Journal of Studies and Researches of Sport Education

The development in sports sciences did not come from a vacuum nor through spontaneous training far from science in all its movements and stillness. If we look closely at the recorded world records, we notice that they depend on two basic aspects, the first is talent or what is expressed by instinct or more precisely heredity and the other aspect is science, as in the middle of the last century, medical sciences and other applied sciences in the field of sports training and high-level sports did not reach the peak that they have reached now, but records were recorded for a period of time that was not easy before they were broken. Examples of this include the record recorded in the name of the American runner Lee Evans in 1968 in the Olympics in Mexico when he ran the 400 m in a time of 43.86 seconds, or the record recorded in the name of the Italian runner Pietro Menea in He ran 200 meters in a time of 19.72 seconds, and the specialist in athletics can distinguish something very accurate, which is the level of the world in that period of time, and the scientific revolution that the world is witnessing today, despite the continuous recording of numbers, and accordingly we can diagnose many scientific matters that overlap and interact in order to achieve the new number, as happened in the victory of the Greek runner in the 200 meters in the Olympic Games in Athens, or as happened in the 110 meters hurdles when the Chinese won the World Championship or won the gold medal in Sydney, knowing that short-distance running events were previously controlled by American runners.

The development, vitality and activity of society depends on the educational system that is available to all. Motor learning is an important aspect of this system that has begun to develop significantly. Educational institutions in developed countries have given special importance to this aspect, especially in the early stages of individuals' lives, whether in kindergartens or schools, reaching the ages of youth, considering them a good tributary for higher-level sports. This calls for studying motor learning in a manner that is consistent with human movement and how movement occurs. The foundations of motor learning must be linked to complementary links to ensure smooth development, especially in skill learning, as the motor structure must be completed first before moving on to development in subsequent stages, and any haste or interruption in skill building negatively affects the motor connection required to be achieved in learning, and this is the essence of mastery learning, in which the importance of the research lies, as this method of learning means bringing the learning group to the level of mastery in performance before moving on to learning other more complex and difficult skills. Thus, it does not allow any link to be lost during the gradual steps in learning, which positively and effectively affects the building of a good player with high technical specifications that qualify him to move to the planning stage that requires the player to perform the basic skills automatically and without thinking about the skill.

The study of sports psychology represents one of the important aspects that directly contribute to the completion of the process of proper preparation of an athlete in various aspects (physical, skill and planning), which stand helpless if the psychological aspects complementing this preparation are not available.
Personality is one of the important topics in the study of sports psychology, as it represents the basis through which the behavior issued by the individual (athlete) is judged, whether through apparent behavior or what is reflected in it from internal behavior that stems from within the individual.
Scientific studies represent an important source for identifying the construction of personality in general and the sports personality in particular, as there are multiple opinions in dividing the personality and its layers.
Accordingly, the study of the usual responses of the athlete during the situations he goes through in social life or in training and sports competition represents one of the important aspects that are greatly affected by the basis or psychological For the athlete, which is represented by many of the individual’s tendencies, inclinations, values, and motivations that are reflected in the individual’s responses and behaviors that express the psychological core, and the role he plays in life or within the sports team, there are reciprocal relationships between these variables represented by the basis (the psychological core) and the typical responses and behavior associated with the role that the individual plays within the framework of his athletic surroundings

Volleyball is one of the team games that is characterized by competition between players, which has begun to gain great popularity at the local and international levels due to the game's wonderful cohesion in enemies, which impresses the audience, especially when scoring points with high skill and accuracy, and the prepared plans, and prepared to enable the players to perform them well, and mastering some of the basics (preparation, and two types of crushing strike) is one of the most important factors that achieve victory for the team, as the success of any team depends on the extent of the ability of the prepared player to perform the preparation skill so that the ball reaches the place designated for the attacker so that the player can perform the attack skill in the required manner, and with the least amount of errors, and the arrival of women's volleyball teams to the highest levels, and their participation in tournaments is not a coincidence, as it requires the players to go through many stages of preparation to reach the high achievement. In order to determine the level they are at, tests and measurements should be used. The process of analysis and exploration is one of the important methods in scientific research, which plays a major and important role in developing the game to know the strengths and weaknesses of the team, and to track the team's condition and progress so that the coach can avoid obstacles and make it move towards the right path to raise the level. Hence, the importance of the research in revealing the effectiveness of the preparation skill and its relationship to two types of crushing skill for the purpose of giving an accurate and specific scientific indicator to volleyball coaches.

