respectively, while phosphorus content was 1.5 and 0.18 mg/100g plant for the p14 and control respectively and Nitrogen content was 5 and 2.5 mg/100g plant for the same treatments above.