Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities

This research aims to study birds in pre-Islamic Arabic poetry, adopting cultural systems as a critical approach to delve into the world of birds and their beliefs, as birds are associated with deeply rooted mythical and supernatural beliefs, and man and his destiny were the pole of these beliefs, which can be interpreted mythologically. In his fear of death, in his waging war against his enemies, in his constant quest for immortality, in his optimism and pessimism, man would recall the bird and summon from it images and conditions appropriate to his circumstances and reality. This research attempts to uncover the dimensions of this systematic relationship between birds and mythical beliefs in pre-Islamic Arabic poetry and its impact on the psyche of the Arab man at that time. It is worth noting that there are previous studies that have examined birds in pre-islamic Arabic poetry. Perhaps the most prominent study is Dr. Abdul Qadir Al-Rubai’s study.

This research aims to elucidate the temporal classification of the descriptions of night in Ibn al-Sikkīt’s Kitāb al-Alfāẓ in The Book of Words, tracing their progression from the onset of night to its middle and finally to its end. The study examines the precise terminology employed by Ibn al-Sikkīt to capture the transformations of the night, reflecting the refined linguistic sensibility of the Arabs. These designations are compared with those recorded by other linguists in various lexical sources, most of which concur with Ibn al-Sikkīt’s classifications, while a few exhibit minor temporal variations.
Moreover, the study explores the linguistic and cultural implications underlying these descriptions and highlights how the Arab aesthetic sensibility is manifested in their conceptualization of time. It also reveals Ibn al-Sikkīt’s remarkable ability to portray the stages of night through his language and expressions, thereby reflecting the depth of Arab culture in perceiving and segmenting temporal phenomena.
The research is divided into three sections: the first is concerned with the beginning of the night, the second deals with its middle, and the third discusses its end. The findings indicate that most of the designations employed by Ibn al-Sikkīt were original contributions, and that he clarified certain meanings through contextual and semantic interpretation.

This research was chosen because of the abundance of alifs in our Arabic language and the multiplicity of their functions and purposes. This can pose a challenge for learners and requires extensive research for a complete understanding.
It is not the first to address this topic, as there are specialized studies by modern scholars on this subject. However, the division of the research material that was done has not been addressed by anyone. This is what made the research stand out with a special feature, as this arrangement and classification will put the reader in front of a clear map of Arabic alifs, and we will shorten the way for him to distinguish between its problematic types. In addition to that, it has collected the old and modern names.
The lesson plan consists of an introduction, three sections, a conclusion, and a list of sources. The three sections cover the following:
Section 1: Formal Alifs.
Section 2: Morphological Alifs.
Section 3: Syntactic Alifs.
The conclusion summarizes the most important findings and benefits derived from this research.

The student of the Arabic language with contemplation and deliberation clearly sees the difference in the meanings of grammatical structures in their connotations and their role in expressing the purposes of the text product according to the units and elements of those structures and their grammatical connotation. The topic of the study was chosen because linguistic functions are among the vital, emerging titles that are open to research, induction, deduction and the emergence of new functions for any linguistic unit. Therefore, grammatical functions were chosen because they are one of the related grammatical mastery of words in Surat Al Imran, the subject of the study. The research is divided into two sections. The first is dedicated to defining mastery and functions linguistically and technically. The second section is concerned with examples and evidence. The grammatical functions of nouns, verbs, and letters in the Surah Al Imran are discussed.

“Al-Tamkun” is a term used by writers, critics, rhetoricians, and linguists to express the strength of a word in its place, its stability and constancy, and its harmony with the rest of the elements of the text, such that you find the entire text as if it were a single word. This al-Tamkun is part of the Qur’anic statement.
The aim of the present study is to demonstrate the way in which the morphological structures are able to find their proper place in the Qur’anic text, and to prove that other structures are not suitable for their place in the Qur’anic text.
Empowerment is discovered through the tools and methods used by commentators and rhetoricians to express empowerment, such as the method of transfer, substitution, replacement, altruism, and many others.
This topic is more concerned with the practical aspect than with theory. We will examine the morphological structure contained in the Holy Qur’an. Also, the paper examines the structure assumed by the rhetoricians or commentators, and to come to the origin of their linguistic position, as well as their use. The study proves with linguistic evidence based on the linguistic origin and usage and with the help of contextual clues that the Qur’anic structure is firmly established in its place and cannot be replaced by anything else.

