Journal of Education and Scientific Studies

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The study deals with the economic situation in Lebanon during the period
1958-1975, especially in the agricultural and industrial fields, and its impact on
the banking field. However, these efforts did not contribute to the rise of the agricultural and industrial fields to reach a stage where Lebanon can compete with
the developed countries due to the emergence of many obstacles, which pushed
the Lebanese economy towards dependence on the commercial, financial and
banking fields. Especially the United States of America.

The research focuses on the role of Mazhar Al-Azzawi in the development
of Iraqi legal legislation, particularly within the professional framework of the
legal practice. He participated in the Committee for the Preparation of the Draft
Lawyers’ Law in 1959, which resulted in the issuance of Lawyers’ Law No.
(84) of 1960, establishing a modern framework for regulating the profession and
consolidating its independence. The study also highlights his efforts to amend
the Lawyers’ Retirement Law by seeking to include the years of service in state
departments within the period of legal practice for retirement purposes. Furthermore, it addresses his contribution to promoting legal culture through his
engagement with civil liability issues related to aviation accidents, particularly
the 1975 incident, and the ensuing legal discussions that helped align Iraqi legislation with the provisions of the Warsaw Convention and its amendments

This study examines the figure of the Egyptian thinker Qasim Amin, one of the pioneers of intellectual and social reform in modern Egypt, with a particular focus on his role
in the establishment of the Islamic Charitable Society in 1892 ,The research highlights
that the Islamic Charitable Society emerged in response to the urgent need for social reform in Egypt amid the widespread poverty and illiteracy of the time. The society worked
to establish schools, orphanages, and hospitals to support the poor and the destitute. Qasim Amin, together with other reformist figures such as Muhammad Abduh and Saad
Zaghloul, contributed to defining the foundations and objectives of the society, guided by
the conviction that education was the true path toward the nation’s progress .
The study concludes that Qasim Amin’s contribution to the Islamic Charitable Society represents an essential aspect of his comprehensive reformist thought, reflecting the
interconnection between theory and practice, and between the call for enlightenment and
tangible social reform. His efforts thus stand as a cornerstone in the broader movement of
modern Egyptian renaissance .

This study examines the administrative communication networks in the Abbasid state
between the caliphate's center in Baghdad and the peripheral provinces during the period
(132–247 AH/749–861 CE). It demonstrates the development of the Abbasid administrative
system characterized by precision and organization and rooted in earlier Islamic administrative practices. It focuses on the concept of administrative communication and its importance
in coordinating efforts, transmitting information, and achieving state unity. The study reviews
the administrative structure of the caliphate's center through the most prominent offices such
as the Post Office, Correspondence Office, Land Tax Office, Exploitation Office, Inheritance
Office, and Rein Office and their role in managing state affairs. It also explains the development of communication with the eastern provinces through the Post Office which became a
supervisory and intelligence apparatus and with the western provinces through the Correspondence Office which played an official representative political role. The study concludes
that the administrative communication system contributed to preserving the unity and stability of the Abbasid state.

This study aimed to analyze the Arab revolutions that erupted during the 20th century, examining the causes that led to their outbreak, the developments that accompanied them, and the
repercussions they had at various levels. The study employed a historical-analytical approach,
gathering data from historical and documentary sources and analyzing it within its political and
social context. A comparative approach was also used to explore the similarities and differences
between the Egyptian and Iraqi revolutionary models.
The study reached several conclusions, the most important of which are that political despotism, corruption, and economic dependency were key factors in triggering the revolutions,
and that the military played a major role in regime change. However, the absence of democratic
institutions hindered the completion of the desired political transition. These revolutions also
had far-reaching effects on shaping national identities and reinforcing the concepts of independence and sovereignty.
The study recommended the need to re-examine the Arab revolutions within their real-world
context, to encourage comparative studies, and to foster national awareness among new generations by incorporating these events into educational curricula. It also recommended working
to support democratic political systems that promote public participation and protect the rights
of the people.

The Arab Lawyers Union considers human rights violations on Arab lands to be
fundamentally different from human rights issues in other Arab countries, as Arab
lawyers show the difference between the goals of violations and what Arab people
are exposed to in various Arab countries, such as restrictions on freedoms, arrests,
campaigns of repression and abuse, as being of a political nature. Its goal is to protect
human rights and governance systems in the Arab countries. The Union also strived
to protect human rights and obligated Arab countries to respect them and implement
various international professional human rights laws. This study highlighted the role
of human rights in protecting detainees, expressing freedom of opinion, and protecting human rights violations.

The conflict in Argentina began after the second Irigoyen government (1928–1930) assumed power, as it adopted a new policy that differed from its predecessor, characterized by
expanding the role of the state in controlling the private sector, particularly the oil industry.
These policies coincided with the outbreak of the global economic crisis (1929–1933), which
exacerbated the economic and political conditions within the country and sparked opposition
from multiple political and economic forces. This opposition culminated in a military coup led
by General José Félix Uriburu on September 6, 1930, which resulted in the overthrow of the
constitutional government and the formation of a provisional government. This political shift
also affected the international stance, particularly that of the United States, which hesitated to
recognize the Argentine provisional government in light of its declared principles regarding
constitutional legitimacy on the one hand, and its political and economic interests in Argentina
on the other. This highlights the nature of U.S. interaction with military coups in Latin America
during this period.

