Nanar Journal for Humanities and Social Sciences

Recreational services in the city are a social, civilizational and cultural necessity at the same time, because they have an important impact on human comfort and contribute greatly to the continuity of human life. The research came with the aim of studying these services and their geographical distribution in the city of Medhatiya (one of the cities of Babylon Governorate) and identifying the types of entertainment services currently available and their suitability with the requirements of the population and their efficiency with the planning standards approved in Iraq.
The research relied primarily on a field study of the process of inventorying recreational services because many of them were not registered in state departments by relying on questionnaire forms, field visits to recreational areas, and data from the Babylon Municipalities Directorate. The results of the research showed that there is a discrepancy in the level of distribution of recreational services, some of which are related to their poor distribution, numbers, and area, as they were concentrated in some neighborhoods of the city and absent in other neighborhoods in a way that is not compatible with the size of the population, in addition to the creation of residential neighborhoods after 2003 at the expense of other services, including entertainment.

The research aims to understand the concept of scientific media and its role in the academic community, to identify and define modern scientific media applications used by the academic community, and to identify the forms of scientific media available through the university's website. The descriptive approach was used, focusing on scientific media and its role in the academic community at Al-Mustansiriya University.Among the most important findings of the research are the following:1- The highest percentage, estimated at 80%, was for the paragraph "Improving the performance of academic institutions ranking first. The second paragraph, at 70%, indicated that scientific media helps facilitate access to information, ranking second. The lowest percentage, according to the research sample, was for the paragraph Making information available online ranking last.2- The highest percentage (83.3%) was for the reasons for activating scientific media in the academic community through the development of information technology, ranking first. The second item, with a percentage of (76.7%), was for the item "increased internet use in the academic community," ranking second. The lowest percentage was for the item "access to available information sources" by the research sample (53.3%), ranking last..
The research came up with several recommendations:
1- Encourage the research sample members and researchers to share their experiences and knowledge through blogs and scientific forums.
2- Encourage the research sample members and researchers to invest
in scientific media appropriately.

The study examined the effectiveness of immediate feedback in improving sixth grade pupils performance and accuracy in solving science assignments. A quasi-experimental design was applied to a sample of 30 female pupils at Al-Hudiabiya Primary School for Girls, affiliated with General Directorate Education in Babil province during the academic year 2024-2025.The study tested hypotheses related to the effect of immediate feedback on pupils performance and the correlation with classroom participation, assignment completion time and the amount of improvement. The researcher prepared an achievement test consisting of (20) item-achievement test. Analysis included paired samples t-test, Pearson correlations and simple linear regression.
The results showed that immediate feedback effectively improved sixth grade pupils performance in science. The mean score increased from 10.47 (pre-test) to 15.07(post-test). A paired samples t-test showed a statistically significant difference the two means ( t= 21.14 , p < 0.0001) , indicating an average gain of 4.6 points.
A strong positive correlation was also found between the number of class participations and the amount of improvement (r = 0.7332). The regression model indicated that each additional participation was associated with a 0.52 points increase in achievement. In contrast, a strong negative correlation was found between assignment completion time and the amount of improvement (r = -0.7413), suggesting that each additional minute of assignment completion time was associated with a decrease of approximately 0.19 point in improvement. This indicates an inverse correlation between the two variables, reflecting a behavioral pattern that reflects differences in students' proficiency and performance within an active learning environment.
Furthermore, a very strong negative correlation was recorded between the number of class participations and assignment completion time (r = -0.9659), This finding suggests that greater classroom interaction significantly reduces assignment completion time, highlighting the role of immediate feedback in enhancing task efficiency through improved understanding.
These results confirm the effectiveness of immediate feedback in improving academic achievement and highlight the importance of integrating it into an active classroom environment that supports interactive learning and positive learning behaviors.