The present study examines the importance of grape cultivation in Salah al-Din Governorate, where grapes are considered one of the main horticultural crops of both economic and nutritional value. They play a vital role in diversifying agricultural production and providing employment opportunities for rural populations.
The study was prompted by the clear variation in grape production between areas of Balad and Dujail districts, despite the presence of differing natural and human resources, raising questions about the role of geographical factors in explaining this variation.
The research problem lies in the noticeable decline in production in some areas compared to others, despite similar natural conditions in certain parts. This necessitates an analysis of the impact of both natural and human geographical factors on the spatial and temporal variation of productivity

The present study examines the importance of grape cultivation in Salah al-Din Governorate, where grapes are considered one of the main horticultural crops of both economic and nutritional value. They play a vital role in diversifying agricultural production and providing employment opportunities for rural populations.
The study was prompted by the clear variation in grape production between areas of Balad and Dujail districts, despite the presence of differing natural and human resources, raising questions about the role of geographical factors in explaining this variation.
The research problem lies in the noticeable decline in production in some areas compared to others, despite similar natural conditions in certain parts. This necessitates an analysis of the impact of both natural and human geographical factors on the spatial and temporal variation of productivity

The study aimed to investigate the spatial variation in the distribution of literacy centers in Babylon Governorate according to administrative units. The study problem was to clarify the factors affecting the variation in the level of illiteracy in Babylon Governorate. The study was determined in Babil Governorate according to its administrative units, and the research problem is represented by the following questions: What are the factors affecting the variation in the level of illiteracy in Babil Governorate? One of the study hypotheses is the variation in the level of illiteracy in the governorate between its administrative units and between rural and urban areas as well. The research relied on the descriptive analytical approach, as well as the general approach in geography based on analysis, distribution and linking. The number of schools in Babil Governorate varied, as it reached about 832 schools in the academic year 2023-2024 AD. It was also found that the Hillah Center had the largest number of schools of various types with about 289 schools, while the Hashemite Center has the least number of centers reaches to 27 schools.

This research aims to analyze climate variability in the districts of Shirqat and Dujail in Saladin Governorate, based on data from four geographically distributed hypothetical stations. Station 1 is located in northeastern Shirqat, station 2 in southwestern Shirqat, while station 3 is in south-central Dujail and station 4 in western Dujail.
The results showed a significant variation in solar radiation, with stations 3 and 4 in Dujail recording the highest annual deviation, with peak variability in summer and monthly in May. In terms of temperatures, station 4 in Dujail showed relative stability, while winter was the most variable season and March had the highest monthly deviation. As for wind speed, station 1 in Shirqat exhibited the least annual variability, with increased variability in summer and spring, particularly in June, July, and August. Relative humidity showed considerable spatial variation, with winter and spring being the most variable seasons, and January having the highest monthly values. Regarding rainfall, station 1 in Shirqat emerged as the most annually variable, with high intensity and significant variability in winter. Finally, stations 1 and 2 in Shirqat recorded the highest annual variability in evaporation, with spring and the months of April and May being the most variable. These findings highlight significant climatic variations within the studied region and their influence by geographical and seasonal factors.

This paper focuses on analyzing the spatial relationship between transportation, marketing, and agricultural production in Salah al-Din Governorate, examining how road networks, transport means, and distances affect the efficiency of marketing agricultural products. The study relies on field data collected from 500 farmers across administrative districts, supported by statistical tables and spatial maps. The results reveal that unpaved roads account for 53.2% of the total network, while ownership of transport means is concentrated in pickup vehicles (47.2%), with truck ownership remaining low at only 15%, limiting bulk transport capacity. The study also shows that farms located far from main roads, particularly those at 1 km (24.8%), face higher transport costs and longer travel times. Road quality was notably poor, with medium-quality roads at 42.8% and poor roads at 27.8%, compared to only 1.4% classified as very good. Transport costs also vary significantly, with the high-cost categories (7000–10000 IQD per ton/km) representing 25% of cases, and Al-Dujail recording an exceptionally high rate of 61% within the 10000 IQD category. Based on these findings, the research recommends improving road quality, supporting farmers in acquiring transport means, and establishing marketing centers closer to production sites to reduce costs and enhance the competitiveness of agricultural products.

The study aims to analyze the climate fluctuations of temperature and rainfall in Sulaymaniyah (35° 33′–35° 37′ N, 45° 24′–45° 29′ E) and Tikrit (34° 35′–34° 39′ N, 43° 40′–43° 45′ E) stations during the period (2000–2025) and their impact on the water balance. The problem of the study lies in understanding climate change trends, identifying the geographical and climatic factors causing the variance between the two stations, assessing the impact of these fluctuations on water resources, and proposing solutions to address their effects. The study relies on climate data recorded by the Iraqi Meteorological Authority, in addition to the use of specialized programs such as ArcGIS, Excel, and SPSS to analyze data and model climate change. The study includes an introduction and four main sections. The first section deals with the theoretical framework, while the second discusses the nature of the climate in Sulaymaniyah and Tikrit stations. Time series are analyzed to understand climate change patterns and the impact of location and topography on climate. Section three focuses on building statistical models for temperature and rainfall, analyzing climate fluctuations and their frequency in each season, using monthly and annual data, and preparing graphic maps to illustrate climate patterns. Section four examines the impact of temperature and rainfall fluctuations on the water balance. Evaporation and transpiration are calculated using the FAO Penman-Monteith model. The results show seasonal variation in water surplus and deficit, with Tikrit experiencing a water deficit almost year-round, while Sulaymaniyah experiences a deficit only in the summer. Projected future changes in water resources and recommendations for sustainable management are also addressed.