This research examines the economic and social factors of Moroccan cities through
the book (Taj al-Mafraq fi Tahlihi Ulama’ al-Mashriq) by al-Balawi, Abu al-Baqa Khalid
ibn Isa ibn Ibrahim ibn Abi Khalid (dead. 780 AH/1378 AD). Al-Balawi hails from his
hometown of Qanturi (Andalusia). He was a man of great virtue, humble in his character, virtuous in his manners, amiable in his company, and a lover of literature. He was
also an Andalusian judge. This research consists of two main sections: the first covers
al-Balawi’s personal biography, while the second covers the economic and social factors
of Moroccan cities. This is followed by a conclusion and a list of sources and references.

Roads are the lifeblood of a nation, both economically and culturally.
They are not limited to economic activity alone, but also serve as conduits
for the transmission of civilizations, arts, and sciences. Given the strategic
importance of the Islamic Maghreb as a link between Egypt and the Atlantic Ocean, and considering the significant role of the Almoravid dynasty in
improving and developing roads, this research examines both the internal
roads connecting the Islamic Maghreb and the external roads linking it to
neighboring countries and the Levant.

Princes and jurists played a major role in caring for the poor and orphans
as they worked to create a social balance in andalusian society by giving
alms to the poor and orphans feeding them and spending on them thus they
were able to reduce the burden of their pension and care for them and they
worked hard to choose trustworthy guardians for the orphans out of concern
for their money from being lost and so they were able to alleviate their social and economic crises

Shrines play a pivotal role in reinforcing spiritual beliefs in the Western Sudan region. They are considered centers of blessing and intercession,
linked to Sufism and traditional animism. Therefore, shrines associated with
the tombs of saints and righteous individuals form an integral part of the
cultural and religious identity in Western Sudan. People visit them seeking good fortune and to ward off evil spirits and envy. The culture of these
shrines entered through Sufi orders from North Africa and West Africa, contributing to the consolidation of Islam and spiritual connection with neighboring communities.

The second half of the sixteenth century witnessed significant progress in the system of
trading companies with royal patents in England. This system aligned with English colonial
expansion policies. These trading companies were characterized by state oversight of their op�
erations. The English government retained supreme authority over these companies, including
the power to revoke the concession and dissolve the company if it violated the terms of its pat�
ent. The England government used these companies, including the Merchant Company, to im�
pose its colonial control over the African coasts without becoming entangled in the problems
of governance and the resulting financial obligations, according to the principle of indirect
rule. The England government then assumed actual power once the situation in the company’s
concession area had stabilized.
The study reached several conclusions, including: The Merchants’ Company, during the
period 1561-1572, represented the cornerstone upon which future England influence in the
Gold Coast was built. Although it did not achieve absolute and sustainable control during
that period, its establishment, mining concessions, and territorial expansion laid the structural
framework that later paved the way for this influence to transform into a fully-fledged England
colonization of the Gold Coast.

This research aims to document the Kurdish question in Iraq through published US foreign
relations documents from 1966-1968, outlining the historical events that affected the Kurdish
question and its historical trajectory, whether stable or changed. The research concludes that the
Kurdish question in Iraq Throughout the study period, the situation remained unchanged, lacking
a comprehensive and fundamental solution. It lost its primary objective of securing the rights of
the Kurdish people due to political disputes between Kurdish leaders and the Iraqi government.
No concrete solutions were reached to prevent the continuation of conflicts between the people of
the same country and to ensure the legitimate rights of the Kurdish people, due to the reliance of
Kurdish leaders on the government.The regional and international actors supported the cause without a clear vision for solutions. The regional actors exploited the cause and supported it in ways
that served their own interests, while the international actors viewed the cause and its solution only
through the lens of international relations between states Therefore, the research shows that the
Kurdish question can only be resolved from an internal perspective, in accordance with international treaties and respect for human rights, including the right to live in dignity within one’s own
country, while taking into account the necessity of building mutual trust among the people of the
same country according to a comprehensive national political perspective. It respects and treats all
segments of society equally and works towards the unity and safety of its land and people.

He created the study on the Intra Bank crisis and its impact on the Lebanese economy in the 1966, and included an explanation of one of the most
questionable periods in the era before the Lebanese Bank, which witnessed a
major liquidity crisis in 1966 and the bankruptcy of Intra Bank, as it had been
a bank in Lebanon since that time. It financed government projects, and the
bank also established a large number of real estate, commercial, industrial,
and financial companies that fell outside the nature of the appropriate work,
in addition to its guidance to help a number of shareholders in Switzerland,
and it has a position and investments in the entire Arab world.