AL-Qadisiya Journal

The world is currently witnessing an unprecedented revolution. Perhaps the most prominent manifestation of this revolution is artificial intelligence, which has come to dominate all areas of life. There is no doubt that artificial intelligence is of great importance in real life, given its many advantages. However, these advantages are also accompanied by several concerns that cannot be ignored. Given the importance of artificial intelligence and its penetration into various aspects of life, countries and the international community have given it special attention. In this research, we have attempted to highlight the legal regulation of artificial intelligence at the domestic and international levels. It has become clear to us that the legal regulation established for it at the international level does not meet our aspirations, in addition to the near-total absence of legal regulation at the local level. This requires greater attention to the issue of regulation at both the domestic and international levels.

This research, entitled (Criminal Response to Offensive Publication of Persons with Disabilities), deals with a topic related to the acts of publishing, broadcasting, or displaying through various media outlets any media materials, whether pictures, drawings, films, or programs that offend or convey incorrect and negative concepts about persons with disabilities. The crime is one of the new developments in the criminalization policy in the First Amendment Law to the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and Special Needs Law No. 11. For the year 2024 in Article 20/first repeated pursuant to Article (13) thereof. We have addressed the subject according to a plan consisting of two sections, the first of which we devoted to examining the concept of the crime, while the second section addressed examining the substantive provisions of the crime, to conclude after that with a conclusion that includes the most important results and recommendations reached by the research, which we hope the legislator will listen to, including adding a prison sentence for a period not exceeding one year and increasing the limits of the fine and publishing the ruling issued in it.

Bypassing in the promotion of public employees is a topic that requires careful consideration. We must thoroughly examine all relevant texts and regulations to achieve a balance and ensure that the most deserving and qualified employee is appointed to the higher position. This is essential for recognizing their exceptional qualifications while simultaneously serving the public interest and ensuring the smooth and continuous operation of public services.
The administrative body must reconcile the employees' desire for promotion with the administration's need to limit promotions to the most competent individuals for the most important positions. If the promotion system fails to guarantee both the employee's desire for advancement and the administration's need for the most qualified personnel to fill higher positions with greater duties, authority, and responsibilities, researchers have strived to find the best way to reconcile these considerations and develop legislation that protects the public employee's right to promotion.

Electronic development has become an integral part of human life, permeating every aspect of our existence. Technology now permeates all our activities, and naturally, administration cannot rely on traditional methods in the face of this rapid evolution, which is increasingly linked to the public interest. The world is moving towards streamlining procedures, saving time and effort, and accomplishing more with less, this is where the importance of e-government has emerged, enabling it to meet the needs of public institutions and achieve the common good. One of the most prominent developments in this field is artificial intelligence, which is now relied upon in most administrative tasks, including decision-making. However, while this has its advantages, its implementation without specific regulatory frameworks will likely lead to adverse consequences in the near future, especially given the current weakness of the infrastructure required for such systems.

Oversight performance of the Council of Representatives is a crucial element in enhancing transparency and ensuring accountability within the political system. This performance is influenced by multiple factors, including the legal and constitutional frameworks governing oversight, as well as political and social challenges limiting its effectiveness. Legislative gaps, weak enforcement mechanisms, and political interference weaken the Council’s oversight role, adversely affecting the goals of good governance and the rule of law. Addressing these issues requires legislative amendments and activation of binding mechanisms to implement recommendations, ensuring the strengthening of the Council’s authority and the balance of powers.

