AL-Mostansiriyah journal for arabic and international studies

Abstract:
Knowledge, in terms of concept and characters, is essentially a cumulative scientific product of everything that humanity has known since time immemorial, Therefore, cognitive development has accompanied man since the beginning of creation, and has been closely and directly linked to the path of Higher Education and Scientific Research, and to all purely human and scientific broachers, That is, it has been the main axis of the scientific development that human societies have witnessed and are witnessing Thought history, the relationship between the two has been a close, symbiotic one, As knowledge increases, both in quantity and quality, the various sciences advance, and thus higher education and Scientific research develop, This is advance today, particularly through digitization, has become an unrivaled hallmark of the era, This can be observed in all aspects of life and society.in order to document the best methods and formulas for utilizing them, in an effort to continuously improve human societies, on all different human levels.

Abstract:
This paper investigates the effect of real GDP on private consumption expenditure in Iraq over the period 1971–2023, employing the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach, Johansen cointegration test, and Granger causality analysis. Unit root tests (ADF and Phillips-Perron) confirm that both variables are stationary at level I(0). The bounds F-statistic (43.797) strongly rejects the null of no long-run relationship, yielding a long-run elasticity of 0.926, consistent with Keynesian and permanent income theories. However, Granger causality tests reveal no direct causality from GDP to consumption, reflecting Iraq\'s rentier economy structure where oil-financed government expenditure mediates income-to-consumption transmission. Diagnostic tests confirm structural stability, with ARCH effects attributed to oil price shocks. The study provides an analytical framework for understanding private consumption dynamics in resource-dependent economies and informing fiscal and social policy in Iraq.

Abstract
This study forecasts international tourism demand in Karbala Governorate for the 2026–2030 period, employing the Box-Jenkins methodology for time-series modeling based on 2010–2025 data. The findings demonstrate the ARIMA model's superior efficiency in managing structural breaks from previous security and health crises through statistical flexibility. The results reveal a sustainable upward trajectory, highlighting the tourism sector's resilience and capacity for growth despite historical challenges, thereby offering decision-makers a robust econometric tool for anticipating future demand pressures

Abstract
This research addresses the foundations and analyzes the pillars of the principle of sovereignty in Islamic thought, historically and legislatively, and the intellectual and ideological transformations that this concept has undergone. The research attempts to answer central questions about sovereignty as a political theory based on God's complete sovereignty over Islamic legislation and divine laws, making them the source of the Islamic state. Sovereignty emerged historically with the political thought of the Kharijites in their relationship with the rulers of their time. The Kharijites considered sovereignty a fixed intellectual and ideological system in their political behavior. Sovereignty also moved to a new stage with the theories of the Pakistani thinker Abu al-A'la al-Mawdudi, who lived before the declaration of Pakistan's independence in 1947 in a tense relationship with the Hindu majority. He tried, through sovereignty, to establish an Islamic identity distinct from his own. Sayyid Qutb developed the sovereignty advocated by al-Mawdudi into a more extreme form in his relationship with rulers and Islamic societies as well. He considered the non-implementation of God's rulings and the laws of the Holy Quran as an indication of the rulers' disbelief and the ignorance of societies.

Abstract
Egyptian-Saudi relations fluctuated during the period (2011-2018), rising and falling during the era of Egyptian monarchy, but overall, their general framework was characterized by improvement and development in all fields. Tensions, however, were the prominent feature during the period 1962-1967, after which relations returned to their normal course following the removal of sources of disagreement and conflict between them. Saudi Arabia supported the Mubarak regime during the events of January 25, 2011, and sought to prevent its fall. Relations were not good with the military council (2011-2012), and they further deteriorated during President Mohamed Morsi’s tenure (2012-2013) due to strong alignment between him and the Muslim Brotherhood. Relations saw a leap forward during President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi's era (2014-2018), as Saudi Arabia supported the suppression of pro-Morsi protests in Nahda and Rabaa al-Adawiya squares. The general characteristic of economic and military relations during the period under study was that they maintained a steady, continuous, and stable pace, reflecting both countries’ interest in these fields.

