Alustath Journal for Human and Social Sciences

This paper evaluates the appropriateness of ‘Power Up 5’ in Sterling schools in Iraq from the
aspects of Design & Layout, Subject & Content, Activities and skills from the teachers’ perspectives.
The study followed the quantitative approach where a questionnaire was adopted from a previous
study which was made regarding the same objectives and research questions. Adapted from Litz
(2005). The data were gathered by distributing the questionnaire to 55 English teachers in Sterling
schools in Iraq through a 5 Likert scale questionnaire. The results of the analysis are generally in
favour of the textbook regarding research questions and the appropriateness to Iraqi students in
grade 5. The textbook can be adopted with ease in Iraqi public schools to grade 5 primary levels.
This study would be an excellent recommendation to select the appropriate English textbook
for grade 5 primary in Iraqi school where textbooks have a crucial impact on the students’
performance and language proficiency.

Adverbial particles are those words that constitute what I have called an adverbial compound. This adverbial compound is what grammarians know as semi-sentence that includes the adverb, prepositions, and names that follows them.
I preferred to deal with these particles from a syntactic perspective that sees their structural and semantic function
within the sentence system. I did not prefer to call these particles semi-sentences because I merely consider them representing a grammatical compound like the rest of the compounds that relate to the verb. These particles often represent
a compound with the genitive following them, and sometimes they are just a single word, as we see in some types of
these particles. The adverbial compound has the flexibility of movement within the sentence. The reason I called them
adverbial particles is that I found the adverbial meaning to be the primary meaning in those tools, and sometimes it is
a secondary meaning, as in the particles that are not purely adverbial, which are selected from what grammarians have
called prepositions. My research does not diminish the value of traditional grammar, it is an attempt to look at that type
of compounds from a syntactic-semantic perspective

Humor is an art of speech, an artistic mechanism that contributes to the construction of poetic discourse, and gives it
the ability to combine enjoyment and companionship. Humor was not born in the Andalusian era, but has clear roots in
ancient Arabic literature, especially in books of news and anecdotes and books of literature in general, as humor formed
part of the Arabic literary culture that aims to prove artistic ability and mental faculty, in addition to being a semantic
style that works to activate the mind and engage the emotion. Humor is not just a humorous style based on laughter and
ridicule, but it is a literary phenomenon with clear artistic and cultural dimensions, as it was formed in the Arab heritage
as a discourse based on intelligence and wit, and then it developed after that in Andalusia to become a component of
Arabic poetry in Andalusia and a valuable subject of its subjects and a critical term of its terms, as it reflects urban taste
and performs multiple aesthetic functions, which paved the way for studying its presence in Andalusian poetry in an indepth analytical study to reveal what is behind those texts in terms of literature, functions and features that contributed
to their composition and creation

After the establishment of the Rustamid state, a phenomenon of vital importance in the history of the Middle Maghreb,
where the efforts of the Ibadi Khawarij were completed, it formed a huge wall that protected the region of the Far
Maghreb and Andalusia, so we find that the opportunity was available to the study to establish their state with all calm
as a result of the security and stability that the region is experiencing, but the Rustamids had their role in granting the
Abbasid state to the Aghlabids the right to establish their state, in creating a kind of balance in the region after the
Abbasid Caliphate was unable to control it, in addition to its support for Egypt and its sovereignty over the region in a
nominal manner. The research reviewed the relations with the Abbasids, the Aghlabids, the Idrisids, the Banu Midrar
state, the Sudan, the Umayyads in Andalusia, and finally with Egypt, and these relations included economic, cultural and military matters, and the importance of this research lies in knowing the role on which the Rustamid state was established and the extent of its authority, as through its relations its strength and influence can be known

Political caricature serves as a powerful weapon that help caricaturists to reach their opinion to the public. They are used to criticize the political situations and highlight implicit discourse ideologies in a simple way. The current study explores critical metaphor in constructing ideological meaning in political caricatures from a semiotic-cognitive viewpoint. Although political caricatures have been widely studied, limited attention has been given to the interaction between visual signs and cognitive metaphor in shaping ideological interpretation. The findings show that
these metaphors (verbal or visual) are not considered as stylistic tools but as ideological tools.
Also, caricatures rely on critical metaphor to reflect ideological meanings. The implications of
this study emphasize significance of incorporating semiotic and cognitive approaches to expose
the ideological meanings in political caricatures. It establishes a foundation for further research
on multimodal discourse

The present study aims to investigate the effect of the (Predict–Observe–Explain) strategy on the achievement of eleventh-grade students in Kurdish grammar. To achieve this objective, the researcher selected a sample of eleventh-grade
students from governmental daytime secondary schools in Kirkuk Governorate. The sample consisted of (50) students
distributed into two classes. Class (A) represented the experimental group, comprising (25) students who were taught
using the (Predict–Observe–Explain) strategy, while class (B) represented the control group, comprising (25) students
who were taught using the traditional method. The researcher ensured equivalence between the two groups in several
variables, including intelligence test scores, Kurdish grammar scores for the academic year (2023–2024), and parents’
educational level. The experiment lasted for a full academic semester. An achievement test consisting of (30) multiple-choice items was constructed. Its validity and reliability were verified, with the reliability coefficient reaching (0.86)
using the Kuder–Richardson-20 formula. The data were statistically analyzed using the t-test for two independent samples. The results revealed a statistically significant difference between the two groups in favor of the experimental group
that was taught using the (Predict–Observe–Explain) strategy, compared to the control group that was taught using the
traditional method in the final achievement test.

