Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development (JEASD)

The aim of this research is studying the effect of base and subgrade layer local materials properties on the rutting damage of flexible pavement due to repeated traffic loading. The most roads in Baghdad city present severe rutting damage due to absence of quality control in the construction of granular unbounded pavement layer. Furthermore many trucks with overweight using the roads and high temperature in summer produced distresses and deterioration of flexible pavement. Flexible pavement analyses are performed using finite element method; a 3-D dimensional finite element model using ABAQUS (ver. 6.12-1) computer program are developed. The results obtained for base layer show reduction in rutting damage by about (58%) while subgrade layer provided damage reduction only (10%). Also the critical value for vertical compressive stresses is (480 kPa) below the wheel loading area which is about (70.9%) of the applied tire pressure and then decreased gradually with depth to about (118 kPa) approximately (17%) of the applied tire pressure within the base layer and remains almost constant with depth through the subgrade layer. And for horizontal stresses a high value was observed on surface of flexible pavement under the path of wheel load rather than the compressive stresses then decreased laterally with horizontal distance.The local untreated base material experience critical rut depth of (8 mm) at 1000 number of repetitions and for treatment base materials the number of load repetitions to cause damage rutting increased (10) times to about 10000 number of load repetitions.

Resistance Spot Welding (RSW) is one of the most efficient fusion welding processes which known as a thermo – electric process used in joining metal by a combination of adjustable parameters (heat, pressure and time), it is high speed, flexible and highly productive process. It is extensively used for many industrial purposes in particular in the automotive industry. The aim of the present work is to study the effect of welding nugget area on the tensile strength of the resistance spot welded joints, the present discussion deals with effect of the parameters of resistance spot welding process (current, time, electrode force) on nugget formation and on failure load of the spot weld joints (the relation between nugget size and strength with input parameters). The test material of the specimens which used in this study is low carbon steel. The mechanical performance (peak load, failure mode) of the welded joints was determined by tensile testing, the testing results were analyzed which were obvious the effectiveness and the necessaries of the suitable or proper welding parameters for the strength of the spot weld joints.

The combined effect of wire coil with twist tape inserted in a circular tube using hot air as the test fluid on heat transfer rate and pressure drop were investigated experimentally. The twisted tape used in this work is made of an aluminum sheet with dimensions (1250 mm length, 18 mm wide, 1 mm thick, twist ratio y =8 and y=5.8). The wire coil was made of copper with diameter (d=3mm), the wire coil with two coil pitch ratio (CR=p/d=10 and CR= p/d=5). Reynolds number used in experiments ranged between (9648 to 18144) and the inlet temperatures for hot and cold fluid are 750C and 300C respectively. The experimental results showed that combined wire coil with twisted tape gives 1.268 enhancement efficiency higher than those with each device alone and plain tube, also give better performance as compared to the twisted tape and wire coil alone.

Experimental study of transient response for different load ratio (0.3, 0.4, 0.5, and 1.0)wt% of Multi-Walled Carbon Nano-Tubes (MWCNTs) reinforced matrix of composite in addition to woven carbon fiber. Thermal Low Velocity Impact (TLVI) apparatus have been designed to meet the different testing conditions. The effect of transient vibration by impact loading on simply supported curved composite shell with and without thermal condition has been studied experimentally. An improvement occurred in settling time about 62.0% at increased of weight ratio reinforcement up to 1.0wt% of MWCNTs, and under thermal condition the settling time reduced about 44.0%. The results showed that the material which be selected under thermal condition must be include the weighed ratio 0.4wt% because all the specimens reinforced with the mentioned weighted ratios of MWCNTs failed under thermal test except those that containing 0.4wt% and these results enhanced by other results such as the Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). In addition to the passivity of the composite shell structure due to reinforcement by woven carbon fiber and MWCNTs, active double integral of sliding mode controller (SMC) is used with piezoelectric components. The results indicated that an important improvement in transient response at maximum over shoot of the middle surface point about (95.8%) and (50%) in settling time, with SMC the specimens reach the steady state at short time.