Narcotic substances are no longer confined to the physical and traditional prohibited materials listed in the schedules of international conventions and treaties, and national anti-narcotics laws, whether natural or chemical. Modern technological advancements and the transformations they have wrought across all sectors – including criminal facets – have led to the emergence of a novel form of narcotic substance. Criminal organizations and cybercrime syndicates have shifted their focus towards designing a new type of drug in a digital format, termed \"digital narcotic substances.\"
These substances consist of a collection of audio files operating at different frequencies for each ear, necessitating the use of stereo headphones. They induce changes in brain electrical activity, stimulating it to emulate the alterations caused by genuine narcotic substances.
Recent scientific evidence confirms that these materials cause addiction and inflict damage on brain neurons, mental development, and social aspects, akin to traditional narcotics. This form of addiction originates via websites that sell these substances at prices significantly lower than traditional drugs, with costs ranging from ($3 to $30 or more), varying according to the \"dose, duration, and the desired sensation the user seeks to obtain.\"
The rapid and unregulated proliferation of this phenomenon has garnered the attention of researchers to study it and devise appropriate mechanisms for its confrontation. Nevertheless, the response from Arab governments, specifically Iraq and the Kurdistan Region, remains critically weak in this regard. Amidst the rapid spread of this phenomenon, only preliminary legal measures have been adopted in some regional countries, such as Saudi Arabia, the UAE, and Lebanon, to address it. Websites trading in digital narcotic substances have exploited the absence of legal provisions in these countries, rendering these materials permissible and non-criminalized. This lacuna has facilitated their widespread dissemination and trafficking without any legal accountability accruing to individuals or entities promoting or using them.
This research aims to illuminate novel crime patterns that have not received extensive analysis and study in criminal jurisprudence. It seeks to formulate criminal legislative proposals to address acts related to the use and trafficking of \"digital narcotic substances.\" It is anticipated that these substances may supplant traditional drugs in terms of impact in the foreseeable future, potentially posing an even more severe societal threat due to their ease of circulation, peculiar nature, low cost, and rapid proliferation and promotion compared to traditional, non-digital narcotic substances.

This research sheds light on one of the most important and dangerous global environmental problems, New threats emerged after the Cold War leading to a shift and expansion of the concept of security to include non-traditional threats, Among these threats is climate change which poses a serious and complex security challenge and a threat with severe negative repercussions for the security and stability of the entire world.
The importance of the research stems from revealing the seriousness of the phenomenon of climate change and its emerging challenges to international peace and security, which are gradually increasing, due to the devastating consequences it leaves on the lives of the international and human community, This will make it a major factor and source of threat to international peace and security, Thus there is a close connection between the phenomenon of climate change and the reality and state of international peace and security, which is exposed to a real threat as a result of climate crises and their negative repercussions affecting the human environment.
The basic problem of the research revolves around explaining the extent to which climate change and its security and environmental challenges are considered a new and major factor and source of threat and danger to international peace and security. The research aims to provide a comprehensive view of the impact of climate change on the reality of international peace and security and its expansion, The research also seeks to clarify the basis for the connection between maintaining global peace and stability from the threats of climate change and the authority of the UN Security Council, in addition to addressing some aspects of embodying the impact of climate change on the expansion of the concept of threats to international peace and security. At the end of the research we reached a number of conclusions the most prominent of which is that climate change and its repercussions are considered one of the forms that have an impact on threatening international peace and security, Therefore preserving the reality of international peace and security in the face of the challenges of climate change is a fundamental focus and a top priority on the international environmental policy agenda.

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The existence of political parties is an imperative in any political system. Today, its existence is the most prominent aspect of democracy, because democratic values guarantee free and fair competition between different political movements and components, this is why most countries seek to recognize the right of political parties to exist in their constitutions first and their legislations. Secondly, these parties represent the political entities recognized by the Indicator Index to denote democracy and its development in a country.
It is worth mentioning that the push to combat corruption in the illegal financing of political parties requires legal and institutional frameworks to control the rhythm of parties' sources of funding, to enhance confidence in the people of these entities and to ensure maximum transparency. In providing financial information and making it available to the public.
We divided the search into two pre-requisites, with the first requirement to discuss the sources of legitimate financing through two branches, the first we talked about local financing, and the second about foreign financing, while we allocated the second requirement to discuss the sources of illegitimate funding through two branches, the first we talked about the policy of criminalization, We spoke about the policy of punishment, and then concluded the research with a conclusion that contains a number of arguments and recommendations that we believe are useful in this area.

It can be said that domestic violence has recently become a widespread behavior within the framework of family relationships based on marriage or kinship for many reasons that we do not find justification for referring to within the framework of this legal study. From this standpoint, we will limit the research angle to violence committed within the framework of the marriage relationship. The idea is that prevails in the mind in general It is that violence within the framework of family relationships based on marriage is always committed by the husband against the wife by virtue of the husband’s biological composition and his superiority in physical and physical strength over the wife. However, today’s reality has produced issues that confirm the existence of cases of violence by the husband on the part of his wife, whether it is physical or moral violence. Which prompted us to extrapolate and analyze the texts of laws related to combating domestic violence in the Kurdistan Region in order to devise legal models for domestic violence crimes in which the husband is the victim while the wife is the perpetrator.