The present study seeks to examine emotional clarity and its relationship with academic self-efficacy among university students. It also aims to identify differences in these variables based on gender and academic specialization, as well as to determine the nature of the relationship between them. To achieve these objectives, the researcher developed a 20-item scale to measure emotional clarity and adopted the academic self-efficacy scale designed by Al-Jubouri (2018). Both instruments were administered to a randomly selected sample of 300 male and female university students. The findings revealed that students demonstrated emotional clarity and academic self-efficacy. No significant differences were observed with respect to gender in either variable, nor were there differences by specialization in emotional clarity. However, academic self-efficacy varied according to specialization, favoring students in the humanities. Furthermore, the results indicated a significant correlation between the two variables

The current research aims to identify the level of effective intelligence among middle school students, and to find significant differences in the variable according to gender and specialization, as well as to identify the level of social isolation and find significant differences according to the gender and specialization variables. The sample consisted of 300 male and female students who were distributed proportionally according to the gender and specialization variables. The researcher prepared a scale to measure effective intelligence and a measure of social isolation after they were presented to a committee of experts to determine the validity of the items in each measurement that he set to measure. The researcher reached the following results:
1- Middle school students have an average level of active intelligence.
2- There is no statistically significant difference in effective intelligence according to the gender variable.
3- There is no statistically significant difference in effective intelligence depending on the specialization variable.
4- Intermediate school students have a high level of social isolation.

The present study aims to identify the level of emotional blackmail among preparatory school students and to explore the statistically significant differences in this variable according to several factors: the student’s order among her siblings, repeated school years, the father’s occupation, and the mother’s occupation. The study sample consisted of (50) fifth-grade science students who were selected using the simple random sampling method. The researcher constructed an Emotional Blackmail Scale based on Susan Forward’s (1997) theory. The scale consisted of 30 items distributed across three main dimensions: fear, obligation, and guilt. After verifying the psychometric properties of the scale in terms of validity (face and construct validity) and reliability (split-half method), the results revealed that there is a noticeable level of emotional blackmail among preparatory students, while no statistically significant differences appeared according to the studied variables. Based on these results, the researchers presented several recommendations and suggestions that can be practically applied.

The aim of this study is to reveal the level of the fake self and the level of life satisfaction of a sample of students selected from the College of Education at the University of Tikrit. Also, it attempts to investigate the relationship between the two variables. In addition, the study examines possible differences in these constructs based on gender and age. A descriptive–analytical approach was adopted, and the sample included 120 students (males and females) enrolled in the College of Education for Humanities. To collect data, two instruments were utilized: the False Self Scale and the Life Satisfaction Scale.
Findings reveal that the students reported a moderate level of false self, whereas their level of life satisfaction was relatively high. Moreover, the analysis showed a weak yet statistically significant negative correlation between the two variables. With respect to differences, no gender-based variation was observed in the mean scores of the false self, while significant differences appeared by age, favoring students younger than 20 years. On the other hand, no statistically significant differences were detected in life satisfaction scores in relation to either gender or age.

This research aims to reveal the reality of tolerance values in the tenth-grade Islamic education curriculum, and the extent to which the curriculum includes these values, as perceived by teachers. The sample consisted of 58 male and female teachers in preparatory schools in Chamchamal district in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. A tolerance values questionnaire (developed by the researcher) was used. The results showed that tolerance values in the Islamic education curriculum encompassed the following: values of human self, good citizenship and community, and international peace and security. The curriculum included behaviors and knowledge that allow for an observation of the actual and observable embodiment of tolerance values. The most frequently observed tolerance values were: the emphasis on justice and equality within the Islamic concept; the emphasis on interpreting verses related to the values of forgiveness and tolerance; the emphasis on the role of cooperation in fostering love, respect, and appreciation among students; the emphasis on accepting others, fostering cooperation and communication, and being considerate of their feelings; developing the concept of brotherhood in faith and citizenship and respecting others; and the encouragement to avoid selfishness.