Sending encrypted messages frequently will draw the attention of third parties, i.e. crackers and hackers, perhaps causing attempts to break and reveal the original messages. In a digital world, steganography is introduced to hide the existence of the communication by concealing a secret message inside another unsuspicious message.The aim of this paper isto produce proposed method to provide a high level security system by implementing and designing multi-level steganography system to hide data in a color video-cover. This system is more complex system, it implemented in two levels of embedding and this is an issue of the high level of security because it required two levels of extraction to extract the hidden data. The system is implemented in the frequency domain, using wavelet transform domain. The idea of using transformation in the proposed system is due to the results of previous published works which indicated the hiding in the frequency domain is more effective than hiding in time domain, due to compactness attributes of some transforms and due to its robustness. A singular value decomposition (SVD) is also used in this proposed system. MATLAB programming environment is used to simulate the total system.

This paper presents an experimental study conducted on model piled rafts in partially saturated sandy soil. The aim of the experimental program is to study the effect of matric suction on the load carrying capacity of piled rafts embedded within partially saturated sandy soil .The influence of number of piles are presented and discussed in this study. The piled raft is arranged in different configurations of piles (single, double and triple piled raft with spacing 3.5D c/c) with the same area ratio (raft area to the cross section area of piles) to avoid different contact pressure area and to show the effect of different piles number and its group action. The influence of matric suction (i.e., capillary stresses) in partially saturated zone is typically not taken into account in the conventional design of both shallow and deep foundations so that the present research study the determination and contribution of matric suction towards the load carrying capacity of piled raft. The experimental work consist of 3 models of footing "single piled raft (8.3 x 5) cm, double piled (16.6 x 5) cm and triple piled raft (25 x 5) cm". All these models are loaded and tested under both of fully saturated condition (i.e., matric suction equals to 0kPa) and unsaturated conditions (i.e., matric suction value equals to 6kPa , 8kPa and 10kPa), which are achieved by predetermined lowering of water table.

Wireless communications has become more essential in our life, as well as considered as the one of fastest growing segment in the communication business. The antenna was and still the main component of any wireless communication system. In other word the antenna is the eyes and ears of any wireless communication system. Many recent research has carried out designing of H-sectoral horn antenna but yet H-plane horn antenna with a very high gain and narrow radiation pattern while keeping up its compact size is not been completely delivered. Consequently, H-plane sectoral horn operates on c-band (6GHz) has clarified and successfully designed using MATLAB with an optimum compact size. In addition, the power pattern of E-plane and H-plane have drawn using MATLAB simulation. In conclusion, the designed H-sectoral horn antenna is promising a directive, narrow and intense radiation in the direction of a selected path to support high coverage distances. Besides, a very high power of 21dB of gain is achieved. This antenna is perfectly suitable to use in numerous microwave applications such as, feed element in large radio astronomy, satellite tracking, feed for various lenses and reflectors antenna, and gain measurement for other transmitting antenna.

Nowadays, structural health monitoring is the area of a great interest of continuing research aiming at establishing a reliable condition monitoring strategy of civil engineering infrastructure. Such finding will allow moving from the schedule-based inspection policy to condition-based policy. This study is dedicated to identify the damage in reinforced concrete beams by using only frequency domain vibration measurements. In the meantime, statistical pattern recognition model was tested through the course of this research. A transmissibility-based damage detection and classification system was proposed. Subsequently, the measure distance of the spectra envelope (COSH) was suggested as classification tool. The proposed method was examined on datasets from numerical beam model and experimental measurements from 2.0m reinforced concrete beam. For the two models, the results of the proposed approach proved effective and managed to detect various levels of defects, and classify the defects according to their size. Having processed response signals to detect and classify state conditions, the devised approach is relevant to use in embedded online structural health monitoring.