Legal mechanisms for protecting the right to self-determination have gradually evolved over time; however, they remain insufficient, particularly in the Iraqi context, to ensure a necessary balance for peaceful coexistence among society’s components. This shortcoming is evident in the relationship between Arabs and Kurds, highlighting the need to reassess the effectiveness of these mechanisms and develop them in line with the spirit of the social contract embodied in the preamble to the 2005 Constitution.
In this context, the study examines the experience of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq as a case study to assess the effectiveness of legal mechanisms related to the right to self-determination, employing a descriptive, analytical, and comparative methodology that integrates theory and practice. The results indicate that successive Iraqi authorities between 1921 and 2003 acted according to partisan and personal considerations rather than robust legal mechanisms. By contrast, the 2005 Constitution marked a qualitative shift through the institutional recognition of the region as a fundamental component of the federal state.
Accordingly, the study recommends establishing permanent constitutional and legislative coordination between the federal government and the regional government, thereby strengthening the principle of self-determination and preventing the recurrence of exclusionary and marginalizing policies previously pursued against the Kurdistan Region.

The Federal Supreme Court's provisional orders are a fundamental legal pillar used to effectively implement judicial rulings and decisions. These orders are issued by the Federal Supreme Court and are binding on the relevant authorities. Provisional orders are among the important procedural matters within the scope of the court's jurisdiction, which were not regulated by the legislator in its Law No. (25) Of 2021, as amended, nor in its Internal Regulation No. (1) of 2025. Rather, this matter was entrusted to the "Civil Procedures Law No. (83) of 1969, as amended." The Federal Supreme Court exercises its jurisdiction to decide on requests for provisional orders as one of the means permitted by the legislator in Iraq to preserve rights and legal positions. It is an important tool for the effective implementation of judicial rulings and decisions and contributes to protecting the rights of individuals and society by ensuring the fair and equitable implementation of judicial rulings. It is an important tool for strengthening the rule of law and ensuring respect for the judicial system. The orders of guardianship must be based on sound legal grounds, in accordance with applicable laws and legislation, necessary for the implementation of judicial rulings and decisions, and proportionate to their purpose. These orders are used to implement civil rulings, such as rulings related to debts or contracts, and are used to implement criminal rulings, such as rulings related to penalties that deprive individuals of their liberty. They also contribute effectively to protecting personal rights, such as the right to privacy or the right to freedom of expression, and play a role in enhancing confidence in the judicial system by ensuring the fair implementation of judicial rulings.

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The procedures for issuing judgments and decisions in the Iraqi Federal Supreme Court according to Internal Regulation No. (1) of 2025 represent the legal framework governing the mechanisms for initiating constitutional litigation through three main methods: first, through the subject matter court either by direct referral from the judge on his own initiative or by incidental plea from the parties within fifteen days; second, by direct original lawsuit from official entities such as federal authorities, ministries, regional presidency, and governors, provided that the text relates to their duties and raises an actual conflict in application; and third, which was introduced by the new regulation, is the provision for direct challenge by natural and private legal persons without requiring the existence of a pending lawsuit, provided that there is present, direct, and substantial interest and that the text has been actually applied to the plaintiff.
The Internal Regulation organized the trial procedures that begin with registering the lawsuit and examining its petition, then notifying the defendant via direct address or email while granting him fifteen days to respond. The court proceeds with its procedures even without a response to ensure constitutional legitimacy. The regulation granted the court broad powers to conduct investigations and seek assistance from experts and advisors. The procedures conclude with secret deliberation and reasoning of the judgment, which is an essential condition for its validity, then pronouncing it publicly and publishing it in the Official Gazette and on the website. The court's judgments are characterized by absolute binding authority that applies to all and are issued by unanimous or majority decision. A text ruled unconstitutional becomes legally null upon issuance of the decision, despite some legislative shortcomings such as the lack of a mechanism for proving electronic receipt and the absence of provisions for publishing dissenting opinions of judges.

