Journal of Education and Scientific Studies

This research presents a comparative juristic study of one of the most important issues
related to the rulings of travel, namely the criterion of travel that permits shortening the
prayer, with a specific focus on the disagreement over whether distance is a required condition.
The study reveals the existence of two principal schools of thought:
The first school (the majority), which defined travel by specific criteria. Some of them
set a temporal criterion, determining it as a journey of three days. Others adopted a distance-based criterion, defining it as sixteen farsakhs (four burūd) or their equivalent, relying on analogical reasoning and certain transmitted reports.
The second school, represented by the Ẓāhirī school and a view attributed to some Companions, does not consider time or distance as valid criteria for defining travel. Instead, it
refers the determination of travel to custom (‘urf), arguing by the unqualified wording of
the Qur’anic verse “And when you travel…”, as well as prophetic reports that interpret this
unqualified wording through action, without restricting it by distance.
The research concludes by endorsing the view that there should be no restriction to a
specific distance .The reference point for the permissibility of Qasr is everything that is
conventionally termed as travel (safar .(This is based on the principle that legal limitation
requires explicit legal evidence) tawqif ,(which is absent in this case, and because the evidence supports maintaining the Qur’anic text in its absolute sense. Thus, the decisive word
is the permissibility of shortening the prayer in everything that is considered “striking in the
land” or travel by common custom.

This study examines the impact of qiyās maʿa al-fāriq (analogy with a relevant
difference) on juristic reasoning, considering it a methodological objection that
invalidates analogy when an effective distinguishing attribute is ignored. The topic
gains particular importance in the modern era due to the rapid emergence of new
issues that require contemporary ijtihād, which necessitates careful adherence to
sound analogical reasoning. The research aims to establish the theoretical foundations of analogy with a relevant difference and to clarify its causes and negative
effects on deriving legal rulings.It also connects theoretical principles with practical application through historical and contemporary examples of flawed analogies. The central research problem concerns ensuring that analogy serves to unify
legal rulings rather than creating unjustified distinctions between similar cases.
The study seeks to identify methodological controls that safeguard the validity
of analogy and protect juristic reasoning from error.It adopts both inductive and
analytical methods to collect relevant material and examine applied cases. The
study is structured into three main sections addressing the theoretical foundation,
applied examples, and the effect of analogy with a relevant difference on juristic
reasoning.

This research presents a thematic study of the Hadiths related to ease (taysīr) and discourpagement (tanfīr) in Sahih Muslim. It traces the Prophetic traditions that emphasize facilitats -
ing matters and warn against repelling others in various areas of Islamic teachings—such as
creed, worship, transactions, education, and da’wah (Islamic preaching).
The study aims to uncover the balanced Prophetic methodology in dealing with people
and to show how the Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلمapplied the principle of ease wisely, while cautioning against discouragement when it hinders people from the path of Allah or burdens them
beyond their capacity.
This study adopts an analytical thematic approach by collecting relevant Hadiths from
Sahih Muslim, analyzing their texts, contexts, and implications, with the support of Hadith
commentaries and educational and jurisprudential sources.
The study concludes that ease is a foundational principle in Islamic Shariah, and the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلمpracticed it both in word and deed. Moreover, the prohibition of discouragement is meant
to protect the educational and da’wah discourse from extremism and rigidity. The study recommends reinforcing this Prophetic approach in contemporary educational and da’wah fields

Imam al-Suyuti, may God have mercy on him, wrote a variety of books on the
sciences, most notably his book “Tadrib al-Rawi Sharh Taqrib al-Nawawi.” It is considered one of the most authoritative books on the science of hadith terminology, due
to its richness in scholarly material. He elaborated on the explanation in a simple
style that could be easily accessed by all. Its benefits were countless, including the
transmission of scholars’ statements on a single issue, sometimes analytically and
sometimes comparatively, concluding with a preferred view. Since his preferences in
various issues of terminology are spread across the two covers of the book, I wanted
to collect these preferences and explain his approach to them, after I had studied the
book and divided the issues according to their classification in the science of terminology, and I used this academic scientific research in my research to arrive at the
most important results.