Studying the noise levels has great significance by those whose concerned with the environment and human, because of its negative impact on human health and his performance. This paper presents a measuring of noise in the positions of the power station south of Baghdad includes 15 positions inside the station's building and 15 positions outside the station's building. The noise level measured in decibels by using the noise level meter (NLM). The results showed that the values of the noise level at positions outside the station's building are between (66.9dB – 88.1dB), which are for the positions of (p3-p15) are out of allowable levels according to the allowable limits for the WHO (67 dB), while the positions (p1 & p2) are within the allowable limits. The noise levels at positions inside the station's building (p1-p15) are (66.1dB –86.2dB) all the values are out of the allowable level for WHO (57 dB). To reduce the negative effects of noise, special materials should be used on the walls of the building to absorb the noise, as well as to minimize the exposing time to the noise in order to protect the workers' health.

In this study, a levee is modeled by using ANSYS 11.0 to be analyzed for seepage and slope stability. One of the main causes of levees failure is the destabilizing effect of seepage forces of the infiltrating water during floods. The existence of the analogy between seepage and heat diffusion made it possible to analyze the hydraulic problem with ANSYS/THERMAL. In addition, the slope stability is analyzed for different cases by Strength Reduction Finite Element Method. The results showed that strength reduction technology was suitable for simple homogeneous side slope stability analysis. To verify the accuracy of the analysis, the results are compared with a case that studied by finite element program SEEP/W and SLOPE/W (GEOSLOPE 2007) has been taken and modeled by ANSYS/APDL. The results showed close to them for seepage and slope stability analysis. In other hand, some parameters such as flood conditions, permeability, slopes, and soil parameters (cohesion and angle of internal friction) are taken to study there effects on the seepage and slope stability. It is found that, the steep slope for cohesion less soil in high flood level is the most critical section of levees for both static and seismic load. Moreover, hydraulic behavior of clay core in a levee section subjected to flooding is investigated with help of numerical modeling.

Highways play an important role in countries’ economy improvement as they are the major transportation facilities. Highway construction project needs effective planning method to overcome its complicity. Line of Balance is the most effective technique for scheduling such projects. Computerization of this technique to cover highway construction is very powerful to obtain the full advantages of this technique as computer-based program can simplify the mission of end users. The software was build using Visual Basic to ensure flexible code and interactive user-interface. The developed software was verified and validated through extensive testing during and after its building. The result of test showed its correctness and effectiveness to attain objectives.

This investigation deals with the use of cement kiln dusts waste (CKD) as adsorbent for removal two kind of acid dyes from simulated wastewater. cement kiln dusts waste prepared by dried at 60C°. The effect of pH: 2-12, contact time: 20- 180 min, sorbent weight: 0.5- 4.0 g were considered. The optimal pH value for acid dyes adsorption was found to be 2.5 for acid red dyes(ARD)and 6.5 for acid blue dyes (ABD). The equilibrium data were analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Freundlich model was found to fit the equilibrium data very well with high-correlation coefficient (R2). The adsorption kinetics was found to follow pseudo-second-order rate kinetic model, with a good correlation (R2 > 0.95 and 0.94) for acid red dyes(ARD) and acid blue dyes (ABD). respectively. The results showed that the cement kiln dusts waste was found to be an attractive low cost adsorbent for the treatment of wastewater.

It is clear that the harmonics in power systems have many negative impacts and therefore it is inevitable to reduce their amount to the accepted level and one of the interesting approach to reduce the harmonic distortion is to synchronize phase-shifted inverters operating in parallel. In this paper, a relatively modern technique for harmonic reduction employing synchronized phase-shifted three parallel PWM inverters with current-sharing reactors is analyzed. By using this method, the total harmonic distortion (THD) has been reduced significantly and the amount of reduction is directly proportional to the number of parallel phase-shifted inverters.

Open channel expansion is a transition that connects a relatively narrow upstream channel-section to a wide downstream channel-section. Such a transition is an important component of many hydraulic structures. Due to an increase in cross-sectional area, channel expansions cause flowing water to decelerate. Under steady flow conditions, flow deceleration will lead to an increase in water pressure that in turn triggers flow separation and creates turbulent eddy motions. These turbulent eddy motions can exist over a long distance downstream of the transition. They cause undesirable energy losses and sidewall erosion. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used to predict the flow characteristics of open channel expansion. Due to their lower time demand and lower cost, these numerical methods are preferred to experimental methods after they are properly validated. In the present study, the CFD solution is validated by experimental results. A limited number of CFD simulations were completed using the commercial Software FLUENT. In particular, mean velocity distributions for the rectangular open channel transitions were used for model validation. The two-dimensional Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations and the two equations RNG k-ε models were used. The validation of the model using test data was reasonable.

