Modern Sport

Basketball is in continuous progress and development, just like other sports, as the credit for this goes to knowledge of various sciences as well as scientific research in order to achieve advanced results sought by most countries, including Iraq, on the local, Arab and international levels.
There is no doubt that the requirements for developing the level of physical abilities results in any game are linked to programming and proper planning of training curricula, as this fact leads us to conduct more tests periodically, as it is, as Günter Blume pointed out, (a tool for stimulating motivation, excellence and continued progress) ( ), and in order to obtain accurate information through it, the results of which can be invested for the purpose of judging, evaluating and guiding on a regular basis.
The science of testing and measurement, along with the science of sports training and other sports sciences, are among the basic necessities that must be taken into consideration when using the means that would raise the level to what satisfies ambition, summarizing the efforts and capabilities. The importance of this science has emerged through the possibility of objective evaluation of each of the physical, skill, planning, functional, psychological and educational aspects as indicators of the current situation, and what is related to them from the duties of the second science in presenting the methods and approaches adopted in the curricula of the training process and raising them.

The research aims to identify the cycles of the biorhythm variables of its cycle (physical, mental and emotional) for female tennis players and to identify the relationship of the biorhythm at the positive peak of its three cycles and the result of the match.
The research methodology, sample and means of collecting information were included. The results were presented, analyzed and discussed. The researcher concluded from this:
- The result of the match is affected by the physical cycle. The higher the physical cycle is at the peak, the higher the achievement.
- The result of the match is affected by the mental cycle. The higher the value of this cycle, the better the performance, i.e. the performance is affected by the mental state of the player.
The researcher recommended
- Taking into consideration the biorhythm of the players and its direct relationship to the performance and thus the result of the match.
- Conducting research on the biorhythm of the players during the training period and following the principle of individuality when designing the training unit.

The aim of the research:
1- To prepare a programme by using some Irobic exercises to rehabilitae the diabetic patients who don’t depend on the Insulin.
2- To know the influence of this program by using some Irobic exercises to rehabilitae the diabetic patients who don’t depend on the Insulin.

The Procedures of the field research:
The procedures of the research have been completed by using the experimental programme on a sample of (10) of the diabetic patients their ages are about (20-30) years from Baquba city. The researcher has carried out the rehabilitae suggested programme by using the Irobic exercisis, before and after the test by using two means of measuring the suger level, called (ONE TOUCH PROFILE)and the other to measure the blood pressure.

The Researh Conclusions:
The researcher has proved these conclustions:
1- The suggested rihabilitate programme by using some of the Irobic exercises has proved that it has a positive influnce on the diabetic patients who don’t depend on the Insulin from health point of view.
2- The suggested rehabilitate programme by using the Irobic exercises has helped to increase the feeling of the cells of the patients bodies within the sample of the research to the Insulin Hormon.And there is increase in the factional ability and improvement in the biology influnce on the Insulin Harmon suger level in the blood.

Sports training science is one of the purposeful educational sciences that seeks to bring the player to the best level in the types of sports he practices. In order to reach this level, training must be conducted according to scientific foundations, especially in how to manipulate the components of the training load, which represent external pressures on the functional systems of the player\\'s body, which results in adaptations to those systems and thus development in level. Physiology is also one of the most important sciences used in training because it is concerned with what happens in the functions of the players\\' organic and functional systems and how to control and influence them. There are effects between the components of training and the changes that occur in the heart, respiratory circulatory system and neuromuscular system, in addition to the biochemical changes that occur in the muscles and blood, especially from one of the most important components of the training load, which is the training intensity, which is associated with many functional and biochemical variables, on which monitoring the training load and the development of the players\\' level depends.

n competitive sports involving physical contact and the pursuit of goals, defense and attack are equally important to achieve victory. In fact, specialists confirm that a team with defensive skills raises and advances the quality and attractiveness of the game. Unfortunately, defensive activities are not followed enthusiastically by spectators. Also, players usually find the defense area a rest area after a strong, violent attack. In addition, if the defender feels that there is a possibility of committing a mistake, whether clear or hidden, without receiving a deterrent punishment, he does not need to exert effort in training to master defensive skills, especially since these exercises are characterized by physical, mental and psychological effort, along with the boredom that accompanies them, as they are performed without a ball.