Abstract:
This study analyzes the impact of contemporary cultural industries on national identity from the perspective of public policy and state institutional regulation, tracing the formation of the dominant global cultural model and its effects through threatening cultural sovereignty, undermining cultural security, and co-opting the creative economy, while diagnosing the structural factors behind states' inability to respond. Drawing on the political economy of culture alongside concepts of cultural sovereignty, value chains, and digital governance, with comparative analysis of selected cultural policy experiences, the study finds that challenges to national identity are now linked to regulatory deficiencies, weak cultural investment, competitive gaps, and fragile digital infrastructure. It argues that addressing these imbalances requires redefining cultural sovereignty as a flexible regulatory capacity encompassing the digital dimension, and building a productive national culture through public policies that strengthen state regulation, develop investment, reposition national products within value chains, and govern the digital space.

Abstract
The Iraqi judicial authority is regarded as the principal body responsible for the settlement of disputes within the Iraqi democratic system. It undertakes the administration of the judiciary and other constitutional institutions, in addition to performing the task of interpreting constitutional and legal texts and adjudicating on the constitutionality of laws. Throughout the history of modern Iraq, the judiciary has passed through several stages in terms of independence, reaching its lowest levels during the dictatorial regime between 1977 and 2003, when the judicial authority became subordinate to the executive authority, represented by the Ministry of Justice under the rule of the dissolved Revolutionary Command Council. With the establishment of the democratic system in Iraq, the Iraqi judiciary regained its independence through the re-establishment of the Supreme Judicial Council as an authority independent from the executive branch, entrusted with overseeing decisions issued by the government. The permanent Iraqi Constitution of 2005 further affirmed and supported judicial authority and its independence through constitutional provisions explaining the functions and competencies of the judicial authority within the permanent Iraqi Constitution

Abstract
This study examines the phenomenon of institutional blockage within the Iraqi political system after 2003 by analyzing the nature of the relationship between constitutional authorities and the role of independent bodies in maintaining political balance. It explains how internal partisan balances and external interventions contributed to weakening the effectiveness of constitutional institutions, leading to the suspension of reform paths and the continuation of a state of stagnation. The study relies on an analytical methodology to understand the impact of the lack of genuine activation of the independence of oversight bodies on the stability of the political system and assumes that institutional blockage is directly linked to the weakness of constitutional reforms and the failure to enable independent bodies to perform their functions in oversight and promoting transparency, which negatively affects the building of effective state institutions

Abstract:
A state's foreign policy is shaped by its national characteristics, the values and perceptions of its policymakers, and the surrounding international and regional environment. This, in turn, raises the question of the capabilities and effectiveness of its external role, and the gap between resources and capabilities and their actual impact. In this sense, the importance of understanding the determinants, pillars, and philosophy of Russian foreign policy toward Egypt in the Middle East becomes clear. The Middle East is witnessing much turmoil and complexity in its issues, as well as the intervention of many competing regional and international powers, It is certain, however, that Russia’s foreign policy toward Egypt is long-standing; while it experienced its heyday during the 1950s and 1960s, its roots extend far deeper than that. Indeed, the visions of the Russian Federation and Egypt have aligned on various issues, and the strategies of both nations have been characterized by clear constants—foremost among them: preserving the independence and territorial integrity of states; supporting existing national institutions, particularly the military and police; depriving terrorist elements of all sources of financial or military support; and working toward a political resolution to the conflicts plaguing the region

Abstract:
The Baltic Sea region witnessed intense rivalry over maritime dominance among regional powers, notably Sweden on one side and Russia, Denmark–Norway, and Poland on the other, culminating in the Great Northern War (1700–1721). The conflict was not sudden but rooted in rising tensions during the 1690s, driven by competition over influence and strategic ports. It unfolded amid major political and military transformations, as Russia, under Peter the Great, sought access to the Baltic and a stronger international position, while Sweden aimed to preserve its regional supremacy. Alliances, particularly with Saxony–Poland and Denmark, expanded the war and gave it a broader international dimension. This study examines the war’s role in reshaping the balance of power in Eastern Europe by analyzing the pre-war equilibrium, the causes of Sweden’s decline, and the factors behind Russia’s rise, with particular focus on the impact of the Battle of Poltava (1709). The research adopts a historical-analytical and comparative approach to understand the conflict and its outcomes.