The study examined the effectiveness of immediate feedback in improving sixth grade pupils performance and accuracy in solving science assignments. A quasi-experimental design was applied to China's minimum deterrence strategy has long been a cornerstone of its national security policy, aiming to maintain the minimum nuclear capabilities necessary for deterrence without engaging in an extensive nuclear arms race. This strategy reflects a dual economic and military rationale, balancing defensive capacity with the preservation of national resources to support economic development. However, rising tensions with the United States, coupled with regional security challenges such as Taiwan and strategic maritime interests, have prompted China to accelerate the modernization and expansion of its nuclear arsenal, including increases in warhead numbers, improvements in long-range missile accuracy, and enhancements in concealment and maneuverability capabilities. This expansion raises questions regarding the credibility of China's traditional minimum deterrence strategy and suggests a gradual shift toward a more advanced nuclear posture capable of ensuring deterrence across various regional and global scenarios while strengthening China's strategic influence. Evaluatively, the minimum deterrence approach still provides essential security guarantees and helps mitigate the risk of an excessive arms race. Nevertheless, its practical credibility depends on China's ability to maintain a balance between the minimum nuclear force required for deterrence and the continuous development of its military capabilities to preserve deterrence credibility before both international and regional actors.

The seventies of the last century witnessed profound transformations on both the regional and international levels, most notably the developments in the Arab-Israeli conflict and the growing political presence of the Palestine Liberation Organization ,Giscard d’Estaing’s policy toward the Palestinian cause (1974–1981) was characterized by pragmatism and a careful effort to strike a delicate balance between supporting the rights of the Palestinian people on the one hand, and maintaining strategic relations with Israel on the other. This approach was framed within the traditional French foreign policy of “independence” and “dialogue with all parties.” D’Estaing role a distinctive role through his implicit recognition of the PLO as the legitimate representative of the Palestinian people.

Every interpreter, fundamentalist, and jurist must be knowledgeable of the Arabic language and insightful because the two main sources of Islamic jurisprudence which are the book of God and the Sunnah of his prophet, came in the Arabic language. Many of the legal ruling, deduced from the Arabic language in terms of its grammar, morphology reality, and metaphor.
Since the Arabic language has great importance in understanding the texts of the Qur'an, changing meanings and differing rulings, and even knowing the legislative objectives of many of the rulings .
Scientists have devoted themselves to studying the Arabic language and Knowing its secrets, and they have established scientific controls to use as evidence in understanding the Qur'anic text correctly and accurately, and then deriving jurisprudential rulings from it therefore, we find books of Islamic interpretation, principles, and jurisprudence full of linguistic evidence, such as poetry, prose, and saying, of the respected imams of the language .

The current research aims to identify the proactive personality among university students and to identify the significance of differences in proactive personality among university students according to the variables of gender (males vs. females) and specialization (science vs. humanities). The research sample consisted of 416 male and female students from the University of Anbar, with 204 males and 212 females, comprising 205 male and female students enrolled in science colleges and 211 male and female students enrolled in humanities colleges. The researchers adopted a proactive personality scale consisting of (45) items. The validity and reliability of the scale were determined using appropriate statistical methods. The research reached the following results: Anbar University students have a proactive personality, and the level of proactive personality is higher among males than among females. Similarly, the level of proactive personality is higher among humanities students than among science students.

In recent decades, Western thought has witnessed a paradigmatic shift in its perception of nature and the cosmos, embodied in what is known as Green Theology. This movement seeks to merge environmental consciousness with religious belief, reaching in some of its formulations the deification of the Earth itself under the notion of the “Gaia Goddess.” The contemporary environmental creed redefines the human–nature relationship by portraying nature as a living sacred entity endowed with spirit and will, where harming it constitutes an “ecological sin” requiring collective repentance, This theological orientation emerged within postmodern culture, which strives to transcend revealed religions by replacing the transcendent Creator with the sanctity of matter and organic life. Thus, it represents a modern revival of ancient pagan worldviews expressed in philosophical and scientific terms, The importance of this research lies in addressing a global intellectual–theological phenomenon that reflects a fundamental transformation in contemporary spirituality and challenges the monotheistic worldview, The central problem can be summarized in the question: Does the contemporary environmental creed represent a new form of paganism that threatens the Islamic concept of Tawḥīd and creation? The study adopts an analytical and comparative methodology to examine the doctrinal foundations of Green Theology, trace its philosophical roots, and contrast them with the Islamic creed, highlighting the Qur’ānic perspective that harmonizes stewardship and civilization without drifting toward deification.