Attention to the deductive method began with Imam Al-Ash'ari and the establishment
of the rules of theorizing from the very first moment of the emergence of the Ash'ari school
of thought at the hands of its founder, Abu Al-Hasan Al-Ash'ari, and the scholars who followed him and wrote theological works This reflects the great care taken by the Ash'arites
in grounding and theorizing the methods of theory and establishing the methodological
rules of reasoning. The research examines the most important comprehensive theological rules through which the Ash'arites reasoned in the doctrinal issues upon which their
theological thought was founded, taking into account the degree of stability or change that
occurred in some of these rules along the path of the Ash'arite doctrine. The aim of this
study was to answer an important methodological question in formulating the verbal reasoning curriculum: What is the impact of comprehensive verbal rules on achieving intellectual and methodological consistency in the theory of verbal reasoning according to the
Ash'arites, between theory and application? Answering this question, given the nature of
this research, required delving into the concept of comprehensive verbal grammar within
the theological heritage. It was appropriate for this task to adopt a historical approach in
collecting material and searching for comprehensive grammar within its context from the
verbal works approved by the Ash'arite school. It was necessary to study the origins of the
theory of verbal grammar. Comprehensive and anticipating the methodological features
governing inference, adopting the analytical approach; the approach adopted in this study
was a combined approach of the two: historical and analytical, in order to reach the impact
of comprehensive verbal rules in both theoretical and applied studies

This paper is a study and investigation of the study of Sheikh Mukhlof Al-Minawi
(may Allah have mercy on him) on Basmalah. He is one of the Azhar scholars. The author states that his study comprises some explications of the sayings of his well-known
sheikhs in relation to the glorious Basmalah, along with what he adds to them in terms
of interpretation, a statement of its words, their meanings and what comes to be related
to it of the Arabic sciences of syntax and rhetoric.
The author began by mentioning the traits of the Basmalah and then he began to explain the Prophet’s Hadith: “Everything that doesn’t start with Basmalah (In the Name
of Allah, the most merciful, the most compassionate) is amputated.” This honorable
Hadith has taken the greater part of the study, as it shows the meaning of the B (Ba’) letter and the method of its calligraphy, the difference between the name and the named,
the notions regarding the word (Allah) and its derivation, in addition to the two traits;
Rahman (merciful) Rahim (compassionate) and the related features. Then, he finished
his study with two short appendixes in which he dealt with the Basmalah sentence in
general.

This study aims to explore the educational implications of two of Allah’s Most
Beautiful Names: Al-Barr (The Most Kind) and Al-Raheem (The Most Merciful),
as exemplary models that embody the core educational values of Islam. The Divine
Names of Allah carry profound ethical and pedagogical meanings that positively influence the moral and spiritual development of both individuals and communities. The
research adopts an analytical and deductive methodology by examining the meanings
of these two Names as presented in the Holy Qur’an and the Prophetic Sunnah, and
by analyzing their educational dimensions.
The selection of these two Names is based on their foundational role in shaping
a well-balanced Muslim personality, as they promote the adoption of Islamic morals
in interpersonal conduct. Therefore, the study recommends integrating the Divine
Names of Allah into educational curricula, using them as a foundation for nurturing
the younger generation in accordance with the highest Islamic values.

Surah Al-Ma’un, a Meccan surah consisting of seven verses, revolves around explaining the state of hypocrites and liars and the reflection of their hidden faith on their
worship, behavior, and actions. Whenever faith is purely for the sake of God Almighty,
it affects their dealings with themselves and with all people.
God Almighty strengthened faith in the Day of Judgment by their kindness to orphans and the poor and their care for them. Those who deny the Day of Reckoning are
the same ones who mistreat orphans and withhold charity from them (Zakat and alms),
and are harsh with them and deny God’s bounty and favor to them. Likewise, they show
off to people by performing prayers and other acts well, as God Almighty says: “And
when they stand up for prayer, they stand up lazily.” (Surat An-Nisa, verse 142).
He reveals the truth of that faith through his behavior, so it came with the purposes of
pure faith in God for the sake of the Almighty, and purposes of importance such as performing prayers on time, and purposes of zakat and charity and their great importance in
forming a self-sufficient society that is economically integrated, and therefore socially
and politically integrated.

This study explores the thematic approach (al-manhaj al-mawḍūʿī) in interpreting the
Qur’anic verses on human values as a contemporary method for understanding the Qur’anic
discourse amid current global challenges. This approach is distinguished by its ability to
derive a comprehensive vision of concepts such as justice, mercy, dignity, and coexistence.
The significance of the research lies in grounding and activating this method to connect
Qur’anic values with the realities of modern humanity and to enhance the Qur’an’s
role in addressing ethical, intellectual, and social crises. The central problem revolves
around how to highlight these human values through the thematic approach and apply
them to confront moral decay, cultural transformations, and global conflicts.
The study employs thematic, comparative, and inductive analytical methods in
collecting and interpreting the relevant verses within their textual and maqāṣid (objectives-based) contexts.
It concludes that human values in the Qur’an form the foundation of a universal
moral consciousness, and that activating these values within religious discourse and
social institutions contributes to strengthening justice, coexistence, and compassion
among people.