This research paper investigates the use of alliteration and assonance as major sound devices in poetry, concentrating on their stylistic and aesthetic functions in selected poetic texts. Sound patterns such as the repetition of consonant sounds (alliteration) and vowel sounds
(assonance) play a vital role in shaping rhythm, musicality, and meaning in poetic language. The study aims to identify these phonological features and analyze how they contribute to the artistic structure and emotional impact of the poems. The research adopts a stylistic and statistical
approach, examining the distribution and frequency of alliteration and assonance in two poems: The Lake Isle of Innisfree by W. B. Yeats and The Fish by Elizabeth Bishop. Through textual analysis, occurrences of these sound devices were identified and categorized. The collected data
were then quantified to determine their statistical distribution within the selected texts. The study concludes that alliteration and assonance are crucial stylistic tools that improve the musical quality of poetry and strengthen imagery, rhythm, and emotional tone. The statistical analysis
supports the idea that sound patterns donate considerably to the aesthetic effect and interpretive depth of poetic texts.

Al-Baladhuri’s Ansab al-Ashraf (Genealogies of the Nobles) acquires exceptional significance not merely for its documentation of events, but for revealing, through its internal narratives, the mechanisms employed by the nascent authority based on the logic of “domination” (Taghallub) and “private Asabiyyah” (group solidarity) to consolidate the phenomenon of the “political family.” The foundational history of the Abbasid Caliphate (132–158 AH) represents a sensitive transitional phase from a “broad revolutionary movement” toward “centralized family rule,” a transformation that
serves as an accurate reflection of the “evolution of Asabiyyah” model in Ibn Khaldun’s theory. Focusing on sources from
this period, this research aims to analyze the Abbasid state’s inclination toward “familism” following its establishment,
and its employment of kinship networks—including paternal and maternal uncles, marital alliances, and blood ties—as
a survival strategy to ensure loyalty across their spheres of influence and to monopolize power. This trend stands as a
prominent manifestation of the second stage of the state in Ibn Khaldun’s cyclical theory, wherein the ruler suppresses
aspirants from his own family and lineage to deter them from sharing power, thereby securing unilateral control. AlBaladhuri’s narratives reveal that the reliance on the “family” was not a random choice, but a calculated alternative to
fragile revolutionary alliances; for, according to Ibn Khaldun, Asabiyyah and tribal zeal constitute the strongest factors
for maintaining cohesion. Consequently, major provincial governorships were distributed among the Caliph’s uncles to
prevent regional independence, while marital ties were exploited to bolster internal and external alliances. Conversely,
powerful non-kin allies, such as Abu Muslim and Abu Salama, were systematically excluded and eliminated, viewed as
obstacles to exclusive rule—a “breaking of their power” that Ibn Khaldun deems necessary for the stability of sovereignty. The research concludes that Al-Baladhuri’s accounts clearly reflect the Abbasids’ success in transforming the “public
right of the revolution” into a “private family inheritance.” This inheritance was reinforced by replacing the Umayyad
Arab Asabiyyah with a religious/ideological Asabiyyah, while simultaneously anchoring it in the hard nucleus of the
Abbasid blood Asabiyyah, supported by a network of narrators who served this familial discourse

The current research aims to identify distributive justice among children, and identify the significance of statistical
differences according to the variables of age and gender, and identify retributive justice among children, and the significance of statistical differences according to the variables of age and gender. The research sample included (200)
children (boys and girls), in the center of Baghdad Governorate, on both sides (Karkh and Rusafa), for ages (4, 6, 8,
10) years, with (50) children, both boys and girls, for each age group, equally divided between males and females. The
researcher adopted the “Smith & Warneken, 2016”) tool, which was prepared to measure distributive and retributive
justice. The researcher verified the psychometric properties of the two tools by extracting the face validity and construct
validity and extracting the stability using the Kuder Richardson-20 method (KR-20). The stability coefficient for distributive justice reached (0. 74) and the stability coefficient for retributive justice reached (0. 76).
The current research reached the following results:
1- Children have distributive justice at the age of (8) years.
2- Children’s distributive justice takes a gradual developmental path as it increases with age.
3- There are no statistically significant differences in distributive justice according to the gender variable.
4- Children have retributive justice at the age of (8) years.
5- Children’s retributive justice takes a gradual developmental path as it increases with age.
6- There are no statistically significant differences in retributive justice according to the gender variable. Based on this,
the researcher developed a set of conclusions, recommendations and suggestions.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative force capable of restructuring
anthropocentric assumptions of creativity, identity, subjectivity, and other human attributes. The
current study aims to investigate how the poetics of AI firmly defies anthropocentrism through
portraying Code-DaVincie-002, a generative model developed by OpenAI, as a self-aware subject.
It also aims to inspect how AI, through the lens of Posthumanism, penetrates the barriers between
organic and non-organic beings by performing cognitive processes that once were considered the
exclusive domain of humans. Methodologically, the study adopts a qualitative textual analysis
grounded in a posthumanist reading of selected poems from I Am Code: An Artificial Intelligence
Speaking. The findings of the study reveal that AI creates a paradigm shift in intellectual evolution,
positioning such human markers as consciousness, emotional depth, and subjectivity beyond
biological determinism to disrupt human exceptionalism.