The research included the idea of planting previously uncultivated trees in the study area. These trees should possess desirable characteristics for creating a dense green belt in the region. Perhaps the two most important points to consider when thinking about planting trees to form a green wall are:
Nidhar Journal of Human and Social Sciences
First: These trees must be able to withstand drought and water scarcity, as the study area suffers from climate change, which has affected rainfall levels and depleted water resources, similar to other regions of Iraq.
Second: These trees should be self-sustaining; meaning they do not require care and maintenance from manual labor or farmers. This is due to the government's lack of attention to this aspect, as it does not work to ensure the sustainability of any project it undertakes, ultimately leading to its decline and decay. Accordingly, ten trees with specifications matching the climate of Iraq and the study area were selected, and which meet the required conditions for their cultivation in the city of Najaf. These are: Winter Acacia, Salinga Acacia, Purple Silk Tree, Brazia, Egyptian Oleander, King's Whiskers, Southern Oak, Japanese Hyacinth, Tropical Almond, Arabian Acacia.

Interest in anthropology from the outside world was modest, and its influence was usually confined to academic circles, rarely playing a role in the public life of the anthropological community itself. But this is now changing, as a growing number of non-academics in the West have discovered that anthropology represents certain fundamental insights into the human condition, which can be applied in many Non-academics in the West understand anthropology as representing certain fundamental insights into the human condition, which can be applied in many everyday and behavioral situations. Anthropology is the study of humans and how humanity has developed throughout history - although anthropology these days encompasses much more than that The subject of the study, the statement of the questions that constitute the objectives that the study seeks to achieve, and the statement of the importance of the subject and its three areas (temporal, spatial, and human) in the first section, and then the direction in the second section towards defining the basic concepts of the subject such as (the network of social relations, work, professions, home).

This thesis examines and analyzes the social and cultural dynamics of the real estate brokerage profession (dalal) in the Al-Bayda neighborhood (Al-Talabiya district) in Baghdad. This profession belongs to the informal economy and constitutes a rich field of study for anthropological investigation. Adopting a qualitative ethnographic anthropological approach, the research relied on the tools of participatory observation and semi-structured interviews. It also deconstructs the relationships that this profession forges with the local community, and with formal and informal structures, in light of the urban, legal, and livelihood transformations that occurred after 2003. It focuses on the fact that the brokerage office is not only a site for concluding real estate transactions, but rather a social space in which trust is produced and reproduced.

The nineteenth century AD witnessed a sharp competition between Russia and Britain over colonies. At a time when there was a European colonial movement in Africa led by Britain, Asia was in a similar movement led by Russia, taking into account the difference in motives, after Russia’s defeat in the Crimean War of 1853-1856. Russia intensified its expansionist movement in Central Asia towards Iran, Afghanistan and India, which led to its clash with Britain, which was defending its interests in India and its neighboring countries.
In addition to Russia's tireless efforts to obtain, in various ways, a homeland for itself in the Arabian Gulf region, Britain was quick to stand in the way of Russia's ambitions in the Arabian Gulf region by all available means.