The research addresses the legitimacy of criminal evidence obtained through modern technological means, highlighting the changes brought about by the technological revolution in the nature of crimes and the methods of committing them, as well as the challenges faced by judicial authorities in collecting and proving evidence. The study indicates that cybercrimes possess unique characteristics related to the subject matter and the electronic tools used, necessitating the development of evidence collection methods compatible with the nature of these means.
The study emphasizes that the legitimacy of electronic evidence depends on adherence to legal and legislative regulations, as well as the protection of individual rights and freedoms, while granting judges the discretion to assess evidence based on rational and objective principles. It also highlights the role of the judge in forming conviction based on sound and clear evidence, without relying on personal knowledge, while respecting the principles of justice and the right to defense.
The research further addresses the importance of specialized training for experts handling technological evidence, and the application of search and data preservation methods that ensure the integrity and authenticity of digital evidence. It concludes on the necessity for criminal legislation to keep pace with technological developments to ensure the effectiveness of the judicial system in combating modern crimes and achieving justice. The study underscores that the lawful and deliberate use of modern technologies achieves a balance between the efficiency of criminal investigation and the protection of individual rights, thereby enhancing judicial credibility and the effectiveness of legal procedures in addressing cybercrimes.

Praise be to Allah, Lord of the Worlds, Creator of nations and peoples, and the Giver of rights and dignity. Peace and blessings be upon our Prophet Muhammad, his family, and his companions.
The intellectual and industrial advances achieved by humankind have precipitated a profound transformation in the means of warfare and human conflict. Resorting to military force as a mechanism for resolving disputes among states has generated devastating repercussions, both material and human. These consequences have compelled the international community to explore legal frameworks capable of mitigating such harms. The initial measures focused on adopting peaceful means of dispute settlement, followed by the imposition of binding legal constraints upon conflicting parties. Such measures aimed to ensure broad legal protection for territories under occupation and, more specifically, for the civilian population. This framework has been consolidated through the enactment and ratification of numerous international conventions.

The inclusion of a judgment subject to expedited enforcement is an exception to the general rule of enforcement. It is a mechanism aimed at expediting justice, especially when delaying enforcement causes harm. Expedited enforcement is a license granted by the legislator to the judgment creditor to protect their interests. However, in order to balance the rights of the judgment creditor and the judgment debtor, certain safeguards have been established to limit the judgment creditor's power. A judgment subject to expedited enforcement may be subject to annulment, whether by the Court of Appeal or the Court of First Instance. This results in the cancellation of the enforcement procedures undertaken and the obligation to restore the situation to its previous state after the annulment of the writ of execution upon which the enforcement procedures were based. The judgment creditor, who fails to prove their claim, may ultimately be unable or unwilling to restore the situation to its state before enforcement began. Therefore, it is essential to consider the judgment creditor's interests. He must do so in order to avoid being harmed, especially since expedited enforcement is based on balancing the interests of the parties to the lawsuit.

One of the most important topics that has an important advantage in commercial law is the merger of commercial companies, and this is a result of the development of economic activity and the intensification of commercial competition, and the emergence of large companies of the same similar commercial activity, the merger appeared as a way to reduce expenses and costs and reduce competition, and the great desire of companies to practice it as a motivation to pay attention to finding the legal regulation of mergers.
The merger between the merged and merged companies has its effects on the shareholders' equity that will change due to the merger and the increasing number of partners, and the rights of third parties related to the company's liability will also change due to the improvement of the financial position of the company after the merger, which makes the merger of the company directly reflected on the legal acts it concludes, because the entity of the contracting company has changed due to the merger.

The spread of information and communication revolution in nowadays have led to emehence the ara of electronic store is being as an expedient of doing commercial business as the traditional (material) store. The electronic store is premised on material and moral elements distinct somewhat to those should be provided in the traditional store, which is necessitates to be govern by distinctive rules. Recently, the Iraqi Regulation of Electronic Trade Regulating No. (4) 2025 has been enacted and contained rules governing some aspects of electronic store. The Regulation has experienced lacuna in drafting some rules and legislative-holes in dealing with some matters.
this article will focus on these defects on the aforementioned Regulation by the adoption of doctrinal and comparative methods of study with the law of both Saudi Arabian and the U.A.E

The issues related to personal status provisions are gaining increasing and continuous importance, due to their close connection to human life and the organization of family affairs, in addition to the emergence of many new issues and matters in this field that require delving into them, not only from the theoretical side as is the case in previous studies and research, but rather these provisions must be addressed from the practical, applied side and integrating legal jurisprudence with Islamic jurisprudence because we cannot hide the influence of Islamic law on personal status provisions, considering it the historical and original source of most of the texts contained in this law, in addition to being the official reserve source, as stipulated in the first paragraph of Article 1 of the Iraqi Personal Status Law No. 188 of 1959. However, this does not negate the fact that legislation is the primary official source for resolving disputes before the judiciary, and therefore we decided to search for the official sources of the law, in addition to the necessity of addressing the interpretative sources of this law, represented by the judiciary and Islamic jurisprudence, as a form of guidance and inspiration under the title of sources of personal status law.