There is no doubt that achieving the desired scientific results requires research and investigation of the facts and taking all logical means to achieve the best results. This certainly does not come out of nowhere, but through the correct handling of the values ​​extracted from the performance of tests and measurements. There is no doubt that the raw results are results that have no meaning or significance if they are not treated statistically, and the language of numbers is the logical basis through which the phenomenon or the measured condition can be interpreted and thus we put in place appropriate solutions to develop or support it.
Therefore, there is an urgent need to prepare the standards that are considered the criterion through which the level of performance of individuals can be known through a survey of the measured condition and thus how to evaluate training, educational and therapeutic curricula...etc.

The era in which we live is characterized by rapid change and renewal in line with the additions to knowledge and changes in social structure. Education, with its characteristics, makes it responsible for all progress at this stage and has become a national necessity in building the country's self-strength and giving it confidence in its future. Therefore, we must choose ideas that grow over time and when applied, produce high-level education for students. There are tried and tested strategies to improve the educational environment and enrich, acquire and understand education. Therefore, educators have become more concerned with how to enable the student to achieve better learning than how to enable the teacher to provide a better lesson. This change in orientation has resulted in a shift from educational activities centered around the teacher, such as lectures and discussions usually led by the teacher, to activities centered around the student, including cooperative learning, which allows for active participation in learning instead of being passive recipients.

Biomechanics is one of the important sciences in physical education in general and sports achievement in particular, as it is a science that performs a general analysis of different human movements and knowledge of good technique for them. In addition, it is a field of scientific fields that support physical education with objective and logical laws and interpretations, and therefore no game can be advanced without resorting to biomechanics, through which the correct evaluation of the performance and level of any game and activity can be found.
Basketball is one of the most important activities that this science has contributed to supporting and advancing its achievement by discovering the ideal performance that achieves the goal with the greatest economy of effort and time, and following up on what coaches achieve in developing young players was one of the aspects that this science addressed by identifying the levels they reached during their training period.
From the above, the importance of research in addressing this group of young players becomes clear in order to evaluate their career and verify that there are no training failures that would be an obstacle in the way of their development. This is what guarantees us the creation of sports levels that can achieve better basketball accomplishments at the country level.

Physical intelligence is one of the human abilities, as it is subject to development, growth and training. Part of this development and growth cannot be controlled because it is linked to physiological aspects of the body, as physiological growth is an involuntary process that occurs to humans and cannot be interfered with, but it is possible to contribute to its development and growth through medical drugs and surgical operations in the event of deficiency or dysfunction or by using special training programs that support the state of development and growth and help increase it. Here comes the role of the family, school and society as a whole in the support process. The family must encourage the child from an early age to exercise and get used to correct motor habits in sitting, walking, sleeping and other daily movements that the child may grow up with in the wrong way, and many cases of disability and physical problems that the family discovers when observing and following up on their children's daily movements, which may have passed the time to treat and follow up on them, as is the case in school The physical education lesson, in addition to being a healthy recreational lesson, is also a means through which wrong movement habits can be discovered by students. This lesson also helps in identifying students who excel in movement and who can be included in school teams and encouraged to practice sports. It can also shed light on students who are not distinguished and who give an impression other than what they actually have in terms of intelligence and cleverness, because physical intelligence is a mental and physical process. The better it is, the more it indicates what the individual has in terms of mental and physical intelligence, which may change the way others view him.

What tennis has achieved on the global level in scientific and practical competition and rivalry between European schools, which resulted in an increase in the skill and technical level, as some international players have reached integration without a disease, which made those training schools exceed the limits of skill competition and directed their training methods towards developing and improving the general physical qualities of tennis players in a way that serves the technical aspect, as they began to develop those qualities to a high level, and among those qualities is muscular strength, which is considered one of the most important qualities that a tennis player needs in all its extreme and fast forms, and strength endurance, which the player needs basically and greatly through what the sports competition for this game has reached, as muscular strength is one of the factors associated with skill performance and good tactical performance.