The present study aims at examining the effect of using quoting, summarizing, and paraphrasing strategies on EFL College Students Grammatical Accuracy, examining the effect of using quoting, summarizing, and paraphrasing strategies on EFL College Students Academic Writing Skills, and find out the correlation between Grammatical Accuracy and Grammatical Academic Skills. The sample of the study involves sixty third-year university students from the Department of English, College of Education for Humanities / University of Tikrit for the academic year 2024-2025. The involved sample who represents 34 % of it’s the original population has been divided into two equal groups, i.e. experimental and control groups. They have been equalized in terms of age, level of achievements in English in the previous academic year, parents’ academic attainment, and level of achievement in the pretest. The experimental group is taught according to quoting, summarizing, and paraphrasing strategies whereas the control group is taught according to the conventional method. In order to measure the effectiveness of the quoting, summarizing, and paraphrasing strategies, two basic tools are used. Pre and posttest are utilized to measure the students’ achievement in English. Results indicate that there are signifcant difference between the two groups’ achievement in the posttest and in favour of the experimental group. That is because the instructional strategy emphasizes active students’ engagement, interaction, and the development of higher-order thinking skills. In contrast, the traditional used method mainly depends on direct instruction and teacher-centered practice, where students play more passive role. Consequently, the use of quoting, summarizing, and paraphrasing strategies is more affective in enhancing students, academic writing academic skills and grammatical accuracy compared to the conventional method.

This study deals with exploring the relationship between digital culture and linguistic passion among EFL postgraduate students. The procedures of the quantitative approach have been adopted giving a clear explanation of digital culture and linguistic passion. The participants of the study have been involved 31 postgraduate students. To fulfil the aims of this study, the researcher has constructed a scale including 20 items as an instrument of the study. To ensure its validity, it has been exposed to some experts and suitable statistical means have been employed. After collecting and analyzing data, results have indicated that the postgraduate students have a positive level of digital culture and the level of linguistic passion among the sample as well as revealing that there is a statistically significant correlative relationship between digital culture and linguistic passion. Finally, in the light of the findings obtained, the researcher has drawn some conclusions.

The objective of the study was to assess the Effect of 5ES method on the enhancement of learning engagement among tenth-grade students in history. Employed an experimental strategy to equilibrate the two study groups. The experimental group was instructed and engaged with the subjects utilizing 5Es strategy, whilst the control group was taught the same subjects through conventional methods. The study population comprised tenth-grade high school students in central Kalar for the academic year (2025-2026). The participants are (42) students. After conducting the experiment and collecting data, the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) is used to analyze the data. Concluding that:
The use of 5ES strategies in teaching history to tenth-grade high school students has a significant effect on developing students' participation in learning compared to the conventional approach. At the end of the study, the researcher made several recommendations.

Literary texts do not usually reflect English as a means of communication. The failure to read literary texts becomes the central concern in the study of language learning and teaching. Literary texts may lead adult readers to an ambiguous understanding due to having multiple interpretations. The current study aims at finding out the effect of the dialogic reading technique within teaching method on Iraqi EFL university learners according to the dimensions of literacy skills: operational, cultural, and critical and according to tasks of story comprehension: knowledge graph construction, fact-retrieval, and prompt formulation. A pretest-posttest design with control group of quasi-experimental study method to fulfill the objectives of this study. The sample involves 120 undergraduate students at the College of Education for Women/ University of Baghdad. The overall study experiment lasts for fourteen weeks during the academic year 2024-2025. Achievement posttest is used as an instrument for measuring the performance of Iraqi EFL university learners. The results confirm statistical rejection to differences between the mean scores of the experimental group in the dimensions of literacy skills. The study concludes that the dialogic reading technique effects Iraqi EFL university learners' cultural dimension of literacy skills and fact-retrieval task of story comprehension. The study suggests that selection of text materials of different stances could improve learners' awareness and writing performance skills.

This study investigates how university EFL teachers perceive scaffolding strategies for developing communicative skills, with focus on speaking and listening in higher education where English is taught as a foreign language (EFL). Based on the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) and Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory, the study adopts a quantitative methodology to provide an extensive understanding of teachers’ perceptions through the administration of a questionnaire to a sample of 114 EFL teachers who provided quantitative data pertinent to their knowledge, beliefs, classroom practices, and perceived scaffolding challenges. Results show that teachers have mostly positive perceptions of scaffolding. Teachers highlight how peer collaboration, teacher modeling, gradual instruction, and prompt feedback enabled students to become more confident and perform better in oral activities. Despite their theoretical knowledge and favorable opinions of scaffolding, teachers report challenges such as time restraints, curriculum restrictions, and classroom diversity in putting the scaffolding into practice. This study recommends additional practical instruction and institutional support on the part of teachers due to the clear disconnect between scaffolding knowledge and practice. This study is expected to improve the overall understanding of scaffolding in EFL oral instruction in Iraqi universities. It further puts forward some constructive pedagogical implications for better scaffolding application to bridge the gap between theory and practice in the university EFL settings.