The use of nuclear energy is one of the most prominent features of scientific progress in society, due to the enormous potential it provides in various fields, most importantly the production of electrical energy, medicine, agriculture, industry, etc. The peaceful use of nuclear energy has become a broad field of international cooperation, especially after the world realized the danger of misusing this technology in a way that threatens security and also threatens the health of workers. Many countries have adopted national mechanisms aimed at localizing this technology and developing their legislative frameworks to ensure its safe use. This includes Iraq, which has emphasized in its recent legislation the importance of the peaceful use of nuclear energy, particularly in the fields of electricity, public health, and the treatment of incurable diseases. And improving agricultural crops, but this peaceful use may not be without challenges. There are severe radiation risks and difficulties in disposing of nuclear waste, in addition to the possibility of this technology leaking to irresponsible groups. This places the responsibility on the Iraqi legislator to establish precise and balanced regulations that achieve benefits without compromising public safety.

A holding company is a type of Capital Company, established by Law No. (17) of 2019, which is the new amendment to the Iraqi Commercial Companies Law No. (21) of 1997. This amendment aims to support the national economy and achieve the national interest, in line with the development of regional and international legislation that preceded us in this field. The first appearance of this type of company was in the late nineteenth century in Europe and the United States of America. It is a joint-stock or limited company, or a limited liability company in some legislations, that controls a company or a group of joint-stock or limited companies called (subsidiary companies). This company can achieve this control by owning a majority of the shares in the capital of the subsidiary companies. Some laws have indicated that the holding company must own at least (51%) of the capital of the subsidiary company. These laws also allow this company to achieve control over the subsidiary companies through agreement with the rest of the shareholders, and accordingly it enjoys actual control, according to the law of its establishment, over the management of its boards, despite the lack of a clear concept of this control by the regulating legislation. A holding company in one country may control subsidiaries operating in other countries. A national company in a given country may also be subject to the control of a foreign holding company through a foreign holding company's contribution to the national company's capital. Both situations result in the emergence of so-called "transnational holding companies" or "multinational holding companies," whose provisions are not regulated by most national legislation, nor by the United Nations International Trade Law, as it has been in regulating international commercial arbitration provisions. In this case, it is necessary to identify the law that governs disputes between these companies, in addition to the applicable companies law, which regulates the provisions of commercial companies. This is the aim of this study. Therefore, it is necessary to divide it into three sections, and then conclude by highlighting the most important findings and recommendations.

Recently, the world has witnessed rapid developments in the field of genetic engineering, providing an unprecedented opportunity to understand the human genetic structure represented by the human genome. This genome, which is deeply embedded in human biology, has paved important paths for understanding the legal aspects, especially concerning the possibility of performing legal actions on it. This includes discussing legitimate uses and how they can be utilized within legal boundaries, as well as addressing illegitimate uses while noting the variation or lack of solid legal frameworks governing such uses. The human genome, under no circumstances, can be considered a subject of rights to be used through sale, donation, or waiver outside the proper legal frameworks. Therefore, this research focuses on studying the legal uses of the human genome and analyzing their legitimacy in light of general rules in civil law and relevant special laws.