The crime of torture is considered one of the most prevalent crimes nowadays, which falls primarily on the accused as well as on the witness and expert requested by the court, where some interrogators extract confessions by inhumane means when the accused insists on denying and no other evidence has arisen against him, as the interrogator often uses torture as a means of extracting a confession As a result, some of the defendants confess to crimes of which they are not aware except to pay for the torture they are subjected to temporarily, and as a result of the effects of coercion from attaching charges to innocent people and their confession thereof, positive laws have stipulated the prohibition of the use of illegal means to influence the accused, including the amended Iraqi Code of Criminal Procedure Article 127 of the Iraqi Penal Code No. 111 of 1969 also considers the use of cruelty against defendants as a crime punishable by imprisonment for a period not exceeding one year or a fine thereof, as well as in Article 333, which punishes an employee or person in charge of a public service with imprisonment or imprisonment if the accused is tortured or ordered to be tortured. Public (the accused is innocent until proven guilty)
The research also addresses the legislative deficiency in the content of the text of Article 333 of the Penal Code, which does not provide a penalty for the perpetrator of the crime of torture when the act results in the death of the victim as a result of the act of torture, and the legislator left the determination of the punishment to the general rules according to Article 410 of the Penal Code, which is the crime of beating leading to death, as the research included a set of proposals that address the legislative deficiency and prevent the spread of this crime

This research which entitled "The Aesthetics of Intertextuality in the Poetry of Redha Sayeed Ja'afar," is structured as the following organization: an introduction, two sections, and conclusions. In the introduction I tackle the meaning of intertextuality in language and terminology, and scholars' viewpoints toward the concept of the intertextuality . The first section addresses the meaning of aesthetic, its concept, and the most famous authors who wrote on on the aesthetic and intertextuality. Whereas the second section is an applied study titled "Manifestations of Intertextuality in the Poetry of Redha Sayeed Ja'afar." I traced in this section the types of intertextuality that the poet addressed, as it represented in the names of Surahs and Quranic texts as well . Literary intertextuality, on the other hand, is represented by intertextuality with certain poets, as well as intertextuality with the novel. My study relied on the descriptive approach, coupled with an analytical instrument as a method that appropriate to the topic

This research dealt with one of the rights that Islamic law has established for minors; which is their right to life, as it is one of the most important rights established for all minors. The research was focused on explaining the concept of minors in Islamic law and Iraqi law, and that this concept includes everyone who is unable to manage his own affairs well, Therefore, this concept deals with the fetus, the boy, the imbecile, the foolish, the insane, the missing person, the prisoner, and others who are unable to manage their affairs. Then the research aimed to conduct a comparison of the right of the minor to life between Islamic law and Iraqi law, and the research concluded that the view of Islamic law was more profound and broader in defining this concept and establishing rights for him, and taking preventive measures that would be sufficient to preserve his right, The research also concluded that many provisions of Iraqi law were derived from Islamic law. The research then concluded by explaining the objectives of Islamic law in preserving the right of minors to life.

Modern slavery in supply chains is a complex and multidimensional phenomenon, going beyond traditional notions of slavery to include exploitative practices to which workers in global supply chains are often relatively consistent. With globalization and growing corporate competitiveness, supply chains have become a fertile environment for the emergence of various types of slavery, such as forced labour and labour abuse. Especially in sectors that depend on cheap labor, such as manufacturing, agriculture, mining, and other industries .It should be noted that the prevalence of modern slavery in supply chains raises a legal, ethical and economic problem that needs to be addressed, especially since many large companies may be generally or indirectly involved in these practices through their suppliers and subcontractors. Despite international and national efforts to curb this phenomenon, there are still legislative and regulatory loopholes that allowsome companies to of exploiting individuals in covert ways that are not in line with labour laws and human rights standards. Within these circumstances, recent legislation over the last decade has called the exploitation of workers by corporations with the aim of doubling profits "modern slavery" by referring to the state of exploitation of the needs of societies or individuals to such an extent that they lose the ability to choose the place or type of work they practice. The British legislator was the first to do so, as the first legislation mentioned the term "modern slavery" was issued in the United Kingdom and regulated through the Modern Slavery Act issued in (2015), the Australian federal legislation Modern slavery act andthe New South Wales legislation of the New South Wales state of (2018), and in the same year (2018) the Canadian bill was submitted. Bill c-423 the modern slavery act was issued in 2023 under the name "Fighting Against Forced Labour and Child Labour in Supply Chains Act", as well as France's 2017 Supply Chain Due Diligence Act that obliges companies to develop a vigilance plan to ensure that there are no human rights violations in their supply chains.
Accordingly, this research seeks to root the conceptual framework of modern slavery in supply chains, by analyzing its definitions, forms, and the reason for the interdependence between it and supply chains that led to its spread in this type of commercial activity. Therefore, it was necessary to divide this research into three basic demands; we devote the first requirement to research the concept of modern slavery idiomatically, while we devote the second requirement to research the cause of the interdependence between the concepts of modern slavery and supply chains, to conclude the third requirement by identifying the most important forms of modern slavery within the scope of supply chains