Abstract
The Nili network emerged as the first organized intelligence operation in Palestine, during a period marked by political and military instability in the region. This network was established within an organized environment that reshaped the nature of relations between the major powers. Its importance is evident in its role in the period preceding World War I, as it paved the way for a new phase in modern history. The network worked to gather field information concerning the movements of the Ottoman army and transmit it to Britain. This information contributed to the success of the British offensive on most fronts. The Nili experience illustrates the role that spy networks can play in restructuring the political and security landscape during wars. Nili sought to utilize espionage as a means of securing international recognition. The discovery of the organization sparked controversy, leading to its eventual collapse

Abstract
In recent years, the world has witnessed a wide-ranging digital transformation that has contributed to reshaping the nature of government service delivery. Institutions have become required to adopt digital strategies based on advanced infrastructure, automated processes, supportive leadership, personnel with digital competencies, and systems characterized by stability and security. Accordingly, this research aims to analyze the impact of digital transformation, through its dimensions represented by digital infrastructure, business process reengineering and reduction of paper-based procedures, leadership and top management support, employee readiness and digital competencies, and the stability of systems and networks and data security, on improving service quality in its dimensions of reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy, ease of access, and information quality at the Directorate of Civil Status, Passports, and Residence in Baghdad.
The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, and data were collected through an electronic questionnaire distributed to a random sample of (100) employees. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyze the data. The results revealed a significant and positive effect of all dimensions of digital transformation on enhancing service quality. Business process reengineering and the reduction of paper-based procedures had the greatest impact, followed by system stability and the accuracy of digital information. The findings also indicated a need to enhance employees’ skills and further develop the digital infrastructure in order to increase the efficiency of electronic services and improve the beneficiary experience.
The study concludes with several recommendations, most notably the development of digital infrastructure, strengthening training programs for employees, leadership support for digital transformation initiatives, improvement of electronic interfaces, and enhancement of data security to achieve an effective and sustainable digital transformation.

Abstract:
This research aims to uncover the hidden dimensions of \"greenwashing\" and its negative socioeconomic impacts that hinder the path to a just transition. The study is based on the premise that environmental initiatives that disregard ethical standards and social responsibility inevitably become \"environmental deception,\" shifting costs onto the most vulnerable communities. The research employs a deductive-analytical approach, supported by real-world case studies and utilizing the \"doughnut economy\" model as a benchmark. The study\'s key conclusion is that a genuine green transition is not achieved simply by reducing emissions, but by ensuring that the \"ecological ceiling\" is not exceeded while maintaining a \"social minimum.\" Ignoring this balance leads to what is known as \"green colonialism.\"

Abstract:
This research aims to demonstrate the role of compliance auditing in enhancing the transparency of financial reports, in accordance with the Supreme Audit Institutions\\' (SAI) manual. The research is based on several| hypo theses, the most important of which is: (The readiness of the institutional framework and thoughts of compliance auditing, according to the INTOSAI standard (ISSAI 400), is positively and statistically significantly correlated with the transparency of public sector financial reports). The research employed a descriptive and analytical approach to data analysis, utilizing a screening questionnaire to examine and identify gaps in the application of the aforementioned standard, and conducting personal interviews with officials at the General Directorate of Water. Among the most prominent findings is: (Adherence to INTOSAI standards, particularly (ISSAI 400), leads to more reliable results through the auditing and control processes followed according to this standard, thus contributing to improved quality of auditing operations). Furthermore, the research recommendations include: (Raising the level of transparency in the accuracy of audit and control results through the reliability and clarity of compliance audit reports, thereby increasing public trust In public sector institutions, ensuring their involvement in sound decision-making and accountability)