Sports field There are many phenomena that can be perceived or observed and therefore can be tested, measured and objective results can be obtained that are characterized by their correctness and accuracy if used in a scientific manner. Tests and measurements are means whose purpose is not just to measure certain qualities or levels, but to know the connection or relationship of these elements and qualities with each other. Therefore, they are a means of evaluating the physical, skill and psychological aspects of our players and sports teams by developing the correct treatments and solutions to avoid many of the shortcomings that the coach falls into during training or while developing his training programs, which occur without the coach feeling or realizing them unless there are fixed measurements and tests that he relies on to evaluate his training methods and put him in the right field and avoid errors or develop solutions for phenomena that can only be perceived through tests or measurements that accompany him in his work. Testing and measurement are a scientific means that no coach who wants to put himself in the right direction can do without.

Organized sports training leads to the development of physical and functional abilities, and due to the scientific development that the world is currently witnessing in the sports field, it has become important to develop and enhance these functional abilities because of their important and major impact in raising the functional level of the athlete\\'s body and in accordance with the nature of the events and their requirements. Training using the treadmill is one of the important training methods, which has achieved good success due to its clear effect, especially functional, on the athlete. The importance of the research came in knowing the effect of using the treadmill with reliance on changing the angles of inclination (slope) as a type of training using various heights.

The research aimed to prepare a set of small games in a scientific manner to know their effectiveness in modifying the psychological attitude of middle school students towards the physical education lesson. The researchers addressed a set of theoretical studies that dealt with the research items. It is an experimental research on a sample of (70) female students from the fourth grade of middle school. The researchers used the (Omnington) scale as a tool for measuring psychological attitude. The researchers concluded that the correct scientific choice of small games suitable for negative attitudes contributed significantly to modifying the negative attitude towards the physical education lesson.

Physical fitness is one of the aspects of comprehensive fitness that aims to prepare the individual physically to play his role in life, as it means the safety of the body and its efficiency in facing the challenges that a person faces in the arena of life. Physical fitness also plays a fundamental role in practicing sports, and the size and importance of this role varies according to the type of sports activity. Any activity practiced, whether sports, such as practicing sports, or non-sports for health and recreation, requires the safety and efficiency of functional systems, especially the circulatory and respiratory systems, as they are among the most important basic components of life and physical fitness. There are three types of individuals who want to be physically prepared. The first type is from the general public, non-athletes, whose goal is general health, maintaining their activity and physical fitness, and preventing obesity. The second type is from those injured as a result of diseases or accidents, whose goal is to rehabilitate the injured parts of the body. The third type is from athletes who seek to raise their level of physical fitness in general and specifically according to the specificity of the game or sports activity to be practiced, as each game has special physical requirements that must be developed in order to improve its skills and then complete it.

The law of any game is one of the necessary means that regulate the game between the two competing teams, and not knowing this law has negative repercussions, as it is one of the reasons that lead to violence in the stadiums through the frequent objections of the players to the arbitration body and the sympathy of the audience with these players, as well as ignorance of the law often leads to the suspension, exclusion or expulsion of the players because of their play that does not comply with the texts of the law, and this may lead to the loss of the team with many other negatives. Therefore, it has become necessary to learn and study the materials of the law in an organized and programmed manner because learning is a process of semi-permanent change in the behavior of the individual that is not directly observed, but is inferred in behavior and arises as a result of practice, as appears in the change in the performance of the living organism when the athlete is able to discover the general principles from the learned materials, he can then generalize them to many similar situations, as the effect of training is transferred positively in the event that what the individual learns during the training process is similar to what actually happens in the match. Through the experience of the two field researchers in this field and their inquiries from the majority of the coaches, they noticed a complete neglect of the subject of teaching the players the law materials in the daily training unit, but rather limited to general observations by the coach, which has a negative impact on the progress and development of the team in the future. Therefore, the two researchers deemed it necessary to delve into this virgin field to alert the players and coaches to the importance and necessity of studying and learning the materials of the handball law, as the player learns the technical and tactical aspects if they wish to exploit all the positive aspects to achieve victory and not neglect any of these aspects.