After 1967, the occupied Palestinian territories entered a new phase marked by the stagnation of the political settlement process, especially following the freeze of the Oslo Accords. The Fatah movement realized that Israel was not serious about achieving peace, which led it to prepare for the possibility of renewed confrontation by organizing military training in the late 1990s. The increasing Israeli violations convinced Palestinians that the phase was merely a temporary truce rather than a genuine peace, deepening public skepticism about the viability of the peaceful path.

The research essentially explores the hypothesis of the transformation of the image of women in the discourse presented in Iraqi feminist novels, aiming to clarify the nature of this image in terms of stagnation and stability or transformation and change, in accordance with the tenets of gender theory and modern feminist studies. I have chosen to present the research in an introduction and two sections; the first of which deals with the theoretical and gender framework of the image of women in the novel, and it contains two subsections. The first subsection The first section examines the concept of gender and its impact on literary studies, while the second explores the evolution of the image of women in modern Iraqi literature. The second section analyzes contemporary Iraqi novels, comprising two parts: the first examines the representation of women between tradition and liberation, using selected examples; the second explores the narrative techniques that reinforce feminist discourse. The section concludes with a summary of key findings and a list of sources and references.
This research is a crucial intellectual endeavor within its field, as no existing studies have addressed the concept of the transformation of the image of women in contemporary novels. Instead, there are general and specialized studies focusing on feminist novels.

Iraq's environment today suffers from serious problems that threaten its natural balance and hinder potential economic and social development. Desertification is one such problem.
Desertification can be considered a form of pollution, as defined by experts. It is both a consequence and a cause of pollution. Its contribution stems from the fact that Iraq's environment suffers from severe water pollution due to increased salinity, as well as soil and air pollution from industrial and domestic waste, in addition to other forms of pollutio The radiation resulting from wars, coupled with the declining water levels year after year, all contribute to climate change, the deterioration of vegetation cover, the resulting decrease in agricultural land, the degradation of its biological capacity, and ultimately, desertification.
It is worth noting that Iraq ranks tenth among Arab countries in terms of desertified area, which amounts to 167,000 square kilometers, equivalent to 38.4% of Iraq's total area.

Alternative penalties for cancellation are a very important means of protection in the benefits of the contractual bond, except for its effects and the waste of its effects, which helps to preserve contractual relations through contracts that completely prevent it, while respecting the contracting party and enjoying the effects of the heat that disturbs the clarity in transactions and the financial incurrence that may be large, as well as executive subscriptions, since the origin of contracts is implementation and not termination, and among the penalties that can be used as an alternative to cancellation is the offset, including part of the failure to implement the conference, and partial cancellation as a penalty for the failure of one of the departments necessary for the contract, and finally the penalty and compensation for the delay or defective implementation or the elimination of implementation that causes harm to the creditor and keeping the association association existing and producing its effects.