The urban environment is done by human activities and his planning to provide correct environment and live in happiness. At the same time he prevents any assaults and chooses the right decision, depends on the level of human consciousness and culture, and how to make healthy and beauty environment. So when we say urban environment, we mean that this environment has urban principles in which society, live in, have decided them When we look to the Iraqi cities, unfortunately, we see them bad and different problem seen, such as excesses, environmental pollution and visual problem. This condition are not suitable for our Iraqi society, that had the great and old civilizations whose monuments are still standing in a glorious pinnacle beautifully scattered over the land area of Iraq. Thus, the research problem was the presence of negative impacts, caused by society, on the urban environment of Iraqi cities, which distort the urban landscape.

The research aims to highlight the problems that occur in the urban environment, As a result of the negative practices of society, and develop appropriate solutions through the researcher's vision and research recommendations. The search is supposed to highlight the societal abuses and practices in the urban environment will greatly contribute to its recovery, The research will have two frameworks, one relating to the theoretical aspect and the other to the practical side, depending on scientific sources an useful publications in this regard, the field study of the reality of the studied area...

Many people believe that the color is just a way to define the shape and often they considered as a purely cosmetic status, in fact, the color is the light, (which is the source of life itself, there is no place without color and its unconscious response is a basic element for our survival instinct), it is considered generally one of the architectural forming systems and in particular the interior space. The designing of color does not require any addition of the cost in construction, but is simply a matter of advanced planning for the user of colorimetric system. The best of colors is the one that fits with the function of the design in terms the color plays an essential role in determining the space by focus or divert attention to modify the vacuum. So the search interested to provide a database for designers in order to employ the colorimetric systems to be one of the stimuli and the positive effects to speed up the recovery of children users of space including respect their psychology and physiology state. To treat the research problem that represents the ignoring of the supporting requirements for recovery by some designers through through neglecting consciously the using colorimetric decisions in space of therapeutic centers for children, assuming that one of the motivating factors to heal the children is affected by the colorimetric decision of the therapeutic space. Where the search aims to increase the sense of comfort, health and wellness within physical environment...

In recent years, there is great developments of new media technologies, electronics, acoustics and visual resources as well as new building materials, which leads toward finding new forms of architecture called media architecture. This leads to a gab with traditional architectural discourse about the importance of physical appearance of architecture, which is tempered by a reality of the full variety of visual qualities in the digital domain. The main topic of media architecture is architecture seen as a medium, "communication medium", conveying a certain message, content, images by using computer and optical technologies to confirm architectural form. In other cases, media are used to cover the facades of buildings with large screen, projecting images on existing buildings, designing digital worlds or creating special effects to achieve dematerialized architecture. So the research problem is determined as "The lack of comprehensive studies about mechanisms of media architecture that achieves dematerialization of architecture". The research proposal is "Some of the mechanisms that applied in media architecture leads to dematerialization in architecture, and the research identifies its goal as: "To identify mechanisms used in media architecture to achieve immaterial architecture. After defining key words and the main types of media architecture and relation with the dematerialization of architecture, the research concludes that: There is different mechanism used to achieve dematerializing in architecture according to the desire of the designer, to camouflage architectural form, change the image of space or replacing walls with digital media output.

Truly the findings studying of scientism show the reality environmental natural water, the way, and the style to investment source of water specialty north of Iraq. In this research we have a clean bottle with matter of sodium thio sulphate and test it biologically and chemically in accordance with specification Iraq standard and put it in cool container to bring it to the lab rotary to test it. Also, we bring sample from market write on its mineral natural water and the test for sample appears colony of pseudomonas, bacillus, and facial coli form. The physically tests have free from colour, smell, strange flavor, and turbidity. Chemical test by (PH, TDS) and the sample interior the first specification Iraq standard and second.