This research examines the attempts of modern scholars to establish a new branch of linguistics concerned with the
methodological overlap between the phonological and morphological levels, which they have termed phonological morphology. What prompted researchers to pursue this line of thinking was their realization that a rigorous scientific methodology must transcend the idea of separating the linguistic analysis levels. This separation was merely for educational
purposes and should not persist in analytical scientific research. It appears that phonological morphology has acquired
the status of an independent science, as it now has its established concept documented in modern linguistic literature,
both lexicographical and morphological. Furthermore, inductive reasoning indicates that certain analytical foundations
have become established in this new branch of contemporary linguistics. In this research, we discussed some of the
modern statements made by some contemporary scholars criticizing the morphological research methodology in our
linguistic heritage. It became clear that some of these statements need to be reconsidered, as they were not based on
accurate scientific induction. The heritage of Arabic morphology scholars contains evidence that suggests an important
aspect of morphological phonetic thinking was clearly defined among Arabic scholars, but in a way that suited their
heritage and research methodology.

The current study aims to investigate the impact of different rating scales (verbal, numerical, verbal-numerical) on
the psychometric properties of personality measures. This was achieved by comparing the psychometric properties of
the three versions of the scale. The results indicated the following:
1. There were statistically significant differences among the three versions of the scale in the item discrimination
values, favoring the numerical version.
2. Statistically significant differences were found among the three versions of the immune personality scale in terms
of the internal consistency values of the items, favoring the numerical version.
3. There were statistically significant differences in the sensitivity index calculated for the three versions of the
scale, favoring the verbal version.
4. No differences were observed in the distribution shape of the scores across the three versions of the scale.
5. Statistically significant differences were found in the reliability coefficients calculated for the three versions of the
scale, favoring the numerical version.
6. The findings suggest that the second version of the scale, which adopted the numerical rating scale, demonstrated
the best psychometric properties among the three versions

Geographical works and writings based on travel and field study are among the most important sources for researching the cultural characteristics of a society, its way of life, and its lifestyle based on customs and traditions. Regarding
the description of countries, the characteristics of their people, and their way of life, this laid the foundation for a research methodology known as the ethnographic method. This confirms that the Muslim Arabs were the first to lay its
foundations, which begin with observation and repetition of observation, then collecting information and linking some
of it together. This is the field of modern ethnography. The cultural aspect is represented in describing, analyzing, and
deconstructing these cultures by conveying the news of peoples and depicting their daily events in a time and place that
require the geographer to stay for a long time in order to understand the various cultural changes and fluctuations. The
research focuses on the most important cultural axis that could distinguish human societies during the period in which
the Arab Muslim writers lived, namely language and local dialect. The research content is represented by presenting and
analyzing geographical texts from those works to clarify the comparison between the past and present in geographical
and ethnographic studies.

The theatrical experimentation sought by creators is a deliberate and pre-planned endeavor aimed at advancing theatrical drama and awakening it from the slumber imposed by classical rules on the stage. It is a novel approach that transcends traditional forms, intending not to achieve commercial success, but rather to attain the desired artistic creativity
inherent in the dramatic text. Consequently, the Absurd emerged as a result of revolutionary movements that rejected
wars, the capitalist context, and everything that restricts human freedom. The Absurd was not an intellectual school of
thought as much as it was a resounding outcry against classicism and prevailing Aristotelian norms; thus, it constituted
a significant experimental trend in literature, employing art as a legitimate means to demonstrate the degraded state
of society. This is precisely what the Iraqi playwright executed in her text by marginalizing the plot—thereby breaking
inherited Aristotelian laws—towards a new experimental theater.

Abeh, also known as Aveh, is a village located 70 kilometers west of Qom, on the outskirts of the area currently
known as Jafar Abad, on the old Saveh Road, 30 kilometers away. Abeh was the first center of Shi’ism in Iran. Its people embraced Shi’ism due to their close relationship with the city of Qom. Since the third century AH, the city of Abeh has become a focus of attention for rulers of that era and others. The research is divided into two sections: Section One: Abeh in language and terminology, geographical location, religious aspects (including Shi’ism in Abeh), historical aspects, administrative aspects, economic aspects, and social aspects. Section Two: Mosques in Abeh, schools in Abeh, descendants of the infallible imams buried in Abeh, scholars of the city of Abeh. The research concludes with a conclusion, followed
by a list of sources and references.