The non-compete covenant, in conjunction with the duty to safeguard trade secrets, constitutes a carefully delineated exception to the constitutional and legal principle of freedom of work. Its enforceability is justified solely where necessity demands the protection of the employer’s legitimate interests, provided that the employee, by virtue of their position, has gained access to material information of substantial economic value. The Iraqi legislature has addressed this covenant with notable precision under Articles (909/e, 910, 911) of the Civil Code and Article (42/Second/C) of the Labor Law, conditioning its validity upon essential requirements: attainment of legal capacity by the employee, and limitations reasonably circumscribed in terms of duration, geographic scope, and type of activity. These conditions are designed to prevent the clause from degenerating into an instrument of exploitation or a restriction that imperils the employee’s economic future. This approach is further reinforced by reference to international standards, most prominently the TRIPS Agreement, which predicates the protection of trade secrets upon confidentiality, commercial value, and reasonable measures of preservation.
This study elucidates the pivotal role of the non-compete covenant in striking a delicate equilibrium between two competing interests: the preservation of the employer’s intangible assets—comprising trade secrets and proprietary economic interests—and the protection of the employee’s constitutionally guaranteed right to work and earn a livelihood. To that end, the legislature permits the employee to liberate themselves from the restriction by paying the stipulated penalty, while safeguarding the employer’s entitlement to supplementary damages or judicial relief aimed at cessation of the violation, thereby precluding the clause from assuming the character of professional servitude. The analysis further examines the liability of the employee in the event of breach, encompassing compensation, contract termination, and judicial measures such as injunctive relief against engaging in competitive activities. It also surveys the statutory and contractual grounds for the covenant’s extinction, affirming that such extinction does not absolve the independent obligation of confidentiality, whose legal foundation rests in statute, custom, and the overarching principle of good faith.
The study concludes that the effective protection of trade secrets can be realized only through a comprehensive synthesis of contractual stipulations, legislative frameworks, and judicial mechanisms, supplemented by reformative proposals—most notably, the provision of compensation to employees during the non-compete period, the establishment of a minimum term for confidentiality obligations, and the enactment of specific provisions criminalizing or deterring the disclosure of trade secrets. Accordingly, the non-compete covenant endures as a sophisticated protective instrument, circumscribed by the imperatives of necessity and justice, harmonizing the protection of investment with the preservation of human freedom to work.

Digital technological developments have witnessed a rapid boom in various aspects of modern life, and blockchain technology has emerged as one of the most prominent technological innovations that has changed the concept of financial and commercial transactions. In the realm of this transformation, smart contracts have emerged as an advanced form of encrypted and automated execution of contractual obligations, raising fundamental questions about the extent to which the traditional legislative framework is compatible with containing this contemporary technology.
In this context, the research aims to understand the nature of smart contracts in blockchain technology by highlighting the legal jurisprudential division of their true nature and determining whether they constitute a contract in the legal sense or merely a technical mechanism for enforcing obligations. This research also aims to shed light on the features and characteristics that make smart contracts a distinct form of contract, given their technical and legal advantages that distinguish them from other traditional and electronic contracts. This contributes to building a comprehensive understanding of the adaptability of this contemporary type of contract.
In this regard, the problematic aspect of this research centers on the contradiction between the views of legal scholars regarding the nature of a smart contract and its precise classification. Is it considered a contract in the traditional legal sense, in accordance with established legal principles, or merely a computer program for implementing obligations? There are also legal gaps in the unique features and characteristics of smart contracts, particularly in terms of their compatibility with existing legal frameworks and the applicability of traditional legal provisions to them.
In this context, the research concluded and presented proposals and recommendations, including that the conditional nature of smart contracts is one of their most prominent features, as the implementation of each obligation depends on the fulfillment of specific, interconnected conditions.
Automated execution is the essence of smart contracts, where obligations are automatically executed once pre-defined conditions are met, without the need for human intervention or external intermediaries. Automatic verification of conditions is performed via external data sources and responds immediately to any changes in the conditions or data. Once execution begins, it cannot be stopped or postponed and is executed according to precisely programmed criteria. Automatic execution reduces the possibility of either party breaching their contractual obligations, as the contract is executed when its terms are met. It leaves no room for non-execution, as it is executed according to algorithmic codes beyond the control of both parties to the contract and third parties. In addition to the above, automatic execution will also contribute to reinforcing the principle of the binding force of the contract, making it difficult for any contracting party to evade the fulfillment of their contractual obligations. The smart contract will also enhance the principle of transactional stability, as the contracting party cannot back out of the contract or exercise contractual options such as the option of inspection, trial, or tasting.

Legal data play a role in formulating the legal rule, and this role comes through relying on this data in enacting the legal rule, based on the influence of this data, whether this data is material data or moral data that leads to an effect in this formulation, but this role has also been exposed to philosophical opinions that deny this role with regard to this data, which leads to a philosophical controversy about whether or not to rely on this data in formulating the legal rule. In light of the opinions that support its role, it plays a role in terms of the natural data that are past in determining the age of legal capacity, affected by climate variables, as well as the influence of moral natural data and their effect on the contract through the influence of morals and conscience in determining the reason for the contract, as well as their effect in terms of the subject of the contract.