Scientific research has been and still is receiving the attention of many scientists and specialists in the field of physical education in general and gymnastics in particular to find the latest means and tools that help in easily conveying information to learners with a high degree of efficiency, as the learner can use many educational means including various readings and programmed materials or films and audio-visual means and so on. The teacher who uses these means achieves two main goals in learning, the first of which is to make learning interesting for the learner and secondly to help him analyze the study material and understand it well to raise the level in various sports, especially rhythmic gymnastics, which has developed clearly in its various aspects as a result of its distinguished beauty of movements and attractiveness and its contribution to developing physical and skill predispositions, which require a great deal of time and effort when teaching beginners its skills due to the difficulty of the art of performance on the one hand, and on the other hand because it is an individual game in which the teacher deals with the learner according to the method of individual educational lessons for each learner, and this takes a great deal of time and effort from the teacher, especially if the number of learners exceeds five Learners, so it is necessary to use some modern technologies and educational aids that do not eliminate the role of the teacher, but rather are a tool to help learn skills at any time. Hence, the importance of research into the use of computers in learning some of the skills of the rhythmic gymnastics figure for beginner gymnastics players is evident, as the computer will contribute to diversifying learning methods, in addition to the fact that the computer will be available to the learner and the teacher as a means to help them use it during training and learning and outside of it, as the beginner (learning player) can review the skill that the teacher gives him alone, as he can hear and see a model explanation and information about the skill he wants to train on at any time he wants. Therefore, new learning patterns have emerged, influenced by scientific and technological development in the field of education, in order to raise the efficiency of the educational process through optimal investment in modern technology and employing it in a manner that suits the need for it. The computer is one of these applications that has proven its efficiency in various fields, as it provides the learner with more than one means of learning in addition to the teacher, and this will naturally contribute to the progress of the learning process. Through the researchers’ follow-up of research and studies and their experience in the field of learning, they found that there is a “clear” deficiency in the use of modern technology represented by the computer, as we did not find anyone who designed a computer-based curriculum to teach the skills of the figure in rhythmic gymnastics, especially for beginners, as their education requires time and effort to reach good levels. Therefore, the researchers resorted to preparing a curriculum to teach some skills of the figure in rhythmic gymnastics via the computer and to know the effect of that curriculum on the level of learning some skills of the figure in rhythmic gymnastics for female learners. The study aimed to

Prepare a computer-based curriculum to teach some of the skills of the figure in rhythmic gymnastics.

And to know the effect of using the (proposed) computer-based curriculum on the level of learning some of the skills of the figure.

The research was conducted on female students of Al-Maqal Preparatory School for Girls aged (13-15) years, numbering (16) students, for the period from 11/1/2005 to 3/4/2005 in the sports hall of Al-Maqal Preparatory School for Girls in Basra. After completing the curriculum, the researchers concluded
- That the educational curriculum using the computer has a positive effect on the process of learning some of the skills of the figure in rhythmic gymnastics.
- There are statistically significant differences between the first experimental group and the second experimental group in the post-tests in favor of the first group that used the computer to learn some of the skills of the figure in rhythmic gymnastics. Therefore, the researchers recommend the necessity of using the computer to learn the skills of the figure in rhythmic gymnastics because it gives a better possibility for the motor visualization of the skill performance compared to displaying the live mode

Basketball is one of the organized team games that is characterized by its many basic skills (offensive and defensive) that determine the team\'s performance and success, the method of its performance depends on the extent of the connection between the components of physical fitness and the skill, tactical, psychological and mental aspects in particular. The team can perform the game with a great deal of success because the result of the match is decided based on the difference in points obtained by both teams, and this depends on the extent of mastery of the motor performance of the basic skills, especially the offensive ones, knowing that the skills of this game require quick reactions in performance according to the requirements and different conditions of the game, so it requires the player to exert a lot of effort and time in order to master these skills and increase their accuracy.