This research addresses one of the contemporary issues that has sparked extensive discussion in both legal and social circles: the Islamic legal ruling on Misyar
marriage and secret marriage, in light of Sharia evidences and the overarching objectives of Islamic law.
The study is divided into an introduction and several sections, covering the definitions of Misyar and secret marriage, the conditions for the validity of a marriage
contract, scholarly opinions on the permissibility of these two forms of marriage,
and a discussion of the most prominent fatwas issued by Islamic juristic councils
and scholarly bodies.
The research concludes with a final chapter and recommendations.

This research addresses the contemporary doctrinal challenges faced by educators,
particularly within academic institutions dedicated to teaching Islamic creed (ʿAqīdah).
The study aims to identify the most significant intellectual and doctrinal issues that
have begun to impact the educational environment—whether through external influences stemming from modern intellectual and philosophical movements, or internal
shortcomings in the methods of doctrinal training and preparation for educators. The
field of Islamic creed has increasingly become a site of intellectual contention and epistemological challenges, driven by the rapid pace of cultural and technological change,
the growing reach of media influence, and the weak doctrinal foundations among some
segments of learners. The research concludes that confronting these contemporary
doctrinal challenges requires an integrative approach—one that combines rigorous academic formation, profound pedagogical preparation, and awareness of ongoing intellectual transformations, all while drawing inspiration from the experiences of the
scholars of the ummah in preserving sound belief throughout the ages.

Imam Ibrahim Al-Qarmani, one of the scholars of the Ottoman Empire, lived in Constantinople. He was distinguished by his vast knowledge and quick memorization. He was one of the
imams of the Maturidi school of thought in the eleventh Hijri century, and followed the Hanafi
school of jurisprudence. He authored a book based on his study of the works of earlier scholars,
excelling in selecting transmitted texts based on authentic Hadith. He chose what was narrated
in Sahih Al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim, Sunan Al-Tirmidhi, and others. The author divided his
book into two chapters, each chapter comprising several sections. Today, I am in the process of
verifying the first section of his manuscript, which was copied three times. In the first section
of the first chapter, he discussed unseen aspects, namely the seven heavens and the earths. I ask
Allah (Exalted be He) to grant me success in presenting his book, in a manner consistent with
the principles of verification and transmission

This research explores the concepts of freedom and will from two complementary perspec�
tives: Islamic theology (ʿIlm al-Kalām) and the psychology of religion. It aims to present
an analytical and comparative reading that deepens the understanding of human nature and its
relationship with both God and the self. The study is centered around a key question: How can
the theological notion of responsibility and divine accountability be reconciled with the psycho�
logical view of personal will and choice?
The research is structured around four main sections:
Chapter One provides a conceptual introduction to core terms such as freedom, will, deter�
minism (jabr), and choice, tracing their linguistic, philosophical, and theological roots.
Chapter Two examines the positions of major theological schools (Muʿtazilites, Ashʿarites,
Shiʿa, and Salafis) regarding human action, analyzing concepts like acquisition (kasb), capacity
(istiṭāʿa), and moral responsibility (taklīf).
Chapter Three discusses the concept of will in the psychology of religion, focusing on re�
ligious experience and faith as personal choices, and compares psychological determinism with
internal spiritual freedom.
Chapter Four outlines points of convergence and divergence between theology and psy�
chology in terms of objectives, methodology, and epistemology, and proposes an integrative
model that combines theological and psychological dimensions in interpreting ethical and reli�
gious behavior.
The study concludes that both Kalām and psychology offer complementary insights into
the human condition. Through interdisciplinary integration, they can contribute to a deeper un�
derstanding of freedom and responsibility, with practical applications in education, religious
guidance, and psychotherapy, based on a balanced scientific and spiritual foundation.