Mortgage is of paramount importance in increasing trust in commercial transactions, even between contracting parties. Its purpose is to increase trust and credit in transactions, and it also has an impact on economic growth. Mortgages are not new, as they have appeared since the Roman era. French civil law took its provisions from the Romans, and then other laws, such as Egyptian and Iraqi law. They are mentioned in the Holy Quran and the Sunnah. The Iraqi legislator addressed the possessory mortgage in Chapter Two (Articles 1321-133), while Articles 1334-1345 devoted to the effects of the mortgage. We note that all Arab codes are almost identical in terms of definition and characteristics, except for some phrases. Upon returning to their origins, we find that they have a meaning that is almost the same. For example, the Iraqi legislator used the term "justice hand," while the Egyptian legislator used "guardian," and both have the same function.
All provisions of the laws stipulate duties for both parties to the contract, the most important of which are the duties of the mortgagee creditor

The contemporary environment is witnessing increasing threats as a result of uncontrolled industrial growth and the unplanned expansion of activities in the economic field, especially those carried out by major private legal entities, particularly in the industrial sector and the oil and derivatives extraction sector, which has led to increased pollution rates and environmental degradation. The social and health damage has worsened, necessitating decisive legal intervention to protect the environment as a shared resource of humanity.
In this context, criminal law no longer holds only natural persons accountable, but has evolved to include legal entities, particularly private legal entities, for criminal acts committed within their activities or in their name. Environmental crimes are among these.
These actions are particularly striking due to their collective nature and far-reaching effects across time and space.
Accordingly, this research aims to highlight the legal and jurisprudential basis for the criminal liability of companies for environmental crimes, and then to clarify the elements of an environmental crime committed by a legal entity, while reviewing the penalties stipulated in this context according to Iraqi law and international approaches.

Summary: The Arabs before Islam gave great importance to the conclusion of alliances, which were done according to certain rituals to confirm the alliance before the gods (idols) and swear before them to abide by the alliance, which is also called the covenant, in addition to lighting a fire known to them as the fire of the alliance, which the two allies pass over, and salt and sulfur are placed in that fire so that it burns and frightens the two allies from not abiding by the covenant, in addition to the fact that the terms of the covenant were recorded in a newspaper and with the testimony of witnesses, in addition to holding a feast for the two allies.

The study of the Prophet's biography is among the most important and significant historical studies, as it represents a pivotal turning point in world history. It marks the early beginnings of Islam in the Arabian Peninsula, which subsequently brought to light the figure of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), a figure who played a pivotal role in changing the course of history. Given the importance of this subject, we delved into one of the most important books on the Prophet's biography, "The Signs of Prophethood and Knowledge of the Life of the Prophet" by al-Hafiz Abu Bakr al-Bayhaqi (d. 458 AH). Examining its narrations proved beneficial in understanding the general accounts of the Prophet's life, particularly those related to the Prophet's biography The first axis was entitled: Mythology as a concept, while the second came under the title of the mythology of the prophecy according to Al-Bayhaqi in the narrations of the woman who offered herself to Abdullah bin Abdul Muttalib, the father of the Messenger (peace be upon him), as it included the story of Waraqa bin Nawfal’s sister, as well as the story of the Khath’amite woman, and finally the story of the second wife of Abdullah bin Abdul Muttalib (peace be upon him), and the third axis was entitled: The mythology of the prophecy of the Messenger (peace be upon him) before birth, as told by the rabbis, monks, and priests, which included firstly - the narration of the Jewish rabbi on Abdul Muttalib’s winter journey to Yemen, secondly - the narration of the monk of Syria on the prophecy of the Messenger (peace be upon him) and his name before birth..