Athletic achievement is one of the most important duties of sports training, and achieving it requires understanding many of the causative and influencing factors, and its failure to achieve it is due to neglecting some of these factors, and therefore achieving achievement is one of the most difficult things facing sports training and those in charge of the field.
Among the most important of these factors influencing achievement are some of the basic physical characteristics of the event.
Strength is an important and necessary characteristic for the individual in his daily life, in addition to its effective importance in events and sports games, which requires all athletes to give priority in their programs and curricula to achieve the goal they seek to reach.
Some interested people and researchers have addressed the characteristic of strength endurance as one of the important physical characteristics because it consists of the elements of strength and endurance, which are considered basic physical elements in achieving athletic achievement. The research topic deals with developing the characteristic of strength endurance for 5000-meter runners, which helps in improving achievement and excelling with record numbers. What the researcher presents in the study represents what can be reached in terms of results in the field of the impact of strength endurance and its development for 5000-meter runners based on research, studies and scientific sources in this field. The researcher had no other way to reach more scientific material other than the opportunity of practical experimentation in order to participate in following up on the research conducted by others in an attempt to follow up on global scientific progress.

Educational and psychological sciences have become one of the measures of the progress of nations and their civilizational rise, and the scientific progress achieved in the sports aspect and built on modern scientific foundations has witnessed a great improvement in various sports, whether individual or collective, as a result of the great achievements provided by other sciences that have affected the achievement of the prestigious sports level.
Sports psychology is one of the sciences that contributed and shaped this development through the role of psychological sciences in athletes in general and football players in particular in terms of the performance of sports participation, as it is the game that has a large balance of popularity in the world. Given this great importance, many specialists in the psychological aspect have conducted a precise study of psychological emotions and the extent of benefit from employing these factors in the service of the sports level and linked to the variables of psychological frequency and leadership personality, as each individual must have a strong leadership personality capable of overcoming individual conflicts, in addition to contributing to achieving sports achievement through developing character building, making the coach organize the preparation of athletes for competitions and their participation in them, such as determination to achieve the desired goal and self-control.

Sports training in its general concept in all sports activities aims to achieve the best results and levels. It is one of the means that achieve the desired physiological adaptations in order to achieve better achievement. Therefore, the direction of training curricula is measured by the extent of progress achieved by the athlete.
Deep jump training is one of the methods that create physical and functional responses and adaptations and play an effective role in developing achievement. These exercises are an effective and influential means in developing explosive and rapid strength and maximum strength and the ability of the neuromuscular system to change quickly from central to eccentric contraction.
Volleyball is a good example of a team game that relies on its players being highly distinguished by many physical and skill abilities. The success and progress of the team depends on its members mastering these basic principles of the game in all playing situations. Physical abilities are the common denominator for many basic skills in varying proportions. The most important of these skills is the volleyball smash skill, whose players are distinguished by the strength of the vertical jump and the speed of the hitting steps. Deep jump drills are among the training methods used in games that require ability and quick strength.

Advancement in the level of skill performance is through education and training, as this progress in the performance of motor skills depends on psychological abilities, since "all the body's systems work in complete interconnection to reach the best skill performance, and everyone who works in the sports field must realize that abilities, whether motor, mental, or otherwise, all work in a coordinated manner to show the movement in its ideal form" (1). This reflects that the player must reach complete and organized relaxation in order to coordinate and regulate his abilities. Based on the above, we can determine the importance of research in studying the subject of muscle relaxation and its effect on the level of psychological and mental processes, as it works and helps to develop motor abilities and develop planning skills and contributes to linking the sequence of movement through developing motor skills, mental visualization, focusing attention, sensory-motor perception, and others among players. Through the above, we can determine the importance of studying psychological abilities, which give more confidence and the ability to feel better technical performance and a better level of achievement, which is one of the important pillars in the game of fencing for players, as it is of great importance in the process of developing and increasing the level of achievement of motor skills in the game of fencing.