The deferred dowry is a very important aspect of the provisions of dowry in the marriage contract, whether in Sharia or law, and is agreed upon in the marriage contract. It is a financial right for the wife and a debt owed by the husband upon consummation or proper seclusion. It is deferred later, either upon demand or availability, or upon death or divorce. This, in turn, enhances family stability and provides a guarantee for the wife. However, practical reality makes this debt linked to the degree of negligence in the marital relationship upon judicial separation, and this departs from it being a debt owed. Likewise, the claim for it is dropped in the event of disobedience. The method for obtaining it used to be directly through the execution of the marriage contract, but now a lawsuit is filed before the competent.

Adopting the concept of the electronic notary public is one of the most important outcomes of digital transformation in the judicial field, representing a qualitative leap in the mechanisms for documenting and proving legal transactions. Electronic documentation is no longer merely an alternative technological means, but has become a comprehensive legal system that necessitates a re-evaluation of traditional notarial concepts, especially in light of the rapid development of electronic transactions and their increasing reliance in various fields. Therefore, the implementation of this system cannot be achieved without establishing a comprehensive set of legal safeguards that protect both notaries and those dealing electronically. These safeguards include ensuring the legal validity of electronic documents and signatures, guaranteeing reliable verification of identity and proof of intent, protecting personal data and confidentiality, precisely defining legal responsibilities, and guaranteeing the right to appeal and judicial oversight of electronic notarial acts. These guarantees are a prerequisite for building trust in electronic documentation and promoting its acceptance at the practical and judicial levels. Therefore, the electronic notary is no longer a legislative luxury or a future option to be postponed, but has become a legal necessity imposed by the nature of modern transactions and the requirements of digital justice. Thus, adopting this system within an integrated legislative framework and effective legal guarantees would contribute to developing the judicial documentation system, enhancing trust in official documents, and achieving greater efficiency and transparency in judicial work, which serves the stability of transactions and the protection of rights in the digital age.

This research seeks to identify the symptoms of drug abuse among youth, especially university students, and the factors that contributed to the emergence of this phenomenon and the youth's tendency towards it. This disease results in the squandering of the state's financial and human resources, and other deviant phenomena emerge and contribute to its spread among these youth, deviating from the behavioral rules and ethical standards established by society, whether legally, religiously, or culturally. The danger of drug abuse among university students lies in the negative effects it manifests in both the user and the communities themselves. This reflects the importance of treating this phenomenon among university students, which requires an integrated team of psychologists, physiotherapists, preachers, and social specialists, taking into account the social and cultural dimensions surrounding the addict.

The South Sudan issue is one of the most dangerous ethnic issues on the African continent, which has sparked a civil war between the north and the south. Although the issue was settled under the 2005 peace agreement, which resulted in the secession of the South in 2011 and the formation of the state of South Sudan, many of the outstanding political, security, and economic issues between Sudan and South Sudan were not finally resolved, which is what this research aims to focus on. Through a descriptive and prospective approach, it became clear that these pending issues have left the door open to several possibilities for the future of relation between the two countries, determined by the possibility of returning to war, establishing cooperative relations, or returning to unity on a federal basis.

This study aims to analyze the economic dimensions of global waterways, such as the Suez Canal, the Strait of Malacca, and the Panama Canal, by assessing their contribution to GDP, annual revenues, and logistical investments. The researcher adopted a comparative approach and quantitative data analysis, along with the examination of numerical tables and official data issued by the concerned countries. The results revealed a clear positive correlation between the importance of a waterway—in terms of time-saving and cost reduction—and its contribution to the national economy. For instance, the Suez Canal alone recorded revenues of $9.4 billion in 2024, while revenues from the Strait of Malacca exceeded $25 billion. The study recommends expanding investments in waterway infrastructure, strengthening international alliances, and adopting integrated policies to enhance the economic efficiency of these vital maritime passages.