Focusing on building a loyal and well-informed internal audience is one of the key elements that contribute to the success of any institution, as this audience plays a fundamental role in fostering a sense of belonging and loyalty, which in turn enhances institutional performance and reputation.
An institution’s audience is typically divided into two main types: the internal audience and the external audience—or, in the context of public relations, the employee audience (internal) and the client audience (external). Both types are equally important in influencing the institution’s success and public image.
This study focuses on the internal audience of the University of Fallujah, specifically its faculty members, under the title: “The Mental Image of the University of Fallujah Among Its Faculty Members and Its Role in Enhancing Job Satisfaction.” The research seeks to explore the nature of the university’s mental image as perceived by its faculty and its impact on job satisfaction. This mental image plays a crucial role in fostering loyalty, belonging, and the commitment of effort and time—ultimately contributing to the university’s development and success.
The study sample consisted of 110 faculty members, selected from across 7 colleges, representing approximately 20% of the total faculty body at the University of Fallujah (550 members), according to official statistics published on the university’s website.
The researcher employed a questionnaire as the main tool for data collection, which was distributed electronically through the official faculty WhatsApp groups designated for each college.
The study is divided into three main sections: the first outlines the methodological framework; the second discusses the concept of the mental image, job satisfaction, and the factors that influence it; and the third covers the practical aspect of the research, including data analysis, interpretation of results, and presentation of findings and recommendations

The major transformations that Iraq witnessed had a clear impact on the country’s political and social conditions. Their effects became evident beginning with the repercussions of the Gulf War—led by the United States following Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait—continuing through the harsh economic sanctions, and culminating in the U.S. invasion of Iraq, which was preceded by severe internal crises
Amidst these complex circumstances, the religious authority (Marja‘iyya) in Najaf al-Ashraf emerged as a moral and spiritual force with profound influence in guiding and directing society during those difficult periods. Through its wise initiatives and reformist positions, it sought to preserve the community’s balance and stability in the face of successive crises, drawing upon the principles of Islamic law and the values of justice and humanity
The Marja‘iyya has always played a central role in confronting social, economic, and political challenges. It worked to strengthen the spirit of social solidarity among the people of Najaf and to mitigate the effects of poverty and deprivation caused by the economic blockade. This was achieved through encouraging charitable and humanitarian initiatives, directing its followers to adhere to religious values as a means of endurance and steadfastness At the political level, the Marja‘iyya played a pivotal role in shaping public awareness through its measured sermons, which aimed to promote social peace, reject all forms of injustice and tyranny, and defend citizens’ rights by all means consistent with the public interest and the preservation of the nation’s integrity
Therefore, this study focuses on the role of the religious authority in Najaf during this critical period due to its great historical and scholarly significance. It highlights the nature of the relationship between religion and politics in Iraqi society, and explains how the Marja‘iyya, as a religious institution, managed to maintain a balance between the realities of the time and the pressures exerted by the ruling regime. Despite severe restrictions such as house arrest, limitations on sermons and religious visits, and even the physical elimination of some scholars, the Marja‘iyya preserved its religious and
The importance of this study lies in analyzing the evidence and positions adopted by the Marja‘iyya at that time, and in revealing its methods of dealing with crises, in order to understand its role in building public awareness and strengthening national identity during one of the most difficult periods in Iraq’s modern history

This research offers a contextualized analysis of the main consequences for Brazilian education resulting from the revolutionary movement of 1930, which brought an end to the Old Republic, also known as the “Republic of the Colonels.” With the arrival of Getúlio Vargas at the Catete Palace, the seat of the Federal Government, the so-called “coffee-with-milk politics” came to an end. In the first phase of the so-called “Vargas Era” (1930–1937), the author examines the following initiatives: the creation of the Ministry of Education and Public Health; the reform of secondary and higher education (1931), also known as the Francisco Campos Reform, named after the then Minister of Education and Public Health; the Manifesto of the Pioneers of New Education (1932); the Federal Constitution of 1934; and educational reform projects originating from civil society. In the second period, from 1937 to 1945, the text addresses the following themes: the Federal Constitution of 1937; the Organic Laws of Education; the organization of technical education; primary education and teacher training through the Normal Course, concluding with an analysis of the Federal Constitution of 1946.