This study investigates the intellectual and scholarly contributions of Imām ʿAbd al-Ghanī al-Nābulusī,
the eminent Damascene scholar whose nisba is traced to the city of Nablus. Born and raised in Damascus
within a family distinguished for its erudition and Sufi orientation, al-Nābulusī commenced authorship and
teaching at an early stage of his life, delivering lessons on al-Bayḍāwī’s Tafsīr at the Umayyad Mosque.
Scholarly travel constituted a defining dimension of his intellectual trajectory, as he journeyed to the Ḥijāz,
Egypt, Lebanon, and Jerusalem, during which he produced several seminal works, most notably al-Ḥaqīqa
wa-l-Majāz fī Riḥlat Bilād al-Shām wa-Miṣr wa-l-Ḥijāz. He studied under the foremost scholars of his era,
while his own circle of disciples grew to encompass an innumerable body of students. The research underscores al-Nābulusī’s elevated scholarly stature. He was characterized as a polymath, a jurist of profound anai -
lytical depth, and a master of deductive reasoning. His theological orientation was Ashʿarī, his jurisprudential
affiliation Ḥanafī, and in the field of grammar he inclined towards the Baṣrian school. In Qurʾānic exegesis,
his methodology was marked by lexical elaboration, substantiation through the authorities of linguistics and
tafsīr, and rigorous exposition of variant readings alongside theological perspectives. He enjoyed longevity,
preserving both vigor and acuity until his death, after which he was interred in Damascus. In his exegetical
marginalia entitled al-Taḥrīr al-Ḥāwī ʿalā Tafsīr al-Bayḍāwī, he offered extensive commentary on significant
portions of Sūrat al-Baqara, although his demise precluded the work’s completion. Within this commentary,
he engaged in a detailed examination of the term “angels” (al-malāʾika), juxtaposing the perspectives of
linguists and exegetes to elucidate its semantic dimensions and render it more accessible to the reader. This
lexical and exegetical inquiry constitutes the focal point of the present study

This is a research in which a collection of the hadiths mentioned in the rulings and etiquette of sneezing, putting the appropriate titles for them, classifying
them, and extracting them, and explaining the difference in their words, methods,
and the words of scholars in them, and clarifying the meanings and benefits they
contain. A title and I mentioned under it the proven hadiths in that, then I mentioned the sayings of the scholars on the meaning of those hadiths in brief, and a
conclusion in which the most important results were mentioned.

This research includes a study of the hadith narrated by Abu Saeed Al-Khudri - may God
be pleased with him - on the authority of the Prophet، may God’s prayers and peace be upon
him، about doubling the reward for praying in the desert to fifty times، a comprehensive analytical study of the chain of transmission and the text، and an explanation of this reward that
was mentioned in this hadith، which is the origin. In this section، the research consisted of an
introduction، two sections، and a conclusion. I mentioned in the introduction the importance
of the research، the reason for choosing it، its objectives، my methodology in writing، and the
research plan. I mentioned in the first section: the study of the chain of transmission، which
has six demands، and the second section: the study of the text، which has six demands. And a
conclusion in which I highlighted the most important things Results.

This research examines the formula (Naha) in Sahih al-Bukhari through an applied Usuli
(legal theory) study, aiming to uncover its jurisprudential and teleological significance. The
study is structured into two chapters: the first provides a theoretical foundation of prohibition
(Nahy), discussing its definition, primary indications, context-based shifts (Qara’in), and its
relationship with commands. The second chapter presents an inductive applied study of (58)
Hadiths, analyzing them to deduce legal rulings. Findings are categorized into three dimensions: prohibitions indicating strict prohibition (Tahrim), those indicating dislike (Karahah),
and those intended for ethical guidance (Irshad). The research concludes that the formula of
prohibition in Bukhari possesses a semantic flexibility determined by contextual evidence and
Sharia objectives

This hadith was narrated by Imam Ahmad and others, discussing the dispensation and
obligation. Its chain of transmission includes al-Darawardi. Its narrations have been subject to disagreement, to the point of creating confusion. However, corroborating evidence
has cleared up this confusion and removed any ambiguity. Consequently, the hadith can
be authentically attributed to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him).
It contains clear evidence and clear proof that this nation is a nation that has been
shown mercy. God Almighty has lifted from it the burdens and shackles that were imposed on the nations that preceded the nation of the Beloved (peace and blessings be
upon him). Muslims must strive to do the things that God Almighty loves and act upon
them. Among these things is taking the dispensation into account and acting upon it, and
avoiding extremism and imposing unbearable burdens on oneself, as this contradicts the
meaning of the tolerant Hanafi school of thought that the Messenger of God (peace and
blessings be upon him) brought.

The text of the papers on the principles of jurisprudence by Imam al-Haramain al-Juwaini al-Shafi’i (d. 478 AH) is one of the well-known texts, explained
by Ibn al-Farkah al-Shafi’i (d. 690 AH) in a single volume, which attracted the
attention of scholars. It included the commentator’s observations on the text,
which I collected and researched through an inductive study of the five most
prominent commentaries on the papers