The Middle East has been and is still one of the most important regions of the world and the most crowded international interactions and the interests of regional powers and international powers, so the concept of the Middle East has become more frequent in the literature of international relations after World War II, as this region is characterized by a great position and wide importance in the accounts of many countries of the world, especially the regional and global countries great, being one of the most concentrated areas where the interests of those countries that cannot be dispensed with due to the occurrence of Important fjords and waterways within this area, Therefore, this region is considered one of the vital areas for Chinese interests, as it is known, China is one of the main players in the current international system, and its international weight is increasing at an accelerated pace, raising the ceiling of expectations that it will become in the next few years the number one power in the world. In line with this, China's foreign policy has witnessed a push to pursue its interests in this region by preserving energy supplies, protecting transport routes for regional and global markets for its industries, and harnessing its military power to protect these supplies. In light of these data, the most prominent feature that distinguishes the region at the current stage is the loss of a real strategic balance, so China, which is looking for a state of stability in the Middle East that leads to the protection of its interests, must search for strategic approaches that maintain a strategic balance between the active countries in the region (Turkey - Iran - Saudi Arabia) by sponsoring strategic partnerships that allow the creation of an economic security environment that allows the achievement of these interests on the one hand, and at the same time allows Regional powers accept China's regional and global role

Iraq has witnessed fundamental shifts in the political landscape as a result of security crises and conflicts. The war on ISIS demonstrated Iraq's ability to combat terrorism, but it left profound scars. Corruption and weak institutions led to a decline in public confidence in political authority and a deterioration in the social and economic situation as a result of conflicts, wars, and corruption. Attempts to implement political reforms and form new governments faced challenges. Building a state with strong institutions and political stability remains a major challenge, while national unity, accountability, and reforming the political system are essential to ensuring stability. Iraq's political future depends on its ability to overcome challenges. Therefore, Iraq requires genuine efforts to strengthen democratic institutions to achieve political and economic stability, which requires cooperation among various parties to advance the country toward building a more stable and developed future.

This research aims to shed light on the nature of contemporary UAE-Africa relations, using the Republic of Chad as a model that reflects the dimensions of these relations and their development trajectories in light of regional and international political and economic transformations. The importance of the research lies in its addressing a vital topic related to the role of the United Arab Emirates as a rising regional power seeking to expand its positive influence in the African continent. The research relied on a descriptive and analytical approach, tracing the historical, political, and economic trajectories of relations between the UAE and Chad. The research reached several conclusions, most notably that UAE-Chad relations represent an advanced model of bilateral cooperation between Arab and African countries, and that the UAE has been able to leverage its soft power and active diplomacy to strengthen its presence on the African continent. These relations also demonstrated the importance of the security dimension in Emirati foreign policy, particularly with regard to combating terrorism in the Sahel region, in addition to the developmental role played by the UAE in supporting infrastructure and services in Chad. Based on these findings, the research recommended the need to enhance Emirati investments in vital sectors in Chad, expand humanitarian and development support programs, and establish a permanent mechanism for bilateral cooperation to ensure the continuity of the partnership.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become a powerful influence that can greatly affect several facets of society, including the political system. This research study examines the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on the political system, with a specific focus on campaign strategies, decision-making processes, public opinion, and possible obstacles and ethical implications. This research endeavors to get a thorough comprehension of the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on political systems and the possible advantages and drawbacks that come with its adoption. This will be achieved through an analysis of the existing environment and a discussion of future implications.

The theory of the moral actor is one of the most complex topics in the theory of criminal participation, as it raises subtle issues related to the extent of the responsibility of those who control the execution of the crime without physically committing it. While criminal law has traditionally established that the actor is the one who carries out the material element of the crime, the development of crime and the complexity of its methods of perpetration have revealed a flaw in this concept. This research seeks to define the legal basis for the theory of the moral actor, analyze its essential elements, and demonstrate the extent to which the theory applies to crimes of omission and error, in addition to addressing the problem of proof, thus enhancing the work of the judiciary.

Justice is one of the fundamental values upon which legal systems have been based since the dawn of history. It represents the foundation upon which the legitimacy of the law itself and the effectiveness of the judicial system are based. Justice is not merely an ideal value, but rather a tool for achieving legal security and ensuring respect for rights and freedoms. It is embodied in a set of principles that govern the relationship of the state with its individuals and define the features of the system of punishment and reward. Modern jurisprudential studies have focused on analyzing the elements of the principles of justice and demonstrating the extent of their impact on the construction of legal systems, especially in the criminal field, which represents the field of law most closely related to justice.